Chapter 3 : Motion in Two Dimensions

Dr Rana Nicolas

Phys 301
  Trigonometry Review.

 Scalars and Vectors

 Velocity and Acceleration in Two

Dimensions

 Projectile Motion.

 Uniform Circular Motion.

Phys 301
 Trigonometry Review

Review the trigonometric functions: sine, cosine, tangent.

And the inverse trigonometric functions.
Page 41 & 42 of the book.

Phys 301
Vectors and Their Components

The components are the legs   

of the right triangle whose A  Ax  Ay
hypotenuse is A

 Ax  A cos( )  Ay 
 A  A 2
 A2
and   tan  
1

 A  A sin( ) x y
y
 Ax 

 A   A 2  A 2
 x y

 Ay 1 
Ay 
tan    or   tan  
 Ax  Ax 

Phys 301
Scalars and Vectors

All physical quantities encountered in this text will be either a scalar or a vector

 A vector is a mathematical object with size and direction (specified by two or more
numbers)
 Examples: position, velocity, acceleration
 Vectors have their own rules for manipulation

 A scalar is a quantity that does not have a direction (specified by a single number)
 Examples: time, temperature, energy, mass
 Scalars are manipulated with ordinary algebra

Phys 301
 Adding and subtracting vectors

Multiplying a vector by a scalar

Phys 301
 Vector components

 Rather than using a graphical method, vectors can be added by

components
o A component is the projection of a vector on an axis
 The process of finding components is called resolving the vector
 θ is the angle the vector makes
with the positive x axis, and a is
the vector length
 The length and angle can also be
found if the components are
known
 Therefore, components fully
define a vector with a magnitude
and direction

Phys 301
 Adding and subtracting vectors by components

 A unit vector
o Has magnitude 1
o Has a particular direction
o Lacks both dimension and unit
o Is labeled with a hat: ^

Vectors can be added and subtracted using components

Phys 301
 Adding and subtracting vectors by components

r= r1 + r2
r=(3.5 - 1.6)m î + (2.9 + 3.0)m ĵ
r = 1.9m î + 5.9m î

r= r2 - r1
r=(3.5 + 1.6)m î + (2.9 - 3.0)m ĵ
r = 5.1m î – 0.1 m î

Phys 301
 Position vector

Position vector in plane is:

Where x and y are Cartesian coordinates

Phys 301
Velocity and Acceleration in Two Dimensions

Average Velocity in Two Dimensions:

o A displacement divided by its time

interval

v= Δr / Δt = (r - r0)/Δt
v=((29.1 - 13.6)m î + (12.7 - 9.2)m ĵ)/5.0s
v = (15.5m î + 3.5m ĵ)/5.0 s
v = (3.1m/s î + 0.7m/s ĵ)

Phys 301
Velocity and Acceleration in Two Dimensions

The magnitude of the velocity vector, v, has a special name: speed

Phys 301
Phys 301
Phys 301
Average & Instantaneous Acceleration

 Average acceleration

 v  v v y
aavg  aavg  x iˆ  ˆj  aavg , x iˆ  aavg , y ˆj
t t t

 Instantaneous acceleration
  
  v dv  dv dvx ˆ dv y ˆ
a  lim aavg  lim  a  i j  a x iˆ  a y ˆj
t 0 t 0 t dt dt dt dt

The average acceleration is defined as the rate at

which the velocity changes
Average acceleration vector is in the direction of
the change in velocity

Phys 301
Projectile Motion
• A projectile is an object launched with some initial velocity, that
then flies through the air under the influence of gravity.
TheAProjectile
projectilehas Constant
is an Acceleration
object launched with some initial
• Assumptions
velocity, that then flies through the air under the influence of
gravity.air friction
We may ignore
We may ignore the rotation of the earth
With these assumptions, an object in projectile motion will follow a
parabolic path
• Rules of projectile motion
The x- and y-directions of motion are completely independent of each other
The x-direction is uniform motion
ax = 0
The y-direction is free fall
ay = -g
The initial velocity can be broken down into its x- and y-components
Phys 301
Projectile Motion

Phys 301
Kinematic equations for Projectile

!
Treat the horizontal
and vertical motions
independently

Phys 301
Kinematic equations for Projectile

Phys 301
Phys 301
Phys 301
Phys 301
 Projectile Motion Key Characteristics

Range: the horizontal distance a projectile travels.

Use this formula ONLY if
R= (v02/g) sin (2θ) the launch point and the
landing point are leveled,
i.e, they have the same y.

The maximum range occurs

at a projection angle of 45o

Phys 301
Uniform circular motion

 A particle is in uniform circular motion if

o It travels around a circle or circular arc
o At a constant speed
 Since the velocity changes, the particle is accelerating!
 Velocity and acceleration have:
o Constant magnitude
o Changing direction

Phys 301
Uniform circular motion

Uniform Circular Motion: Object moves with constant speed around a

circular path

 In uniform circular motion, speed

is constant, but velocity is
continuously changing because
the direction of the velocity
changes.

Phys 301
 Centripetal Acceleration

An object in uniform circular motion

has a centripetal acceleration, which is:
1- directed toward the center of the circle,
And
2- has a magnitude ar=v2/R

 The period of revolution is:

o The time it takes for the particle go
around the closed path exactly once

Phys 301
 Summary

Phys 301
 Summary

Phys 301