Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Graphics

1.1 Overview of Computer Graphics

 Definition and scope of computer graphics
 Applications of computer graphics in various fields (e.g., entertainment, gaming,
virtual reality, scientific visualization)
 Importance of computer graphics in visual communication

1.2 History of Computer Graphics

 Early developments in computer graphics
 Milestones and key contributions in the field
 Evolution of hardware and software technologies

1.3 Graphics Pipeline and Rendering Process

 Stages of the graphics pipeline (e.g., modeling, transformation, rasterization, shading)
 Overview of the rendering process from 3D models to 2D images
 Role of graphics APIs (e.g., OpenGL, DirectX) in the rendering pipeline

1.4 Introduction to Graphics APIs

 Overview of popular graphics APIs and libraries
 Comparison of OpenGL and DirectX
 Basics of setting up a graphics programming environment

1.5 Mathematics and Linear Algebra for Computer Graphics

 Coordinate systems and transformations (e.g., translation, rotation, scaling)
 Matrix operations and homogeneous coordinates
 Basic linear algebra concepts used in graphics calculations

1.6 Introduction to 2D Graphics Programming

 Basics of programming graphics primitives (e.g., points, lines, polygons)
 Drawing algorithms and techniques (e.g., DDA, Bresenham's line algorithm)
 Color models and image representation in 2D graphics

1.7 Introduction to 3D Graphics Programming

 Representation of 3D objects (e.g., vertices, edges, polygons)
 Transformations and viewing in 3D space
 Basics of 3D rendering algorithms (e.g., scanline, z-buffer)
Chapter 2: 2D Graphics

2.1 Basics of 2D Coordinate Systems and Transformations

 Cartesian coordinate system
 Translation, rotation, scaling in 2D space
 Homogeneous coordinates and matrix transformations

2.2 Rasterization and Scan Conversion Algorithms

 Overview of the rasterization process
 Bresenham's line algorithm
 Midpoint circle algorithm
 Polygon filling algorithms (e.g., scanline, seed fill)

2.3 Color Models and Image Representation

 RGB, CMYK, and other color models
 Color spaces and color gamut
 Image file formats (e.g., BMP, JPEG, PNG)
 Image manipulation techniques (e.g., brightness/contrast adjustment, color correction)

2.4 Anti-Aliasing Techniques

 Aliasing artifacts in digital images
 Point sampling and pixelation
 Anti-aliasing filters (e.g., Gaussian, Lanczos)
 Supersampling and multisampling techniques

2.5 Introduction to 2D Rendering Algorithms

 Overview of the rendering pipeline in 2D graphics
 Clipping techniques (e.g., Cohen-Sutherland, Liang-Barsky)
 Hidden surface removal algorithms (e.g., painter's algorithm, depth sorting)

2.6 Introduction to Vector Graphics

 Vector vs. raster graphics
 Representing shapes and curves using vectors
 Bezier curves and splines
 Vector graphics file formats (e.g., SVG, PDF)
Chapter 3: 3D Graphics
3.1 3D Coordinate Systems and Transformations
 Homogeneous coordinates in 3D space
 Translation, rotation, scaling in 3D space
 Composite transformations and hierarchical modeling

3.2 Viewing and Projection Transformations

 Perspective and orthographic projections
 Viewport mapping and clipping
 Camera models and view frustums

3.3 Clipping and Culling Techniques

 Cohen-Sutherland line clipping
 Cyrus-Beck line clipping
 Back-face culling
 View frustum culling

3.4 3D Rendering Algorithms

 Scanline rendering algorithm in 3D
 Z-buffer algorithm
 Painter's algorithm with hidden surface removal
 Ray casting and ray tracing overview

3.5 Introduction to 3D Modeling and Representation

 Polygonal models and meshes
 Parametric curves and surfaces
 Procedural modeling techniques
 Level of detail (LOD) representation

3.6 Shading and Illumination Models

 Phong illumination model
 Ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection
 Light sources and shading calculations
 Flat shading, Gouraud shading, and Phong shading

3.7 Shader Programming

 Introduction to shader languages (e.g., GLSL, HLSL)
 Vertex shaders and fragment shaders
 Shader pipelines and programmable rendering
Chapter 4: Shading and Lighting
4.1 Basic Principles of Light and Color
 Reflection, absorption, and transmission of light
 Additive and subtractive color models
 Color perception and color spaces

4.2 Phong Illumination Model

 Ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection components
 Material properties (e.g., ambient, diffuse, specular coefficients)
 Calculation of lighting intensity for a point on a surface

4.3 Light Sources and Types of Lighting

 Point lights, directional lights, and spotlights
 Attenuation and falloff
 Area lights and soft shadows
 Global illumination and indirect lighting

4.4 Shading Models and Algorithms

 Flat shading and Gouraud shading
 Phong shading and smooth shading
 Interpolation methods for vertex normals

4.5 Shader Programming (e.g., GLSL)

 Introduction to shader languages (e.g., GLSL, HLSL)
 Vertex shaders and fragment shaders
 Shader pipelines and programmable rendering

4.6 Advanced Shading Techniques

 Normal mapping and bump mapping
 Displacement mapping and parallax mapping
 Subsurface scattering and translucency
 Toon shading and non-photorealistic rendering (NPR)

4.7 Ambient Occlusion and Global Illumination

 Ambient occlusion and its approximation techniques
 Radiosity and global illumination algorithms
 Ray tracing for realistic lighting and reflections
Chapter 5: Animation and Simulation

5.1 Principles of Animation

 Keyframes and interpolation
 Timing and spacing in animation
 Easing functions and motion curves
 Animation principles (e.g., squash and stretch, anticipation, follow-through)

5.2 Skeletal Animation

 Introduction to skeletal animation
 Joint hierarchies and bone transformations
 Forward and inverse kinematics
 Skinning and vertex weighting

5.3 Character Animation Techniques

Facial animation and lip syncing

 Blendshapes and morph targets

 Inverse kinematics for character posing
 Motion capture and performance-based animation

5.4 Particle Systems

 Particle properties (e.g., position, velocity, color)
 Particle behaviors (e.g., gravity, wind, collisions)
 Simulating natural phenomena with particle systems

5.5 Physics-Based Simulation

 Introduction to physics simulation in computer graphics
 Rigid body dynamics and collisions
 Cloth simulation and soft body dynamics
 Fluid simulation and simulation of other materials

5.6 Procedural Animation

 Introduction to procedural animation techniques
 Procedural animation of natural phenomena (e.g., water, fire)
 Procedural animation of plants and trees
 Procedural animation for crowd simulation

5.7 Motion Capture and Performance Animation

 Basics of motion capture technology
 Motion capture data processing and retargeting
 Editing and cleaning motion capture data
 Performance animation and virtual actors
Chapter 6: Rendering Techniques
6.1 Introduction to Real-Time Rendering
 Real-time vs. offline rendering
 Framebuffer and frame rate considerations
 Importance of performance optimization in real-time rendering
 Graphics APIs and hardware acceleration (e.g., DirectX, OpenGL, Vulkan)

6.2 Forward Rendering

 Overview of the forward rendering pipeline
 Vertex processing and primitive assembly
 Fragment processing and rasterization
 Shading and lighting calculations

6.3 Deferred Rendering

 Limitations of forward rendering and motivation for deferred rendering
 G-buffer and deferred shading
 Light accumulation and shading pass
 Post-processing effects in deferred rendering

6.4 Physically Based Rendering (PBR)

 Principles of physically based rendering
 Energy conservation and BRDFs
 Material properties and texture maps in PBR
 Image-based lighting and environment maps

6.5 Global Illumination Techniques

 Overview of global illumination algorithms
 Radiosity and photon mapping
 Ray tracing and path tracing
 Real-time approximations of global illumination (e.g., screen-space techniques)

6.6 Shadow Mapping

 Shadow mapping technique for rendering shadows
 Shadow map generation and sampling
 Soft shadows and variance shadow mapping
 Cascaded shadow maps for large-scale scenes

6.7 Post-Processing Effects

 Introduction to post-processing effects
 Image-based effects (e.g., bloom, depth of field)
 Screen-space effects (e.g., ambient occlusion, motion blur)
 Color grading and tone mapping

6.8 Virtual Reality (VR) Rendering

 Challenges and considerations for VR rendering
 Stereoscopic rendering and binocular disparity
 Foveated rendering and eye tracking
  VR-specific rendering techniques (e.g., single-pass rendering)

Chapter 7: Interactive Graphics and User Interfaces

 User interaction techniques: Explore different methods for user interaction in
computer graphics applications, including mouse, keyboard, touch, and gesture-based
input. Discuss their principles, advantages, and limitations.
 Event-driven programming: Introduce event-driven programming concepts and
frameworks for handling user input and creating interactive graphics applications.
Cover topics such as event loops, event handling, and callback functions.
 Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs): Study the design and implementation of user
interfaces in graphics applications. Cover topics like windowing systems, widgets,
menus, buttons, sliders, and text input.
 User experience (UX) design: Discuss principles and best practices for designing
user-friendly and intuitive interfaces in computer graphics applications. Explore
topics like usability, information architecture, and visual design considerations.
 Real-time graphics and responsiveness: Explore techniques for achieving real-time
rendering and smooth interaction in graphics applications. Discuss performance
optimization strategies, asynchronous programming, and multi-threading.
 Input devices and sensors: Introduce advanced input devices and sensors used in
interactive graphics, such as motion controllers, haptic devices, and eye-tracking
systems. Discuss their integration and potential applications.
Labs
Drawing 2D Shapes using OpenGL
Objective:
To practice basic OpenGL programming and learn how to draw simple 2D shapes on the
screen.
Materials:
1. Computer with OpenGL programming environment set up (e.g., OpenGL libraries,
IDE)
2. Programming language: C++ (or any other language with OpenGL support)
Instructions:
1. Set up the programming environment by installing the necessary OpenGL libraries
and IDE (such as Code::Blocks or Visual Studio).
2. Create a new project and set up an OpenGL window.
3. Initialize the OpenGL context and set up the viewport and projection matrix.
4. Implement a function to draw a 2D shape (e.g., rectangle, triangle, circle). Use the
OpenGL drawing primitives (e.g., glBegin, glEnd, glVertex2f) to define the vertices
and draw the shape on the screen.
5. In the main function, call the shape drawing function to draw the desired shapes.
6. Compile and run the program to see the shapes rendered on the screen.
7. Experiment with different shapes, sizes, and colors by modifying the vertices and
parameters in the shape drawing function.
8. Add keyboard or mouse interaction to the program. For example, allow the user to
change the shape or color dynamically by pressing certain keys or clicking the mouse.
9. Enhance the program by adding transformations (e.g., translation, rotation, scaling) to
the shapes. Use the OpenGL transformation functions (e.g., glTranslate, glRotate,
glScale) to modify the model-view matrix before drawing the shape.
10. Document your code and provide comments to explain the purpose and functionality
of each section.
11. Prepare a report summarizing your lab exercise, including the code, screenshots of the
rendered shapes, and any observations or challenges encountered during the exercise.

Line Rasterization and Clipping

Objective:
To practice line rasterization algorithms and implement line clipping techniques.
Instructions:
1. Choose a programming language with suitable graphics libraries.
2. Implement a function to rasterize a line segment given its endpoints using algorithms
like Bresenham's line algorithm.
3. Display the rasterized line on a canvas or window.
4. Implement line clipping algorithms, such as Cohen-Sutherland or Liang-Barsky, to
handle lines that extend beyond the viewport or window boundaries.
5. Test your line clipping implementation with various line configurations and clipping
regions.
 6. Enhance the rendering by adding color or thickness to the rasterized lines.
7. Document your implementation, including the code and screenshots of the rasterized
lines, and provide a report summarizing your work.

3D Object Rendering and Interaction

Objective:
To practice rendering and interacting with 3D objects using a graphics library.
Instructions:
1. Choose a graphics library (such as Three.js, WebGL, or Unity).
2. Load a 3D object file (such as an OBJ or STL file) into the library.
3. Implement basic camera controls for rotating, panning, and zooming the view of the
3D object.
4. Add lighting and shading effects to enhance the visual appearance of the object.
5. Implement interaction features, such as mouse picking or object manipulation using
keyboard inputs.
6. Experiment with different materials, textures, or shaders to customize the rendering of
the object.
7. Document your code and provide a report summarizing your implementation and the
interaction capabilities achieved.