0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views42 pages

EE287Lecture NodalAnalysis1

This lecture discusses nodal analysis techniques for circuit analysis. Nodal analysis uses node voltages as variables and applies Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) at each node to obtain equations relating the voltages. Key steps include selecting a reference node, assigning voltages to other nodes, applying KCL at each node, using Ohm's law to express currents in terms of voltages, and solving the resulting simultaneous equations. Examples demonstrate setting up the KCL equations, expressing currents, and solving for the unknown node voltages using methods like elimination or Cramer's rule. The analysis is similar when voltage sources are present between nodes or the reference node.

Uploaded by

odurojesse310504
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views42 pages

EE287Lecture NodalAnalysis1

This lecture discusses nodal analysis techniques for circuit analysis. Nodal analysis uses node voltages as variables and applies Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) at each node to obtain equations relating the voltages. Key steps include selecting a reference node, assigning voltages to other nodes, applying KCL at each node, using Ohm's law to express currents in terms of voltages, and solving the resulting simultaneous equations. Examples demonstrate setting up the KCL equations, expressing currents, and solving for the unknown node voltages using methods like elimination or Cramer's rule. The analysis is similar when voltage sources are present between nodes or the reference node.

Uploaded by

odurojesse310504
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

EE287: Circuit Theory

Lecture: Methods of Analysis


Lecture Objective
• To develop
– techniques for circuit analysis using fundamental laws
of circuit theory
Introduction
• Having understood the fundamental laws of circuit
theory
– Ohm’s law
– Kirchhoff’s law
• We now apply these laws to
– develop two powerful techniques for circuit analysis
• Nodal analysis
– based on a systematic application of KCL and
Ohm’s law
• Mesh analysis
– based on a systematic application of KVL and
Ohm’s law
Introduction
• With the two techniques, we can
– analyze any linear circuit by obtaining a
• set of simultaneous equations that are solved to obtain the
required values of voltage and current
• The procedure required to
– write these simultaneous equations is the subject of
this lecture and the next
Nodal Analysis
• Nodal analysis provides a
– general procedure for analyzing circuits using
• node voltages as the circuit variable
• Thus in nodal analysis
– we are interested in finding node voltages
• We shall consider two cases
– Case1: circuits that do not contain voltage sources
– Case2: circuits that contain voltage sources
Nodal Analysis Procedure – Case 1
• Given a circuit with n nodes without voltage
sources

• How many nodes?


Nodal Analysis Procedure
• The nodal analysis of the circuit involves taking
the following steps:
1. select a node as the reference node
2. assign voltages v1, v2,……vn-1 to the remaining n-1
nodes
3. apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes
1. use Ohm’s law to express the unknown currents in terms of
node voltages
4. solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain
the unknown node voltages
Steps 1 & 2
• We shall now explain and apply the steps
– the reference node is commonly called the ground

– Assign voltage designations to the non-reference nodes


Step 3
• We apply KCL to each non-reference node in the
circuit
• At node 1, applying KCL gives
I1  I 2  i1  i2 (1)

• At node 2,

I 2  i2  i3 (2)
Step3
• In nodal analysis if
– we assign node voltages va and vb
– The branch current i flowing from a to b is then
expressed as

v a  vb
i 
R
Step 3
• We now apply Ohm’s law to express the
– unknown currents i1, i2, and i3 in terms of node voltages

v1  0 v1  v 2 v2  0
i1  i2  i3  (3)
R1 R2 R3

– Substituting (3) in (1) and (2) yields

v1 v1  v 2
I1  I 2  
R1 R2

v1  v2 v2
I2  
R2 R3
Step 4
• Solve for the node voltages using the
– substitution method
– elimination method
– Cramer’s rule
Example
• Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown
below

• Prepare the circuit


for nodal analysis
Solution
• Consider the circuit below prepared for nodal
analysis
Solution
• Analysis
– applying KCL at node 1 yields

i1  i2  i3
– expressing the currents in terms of voltages we’ve
v1  v 2 v1  0
5 
4 2
– multiplying each term by 4, we obtain

20  v1  v2  2v1
or
3 v1  v2  20 (1)
Solution
• Applying KCL at node 2 yields

i2  i4  i1  i5
• Expressing the currents in terms of voltages we’ve
v1  v2 v2  0
 10  5 
4 6
• Multiplying each term by 12 results in

3v1  3v2 120 60  2v2


• or
 3v1  5v2  60 (2)
Solution
• Now we have two simultaneous equations
– equations (1) and (2)
• Method 1
– Using the elimination technique, we add equations (1) and (2)

4v2  80  v2  20 V

– Substituting v2  20 V in equation (1) gives

40
3v1  20  20  v1   13.33 V
3
Solution
• Method 2
– Cramer’s rule
• To use Cramer’s rule, we need to put equations (1) and (2) in matrix
form as

 3  1  v1  20
 3     
 5  v 2  60

3 1 20  1
  15  3  12 1  100  60  160
3 5 60 5

3 20
2   180  60  240
 3 60

1 160 2 240
v1    13.33V v2    20 V
 12  12
Problem
• For the circuit below use nodal analysis to obtain
v1 and v2
Solution
• At node 1
 v1 v1 v1  v 2
  12 
10 5 2

120 = - 8v1 + 5v2 (1)

• At node 2
v2 v1  v 2
 6  12 
4 2

72 = – 2v1 + 3v2 (2)


Solving (1) and (2)

v1 = 0 V, v2 = 24 V
Problem
• Determine the voltages at the nodes in the circuit
below

• How many
node?
Solution
• The circuit in this example has
– three non-reference nodes
• Assign voltages to the three nodes as shown in the circuit
below
Solution
• Analysis
– KCL at node 1 yields

v1  v3 v1  v2
3  i1  ix 3 
4 2

• Multiplying by 4 and rearranging terms, we get

3v1  2v 2  v3  12 (1)
Solution
• Analysis
– KCL at node 2 gives

v1  v2 v 2  v3 v 2  0
i x  i2  i3   
2 8 4

• Multiplying by 8, and rearranging terms, we get

4v1  7v2  v3  0 (2)


Solution
• Analysis
– KCL at node 3 yields

v1  v3 v2  v3 2(v1  v2 )
i1  i2  2i x   
4 8 2

• Multiplying by 8, rearranging terms, and dividing by


3, we get
2v1  3v2  v3  0 (3)

– We have three simultaneous equations to solve to get


the node voltages
v1 , v 2 and v3
Solution
• Method 1
– Using the elimination technique, we add (1) and (3)
5v1  5v2  12
– or
12
v1  v 2   2.4 ( 4)
5
– adding (2) and (3) gives
 2v1  4v2  0  v1  2v2 (5)

– substituting (5) into (4) yields

2v2  v2  2.4  v2  2.4, v1  2v2  4.8V


Solution
• Method 1
– From (3), we get

v3  3v2  2v1  3v2  4v2   v2   2.4V

– thus

v1  4.8V , v2  2.4V , v3   2.4V


Problem
• Use nodal analysis to obtain the node voltages
in the circuit below
Solution

v1 = -2 and v2 = -14
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources –Case 2

• We will now consider how voltage sources affect


nodal analysis
• scenario1
– Voltage source connected between reference node
and a non-reference node
• scenario2
– Voltage source connected between two non-reference
nodes
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
• Consider the circuit below
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
• If a voltage source is connected between
– the reference node and a non-reference node
• simply set the voltage at the non-reference node equal to
the voltage of the voltage source
– e.g. v1 = 10 V

• The analysis is simplified by this


– knowledge of the voltage at this node
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
• A supernode is formed by enclosing a (dependent or
independent) voltage source connected between two
nonreference nodes and any elements connected in
parallel with it
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
• We apply both
– KCL and KVL to the supernode
• In the circuit shown earlier
– Nodes 2 and 3 form a supernode
• KCL at the supernode gives

i1  i4  i2  i3
• or
v1  v2 v1  v3 v2 v3
  
2 4 8 6
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
• To apply KVL to the supernode we redraw the circuit as
shown below

• Going around the loop in the clockwise direction gives

 v 2  5  v3  0  v 2  v3  5
Problem
• For the circuit shown below find the node voltages
using nodal analysis
Solution
• The supernode contains the 2-V source, nodes 1 and 2
and the 10-Ω resistor
• Applying KCL to the supernode as shown in the circuit
below gives
2  i1  i2  7 (1)
Solution
• Expressing i1 and i2 in terms of node voltages

v1  0 v2  0
2  7  8  2v1  v 2  28
2 4

• or

2v1  v 2   20 ( 2)
Solution
• To get the relationship between v1 and v2
– We apply KVL to the circuit shown below

– Going round the loop, we obtain

 v1  2  v 2  0  v2  v1  2 (3)
Solution
• From equations (2) and (3), we write

v2  v1  2   20  2v1
• or

3v1   22  v1   7.333 V
• and

v2  v1  2   7.333 2   5.333 V
Problem
• Using nodal analysis find the node voltages
in the circuit below
Solution
• KCL to supernode

You might also like