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CE Module 1

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CE Module 1

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devenjain15
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Module 1 Chapter Introduction to Electronic Communication Syllabus Electromagnetic spectrum, Block diagram of analog communication system, Need for modulation, Types of Noise, Signal-to-noise ratio, Noise factor, Noise figure, Noise temperature. Chapter Contents 1.1 Introduction to Communication 1.8 Bandwidth 1.2 Analog Communication System 1.9 Noise 1.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1.10 Internal (Correlated) Noise 1.4 Classification of Electronic 1.11 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) Communication Systems 1.5 Need of Modulation 1.12. Noise Factor 1.6 Classification of Modulation Systems 1.13 Noise Temperature 1.7 Demodulation or Detection 1.14 Noise Factor of Amplifiers in Cascade (Friiss Formula) FF communication Engg. (Sem. 5 / ECS / MU) 14 Introduction to Communication Definition : — Communication is defined as the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another. — Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. = The communication branch is the oldest branch of the electronics field Telecommunication means communicating at a distance. — A communication system is the means of conveying the information from one place to the other. = This information can be of different types such as sound, picture, music, computer data etc. — The field of communication engineering started developing rapidly in the-nineteenth ‘century when the telegraph, telephone and then the radio were invented — The development was still faster in the twentieth century when first the black and white and then colour TVs were brought in use. Then came the age of satellite communication, cable TV, mobile telephones etc. - In order to understand the subject, itis necessary to understand the basic concepts in communication engineering such as, modulation, noise, demodulation, information theory ete. CURE RASTER . Q.1 Explain basic block diagram of communication in detail. (May 10, 6 Marks, Dec. 10, May 11, 8 Marks) Q.2 Explain with block diagram a _ typical ‘communication system. (Dec. 11, 5 Marks) @.3 Explain basic block diagram of communication system in detail (May 15, 6 Marks) Definition : — Acommunication system is defined as a collection of individual communications networks, transmission 42 Introduction to Electronic Communication systems, relay stations, communication channels and receivers interconnected to exchange meaningful information. Block diagram : The block diagram of the simplest possible ‘communication system is as shown in Fig. 1.2.1. vere eb ffmenne ST Lremll cons , pS, (b) Spectrum of a bandpass signal (a) Spectrum of a baseband signal (0-7) Fig. 1.4.2 18 Introduction to Electronic Communication Band-pass signal : — It can be defined as a signal which has a non zero lowest frequency in its spectrum, — That means the frequency spectrum of a band-pass signal extends from f, to f, Hz — The modulated signal is called as the band-pass signal. — It is obtained by shifting the baseband signal in frequency domain. The spectrum of band-pass signal is shown in Fig, 14.2(b). — Note that the lowest frequency in its spectrum is f, Hz whereas the highest frequency is f, Hz. — All the band-pass signals are not necessarily modulated signals. = They can be available naturally as well. = Examples of bandpass signals are the ultrasound waves, visible light, radio waves etc. i 1.4.4 Baseband Transmission : - We have already defined the baseband transmission. imitations of baseband transmission : ~The baseband transmission cannot be used with ‘certain mediums, e.g. it cannot be used for the radio transmission where the medium is free space. ~ This is because the voice signal (in the electrical form) cannot travel long distance in air. ~ It gets suppressed after a short distance. Therefore for the radio communication of baseband signals @ technique called modulation is used. 1.4.5 Modulation : Definition : ~ Modulation is defined as the process in which some parameter of the carrier wave (such as amplitude, frequency or phase) is varied in proportion with the instantaneous magnitude of the modulating signal ~The result of this process is called as the modulated signal. FF Tettnoatage BF communication Engg. (Sem. § ECS /MU) 19 ication Introduction to Electronic Communica This modulated signal is then transmitted by the transmitter over a communication channel or medium Modulating signal Modulator | —» Modulos signal Carer signal (0-8 Fig. 1.4.3 : Modulation ~The receiver will “Demodulate” the received modulated signal and get the original information signal back - Thus demodulation is exactly opposite to ‘modulation. ~ In the process of modulation, the carrier wave actually acts as’ a cartier, which cartes the information signal (modulating signal) from the transmitter to receiver This is similar to_a situation in which a person travels in his car or on his bike from one place to the other. The person can be viewed as the modulating signal and the car or bike as the carrier as. shown in Fig. 1.44, Information signal Carter (0.9) Fig. 1.4.4: Concept of modulation 1.4.6 Frequency Translation in the Modulation Process : ~The baseband signal or modulating signal is a low frequency signal = For example the audio signal is present in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz — But due to modulation, the same signal now gets translated to a higher frequency range. — For example the Vividh Bharati FM pune station is tuned at 101 MHz, or AM Pune station is at 792 kHz, 1.5 Need of Modulation : EERE @.1 State the advantages of carrying out ‘modulation process in general. (May 03, 5 Marks) ‘What is need of modulation? (Dec. 15, 5 Marks) Explain the need of modulation in analog ‘communication. (May 16, 5 Marks) Why do we modulate a signal for transmission 7 Explain. (May 18, 5 Marks) the a2 as a4 ‘A question may be asked as, when the baseband signals can be transmitted directly why to use the modulation ? = The answer is that the baseband transmission has many limitations which can be overcome using ‘modulation. Itis as explained below. In the process of modulation, the baseband signal is, translated” ie. shifted from low frequency side to high frequency side of the frequency spectrum. This frequency shift is proportional to the frequency of carter. - The modulation process has the following advantages ‘Advantages of modulation : The modulation process has the following advantages 1. Reduction in the height of antenna, 2. Avoids mixing of signals : 3. Increases the range of communication 4. Multiplexing becomes possible 5. Improves quality of reception. ~ Modulation is necessary to avail the advantages mentioned above, Reduction in height of antenna : For transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be a multiple of (4/4). Here 2 is the wavelength. 2 = c/f where ¢ is velocity of light and f is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted The minimum antenna height required to transmit a baseband signal of f = 10 kHz is calculated as follows : Snes $F communication Engg. (Sem.5/ ECS / MU) sr UA ae, Minimum antenna height = 4 = 7 3x10° 4x 10x10" = 7500 meters ie. 75 km The antenna of this height is practically impossible to install = Now consider a modulated signal at f = 1 MHz. The minimum antenna height is given by, 3x10° ¥ “4x10x10° 75 meters Minimum antenna height = = This antenna can be easily installed practically. Thus modulation reduces the height of the antenna, Avoids mixing of signals : — If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without using the modulation by more than one transmitter, then all the transmitted’ signal by multiple transmitters will be in the same frequency range ie. 0 to 20 kHz, Therefore the signals. from different stations get mixed together and a receiver cannot separate them from each other. = So if each baseband sound signal is used to modulate a different carrier which corresponds to a different station then they will occupy different slots in the frequency spectrum (different channels). — This is as shown in Fig. 1.5.1. Thus modulation avoids mixing of signals. Signa SE co aa My, Frequent cae Srannoitt — Shanvet it Thareit (0-10) Fig, 1.5.1 : Modulation avoids mixing of signals 3. Increases the range of communication : = The frequency of baseband signals is low, and the low frequency signals can not travel a long distance when they are transmitted. 1-10 Introduction to Electronic Communication — They get attenuated (suppressed) quickly. = The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of the transmitted signals, and they travel longer distance. i — The modulation process increases the frequency of increases the range of the signal. Hence it communication, 4, Multiplexing becomes possible : — Multiplexing is a process in which two or more signals can be transmitted over the "same ‘communication channel simultaneously. — This is possible only with modulation. The multiplexing allows the same channel to be used by many signals. x = So many TV channels can use the same frequency range, without getting mixed with each other. OR different frequency signals can be transmitted at the same time, 5. Improves quality of reception : With frequency modulation (FM), and the digital ‘communication techniques like PCM, the effect of noise is reduced to a great extent. = This improves quality of reception. 1.6 Classification of Modulation Systems = We can classify the modulation techniques into two categories 1. Continuous wave modulation. 2. Pulse modulation, ~The classification of modulation techniques is shown in Fig. 1.6.1 Continuous wave rmodulaton (Analog) ‘Arpltode ‘modulation (AM) Pulse medulation ‘Dial pul madulabon Frogs modulation am PCM Phase adulation (eM) ADM (0-1308)Fig. 1.6.1 : Classification of modulation techniques FB Tecnknowteds ¥F communication Engg. (Sem.5/ ECS /MU) 1.6.1 Continuous Wave Modulation : ~ In continuous wave (CW) modulation, the carrier is Usually sinusoidal (sinewave or cosinewave). Its frequency is much higher than the frequency of the modulating signal Depending on which parameter of the carrier is changed the continuous wave modulation are Classified into three categories 1. AM. (Amplitude Modulation) 2. FM. (Frequency Modulation) 3. P.M. (Phase Modulation) 1. Amplitude Modulation [AM] : Amplitude of the carrier is varied in proportion ‘with the instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal keeping its frequency and phase constant. 2. Frequency Modulation (FM) : — Frequency of the carrier is varied in proportion with the instantaneous’ amplitude of the baseband signal keeping its amplitude and phase constant. 3. Phase Modulation [PM]: ~ Phase of the carrier is modified in proportion with the instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal keeping the other two parameters constant, = The continuous wave modulation is the type of analog modulation. - So AM, FM and PM are the examples of analog modulation. 1.6.2 Pulse Modulation : = In pulse modulation, the carrier is in the form of train of periodic rectangular pulses. — Pulse modulation can be either analog or digital, = In the analog pulse modulation, the amplitude, width or position of the rectangular carrier pulses is changed in accordance with the modulating signal. — This will result in PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation), PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) or PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) respectively. — PAM, PWM and PPM are the examples of analog pulse modulation 14 Introduction to Electronic Communication = The pulse modulation can be digital as well. ~The well known examples of digital pulse modulation are Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Delta Modulation (DM), Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) etc. 1.7 _Demodulation or Detection Definition : = Demodulation or detection is a process which is exactly opposite to that of modulation, — Demodulation takes place at the receiver. = When a modulated signal is applied at the input of a demodulator / detector, it produces the original modulating signal at its output as shown in Fig. 1.7.1 Demodulator Detector Modulated signal Message signal (w.1196 Fi 1.8 Bandwidth 17.1: Demodulation detection 1.8.1. Signal Bandwidth : Definition : =. Signal bandwidth 8, is defined as the range of frequencies contained in the signal ~ We may also define the bandwidth as the frequency range over which an signal is transmitted, information Signal bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequency limits af the signal = We already know different types of baseband signals such as voice signal, music signal, TV signal etc. ~ Each of these signals will have its own frequency range. ~ This frequency range of a signal is known as its bandwidth - For example, the range of music signal is 20 Hz to 15 kee - Therefore as shown in Fig. 1.8.1 the bandwidth is (fy. Bandwidth Frequency Se Techknowteage FF communication Engg. (Sem. 5 / ECS / MU) 15000 - 20 1.8.2 Frequency Spectrum : Definition : = Frequency spectrum is the representation of a signal in the frequency domain — It can be obtained by using either Fourier series or Fourier transform — It consists of the amplitude and phase spectrums of the signal. — The frequency spectrum indicates the amplitude and phase of various frequency components present in the given signal. = The frequency spectrum enables us to analyze and. synthesize a signal What if the BW is less than required ? — BW has to be adequately large in order to preserve the shape of the transmitted data signal. If BW is less than required, then signal distortion will take place. 1.8.3 Channel Bandwidth : Definition : — The term channel bandwidth B¢ is defined as the range of frequencies that can be passed by a channel — If the bandwidth of the input signal is larger than the channel bandwidth, then the output of the channel will not contain all the frequencies of the input signal ~ Fig. 182 shows a typical digital signal at the input and the output is of different shape than input, if the channel BW is less than signal BW. TL —foarf— (G-608) Fig. 1.8.2 : Effect of Bc < Bs If the signaling rate of input signal is increased, then the channel bandwidth has to be increased so'as to pass the signal without any change in shape of the signal. Introduction to Electronic Communication ~All the efforts should be made to reduce the required | channel bandwidth so that we can fit in more number of channels in the same available EM spectrum. ~The bandwidth is also important in deciding the channel capacity C of a transmission system, 9 Noise: Pee ee Q.1 Define : Noise. + (May 09, 5 Marks, Dec. 09, May 10, 2 Marks) Definition : , Noise is an unwanted electrical digfurbance which ‘gives rise to audiable or visual disturbances in the ‘communication systems, and errors in the digital communication. = The noise energy always falls within the passband of the signal — Fig. 1.9.1 shows the effect of noise on the signal = Fig, 19.1(a) shows a clean signal without any noise and Fig. 19.1(b) shows a signal mixed with noise. The noise gets superimposed on the signal and makes it impossible to separate the signal from Voltage (@) Clean signal without noise Votage (b) Signal with noise (O-29pFig. 1.9.1 1.9.1. Types of Noise / Sources of Noise SEE Q.1 What are sources of noise ? Explain in detail (May 09, 8 Marks) Q.2 Classify and explain the various noises that affect ‘communication. (May 10, Dec. 10, May 11, May 15, 5 Marks) Q.3 Describe briefly the forms of various noises. (Dec. 16, 5 Marks) SE Tehtanateaga & communication Engg. (Sem.5/ ECS / MU) 1 De Noise can be divided into two categories 1. Correlated noise 2. Uncorrelated noise. The word “correlation” is used to indicate that there is a relation between signal and noise. Therefore the correlated noise can exist only when the signal is present, whereas the uncorrelated noise always exists independent of the signal. The uncorrelated noise is further classified into two types : External noise and Internal noise as shown in the classification of noise sources (Fig, 1.9.2). 9.2 External Nois CEI Q.1 Classify and explain the various noises that affect communication (May 10, Dec, 10, May 11, May 15, 5 Marks) @.2 Describe briefly the forms of various noises. (Bec. 16, 5 Marks) Q.3. List several sources of external noise and give a brief description of each. * (May 17, 5 Marks) DEE! PSOE efinition : The external noise is defined as the noise that is generated outside the device or circuit The external noise can be of three types : 1. Atmospheric noise 2. Extraterrestrial and 3. Man made noise ‘Atmospheric noise : This type of noise gets produced within the Earth's atmosphere. 1.13 Introduction to Electronic Communication The common source of this type of noise is lightning, Itis in the form of impulses or spikes which covers a wide frequency band typically upto 30 MH2. The sputtering, cracking etc heard from the loud speakers of radio is due to atmospheric noise. This type of noise becomes insignificant above 30 MHz Extraterrestrial noise : Fils ype of noise originates from the sources which exist outside the Earth's atmosphere, Hence this noise is also calléd as deep space noise. The noise originating from the sun and the outer space is known as Extraterrestrial Noise. The extraterrestrial noise can be sub-divided into two groups: (a) Solar noise (b) Cosmic noise. ‘Solar Noise : — ‘Our sun, being a very large hot body radiates a lot of noise ‘The noise radiated by the sun varies according to its surface temperature variations. This temperature changes follow a cycle of 11 years hence the cycle of great electrical disturbances (noise) also repeats after every 11 years. Cosmic Noise: The cosmic noise comes from the stars. This is identical to the noise radiated by sun because stars. also are large hat bodies, This noise is called as black body noise or thermal noise and itis distributed uniformly over the entire sky, The noise also gets originated from the center of our galaxy, other galaxies and special type of stars such a5 “Quasars” and “Pulsars Man made noise (Industrial noise): The man made noise Ts’generated due to the make and break process in a current carrying circuit The examples are the electrical motors, welding machines, ignition system of the automobiles, thyristorized high current circuits, fluorescent lights switching gears etc This type of noise is also called as industrial noise. ¥F communication Engg. (Sem.5/ ECS / MU) 1.14 Introduction to Electronic Communication 1.9.3 Fundamental or Internal Noise : peels Definition : ~The fundamental noise is defined as the noise produced within an electronic equipment or device. = The sources producing this noise are called fundamental sources because they are the integral part of the physical nature of the material used for making electronic components. = This type of noise follows certain rules. Therefore it can be eliminated by properly designing the electronic circuits and equipments. 4.10 Internal (Correlated) Noise Ae @.1 Classify and explain the various noises that affect, communication (May 10, Dec. 10, May 11, May 15, 5 Marks) @.2 Describe beefy the forms of various noises. (Dec. 16, 5 Marks) — The fundamental or internal noise sources produce different types of noise. = They are as follows Thermal noise shot noise/ Syschef Fehon Partition noise Low frequency or flicker, noise. High frequency or transit time, noi igh frequency or transit time, noise. 2. 4 5. -6. Avalanche noise. “7. Burst noise. 1.10.1 Shot Noise : IMU : May 07, Dec. 07, May 08, May 13 Pea Q.1 Classify and explain the various noises that affect communication, (May 07, 4 Marks, Dec. 07, 5 Marks, May 08, 7 Marks) Q.2 Explain shot noise. (May 13, 5 Marks) Definition : = The shot noise is the type of internal noise, which is produced due to the random variations in the arrival of electrons (or holes) at the output electrode of an amplifying device, Description : ~The shot noise is produced due to shot effect. Due to the shot effect, shot noise is produced in all the amplifying devices or for that matter in all the active devices. = Therefore it appears as a randomly varying noise current superimposed on the output. = The shot noise “sounds” like a shower of lead shots falling on a metal sheet if amplified and passed through a loud speaker. It has a uniform spectral density like thermal noise, The exact formula for the shot noise can be obtained only for diodes. — for all other devices an approximate equation is stated. - The mean square shot noise current for a diode is given as, =2( +21) q8 Amperes? (2.10.1) Where,I = Direct current across the junction (in Amp) I, = Reverse saturation current (in Amp) q_ = Electron charge = 1.6 x 10°C. B_ = Effective noise bandwidth in Hz. - For the amplifying devices the shot noise is : 1. Inversely proportional to the transconductance of the device 2. Directly proportional to the output current. 1.10.2 Partition Noise May 07, Dec. 07, May 0! at Classify and explain the various noises that affect ‘communication (May 07, 4 Marks, Dec. 07, 5 Marks, May 08, 7 Marks) Definition : - Partition noise is the internal noise which is generated due to the random fluctuations in the division of current occurring between two or more paths in a device. = Therefore the partition noise in a transistor will be higher than that in a diode SS Techkna F communication Engg. (Sem. §/ ECS I MU) 1.45 Introduction to Electronic Communication The devices like gallium arsenide FET draw almost Zero gate bias current, hence keeping the partition noise to its minimum value. 1.10.3 Low Frequency or Flicker Noise : @.1 Classify and explain the various noises that affect. ‘communication (May 07, 4 Marks, Dec. 07, 5 Marks, May 08, 7 Marks) Defi In the semiconductor devices, the flicker noise is the internal noise that is generated due to the fluctuations in the carrier density (ie. density of electrons and holes) Description : The flicker noise appears at frequencies below a few kilohertz. It is sometimes called as “1/f" noise. The fluctuations in the carrier density cause the fluctuations in the conductivity of the material This will produce a fluctuating voltage drop when a direct turrent flows through a device. — This fluctuating voltage is called as flicker noise voltage. ~The mean square value of flicker noise voltage is Proportional to the square of direct current flowing through the device. 1.10.4 Thermal Noise or Johnson Noise This random motion is due to the thermal energy received by them. — The distribution of these free electrons within a conductor at a given instant of time is not uniform. Itis possible that an excess number of electrons may appear at one end or the other of the conductor. — The average voltage resulting from this non-uniform distribution is zero but the average power is not zero. As this power has appeared as a result of the thermal energy, itis called as the “thermal noise power’ Average thermal noise power ~The average thermal a k TB Watts joltzmann’s constant 1.38 x 10” Joules/Kelvin Bandwidth of the noise spectrum (Hz). Temperature of the conductor, °Kelvin power is given by, (1.10.2) Te Equation (1.10.2) indicates that a conductor operated at a finite temperature can work as 2 generator of electrical energy. The thermal noise power P,, is proportional to the noise BW and conductor temperature, Ex. 1.40.1 : A receiver has a noise power bandwidth of 42 kHz. A resistor which matches with the receiver input ‘npedance is connected across the antenna terminals. What is the noise power contributed by this resistor in the receiver bandwidth ? Assume temperature to be 30°C. Soln.: CECA | Given: 8 = 12 kHz, t {30°C} 30 + 273 = 303°K © Lerc) = The noise power Yonttloutel by the resistance is Q.4 Classify and explain the various noises that affect, by communication, 23 P.. KTB = 138x107 «12x10 (Dee. 05, Dec. 06, 10 Marks, May 07,4 Mars, paolo 25 Dec. 07, 5 Marks, May 08, 7 Marks) 5.01768 x 10°” W Ans. Definition : Ex. 1.10.2 : A 600 2 resistor is connected across the = Johnson noise or thermal noise the internal noise, that is produced due to the random thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor, which increases with frequency and temperature, Description : The free electrons within a conductor are always in a random motion 600 © antenna input of a radio receiver. The bandwidth of the radio receiver is 20 kHz and the resistor is at room ote es 27°C. Calculate the noise power and noise voltage applied at the input of the receiver. Soin. : Given: R, = 6000,R,= 6000 = 600 || 600 — SF Fechinoatedgs Communication Engg. (Sem. 5 / ECS / MU) 116 Introduction to Electronic Communication so oan B = 20kHz, The very small currents induced in the input of the T = 27°C or 300% device by means of the random fluctuations in the - output current will create random noise at high Noise power : : : frequencies. P, = KIB = 1.38 x 107 x 300 x 20x 10 i — Once this noise appears, it goes on increasing with Ans. = 828x100" W bait voltage at the receiver input : — To calculate the noise voltage at the receiver input, we have to consider the effective resistance. = Since the two resistors are in parallel, Ry = 600 | 600 = 3002 Qs 208 F< 300 x 20 x 1 = V4k TB Ray fa 1.38 x 10 E, = 3.1510" Volts or 0.3152 nV 1.10.5 High Frequency or Transit Time Noise : om oi x 300 Ans. Ses Classify and explain the various noises that affect communication. (May 07, 4 Marks, Dec. 07, 5 Marks, May 08, 7 Marks) Definition ~The internal noise produced due to the transit time effect is called as the transit time noise. Description : — Transit time is defined as the time it takes for a current carrier such as a hole or an electron to travel from input to output of a device. — The transit time effect occurs when the time taken by an electron to travel from the emitter to the collector of a transistor becomes comparable to the time period of the signal which is being amplified — This effect is observed at very high frequencies, typically in the VHF range. — Due to the transit time effect some of the carriers may diffuse back to the emitter. - This gives rise to an input admittance, the conductance component of which increases with frequency, frequency at a rate of 6 dB per octave. Ex. 1.10.3 : For an amplifier operating at a temperature of 27° C with a bandwidth of 20 kHz, determine : 1. The total noise power in watts and dBm 2. The rms noise voltage for a 50 2 internal resistance and a 50 2 load resistor. Peas Soin. : T= 27°C =300°K, B= 20kHz Lo. Given : The total noise power : , P, = kTB Watts 2 Py = 138% 10 x 300 x 20x10? P, = 828x107" Watts = Letus convert this into dBm, Noise powerin dBm = 10 logis [P,/ 1 mW] cw Ans. = 1308 dam RMS noise voltage The rms noise voltage is given by, @ = VakTer ~The internal resistance of the amplifier and the load resistance can be assumed to be in series with each other. R = 1009 js v,_ = fax 138 « 10° x 300 « 20 x10" 100 = 18198 x 10"’ Volts Ans. Ex. 1.10.4 : Calculate the thermal noise power available from a resistor at room temperature of 290° K with BW of 4 MHz, Also calculate noise voltage at R = 50 01. DE Soln. : Given : 290°k, B= 1M0, k = 138 x 10°” Joules/Kelvin TechKnowl

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