ER CONSTRAINT Data Model is the modeling of the data description, data semantics, and

Constraints are used for modeling limitations on the relations between entities. There are consistency constraints of the data. It provides the conceptual tools for describing
two types of constraints on the Entity Relationship (ER) model − Mapping cardinality or the design of a database at each level of data abstraction. Therefore, there are
cardinality ratio. Participation constraints.// Mapping Cardinality
following four data models used for understanding the structure of the database:/A
It is expressed as the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a
Data Model in Database Management System (DBMS) is the concept of tools that
relationship set.//One-to-one relationship An entity set A is associated with at most one
entity in B and an entity in B is associated with at most one entity in A.//One-to-many are developed to summarize the description of the database. Data Models provide
relationship An entity set A is associated with any number of entities in B with a possibility us with a transparent picture of data which helps us in creating an actual database.
of zero and an entity in B is associated with at most one entity in A.//Many-to-one It shows us from the design of the data to its proper implementation of data.//
relationship An entity set A is associated with at most one entity in B and an entity set in B TYPES Relational Data Model: This type of model designs the data in the form of
can be associated with any number of entities in A with a possibility of zero.//Many-to- rows and columns within a table. Thus, a relational model uses tables for
many relationship An entity set A is associated with any number of entities in B with a representing data and in-between relationships. Tables are also called relations. //
possibility of zero and an entity in B is associated with any number of entities in A with a
2Entity-Relationship Data Model: An ER model is the logical representation of data
possibility of zero. /(/Participation Constraints
Participate constraints are two types as mentioned below −Total participation as objects and relationships among them. These objects are known as entities, and
The participation of an entity set E in a relationship set R is said to be total if every entity in relationship is an association among these entities.//Object-based Data Model: An
E Participates in at least one relationship in R.//Partial Participation If only some of the extension of the ER model with notions of functions, encapsulation, and object
entities in E participate in relationship R, then the participation of E in R is said to be partial identity, as well. This model supports a rich type system that includes structured
participation. and collection types.//The semistructured data model allows the data specifications
at places where the individual data items of the same type may have different
An entity type refers to a collection of entities that share common characteristics or attributes sets.
attributes. An entity is a distinct object or concept that is represented in the database.
Advantages of Data Models/Data Models help us in representing data accurately.
For example, consider a database for a university. In this case, “Student” could be an entity
type, and each individual student (with specific details like student ID, name, and It helps us in finding the missing data and also in minimizing Data Redundancy.
enrollment status) would be an instance of that entity type. The attributes of the “Student” Data Model provides data security in a better way.//The data model should be
entity type could include things like “StudentID,” “Name,” “DateOfBirth,” and detailed enough to be used for building the physical database.//The information in
“EnrollmentStatus.”In summary, an entity type is a category of entities with shared the data model can be used for defining the relationship between tables, primary
attributes in a database, and it helps organize and structure the information stored in the and foreign keys, and stored procedures.
system.
DISADVANTAGE In the case of a vast database, sometimes it becomes difficult to
How is key different from E R model A "key" is a field or combination of fields in a database
understand the data model.
table that uniquely identifies each record. There are different types of keys, such as a
primary key (which uniquely identifies each record in a table) or a foreign key (which You must have the proper knowledge of SQL to use physical models.
establishes a link between two tables). Keys are essential for maintaining data integrity, Even smaller change made in structure require modification in the entire
enforcing relationships between tables, and enabling efficient data retrieval.On the other application.
hand, the “Entity-Relationship (ER) model” is a conceptual framework used to represent the There is no set data manipulation language in DBMS.
relationships between entities in a database. It involves entities (objects or concepts) and To develop Data model one should know physical data stored characteristics.
their relationships, along with attributes that describe the entities. The model helps in
designing and visualizing the structure of a database before its implementation.keys are
specific fields used for identification and relationship purposes within a database table, DATABASE ARCHITECTURE The Database Management System (DBMS)
while the ER model is a broader conceptual framework for designing and understanding the architecture shows how data in the database is viewed by the users. It is not
relationships between entities in a database. concerned about how the data are handled and processed by the DBMS.//It helps in
implementation, design, and maintenance of a database to store and organize
Data Abstraction: information for companies. The concept of DBMS depends upon its architecture.
Data abstraction is a fundamental concept in computer science and database management The architecture can be designed as centralized, decentralized, or hierarchical.
that involves simplifying complex systems by representing only essential details while hiding
The architecture of DBMS can be defined at three levels as follows –
unnecessary complexities. In the context of databases, there are typically three levels of
External levels./Conceptual levels./Internal levels.:External Level (User View):The
data abstraction://Physical Level:Describes how data is stored and the low-level details of
data representation, such as file structures and indexing mechanisms. external level is the topmost layer of the three-level architecture and is also known
//Logical Level:Represents the data in a structured way, abstracting away the physical as the user view or user interface level.//Each user view presents a subset of the
storage details. It focuses on the relationships between data items, entity types, and data from the overall database, showing only the relevant information to the users.
attributes.//View Level (or External Level):Provides a user-specific view of the data, hiding Users at this level are typically unaware of the internal structure of the database
certain details based on user requirements. and interact with it using high-level query languages and applications.//Conceptual
IMPORTANCE OF DATA MODELA data model is crucial for database design as it serves as a Level (Logical Schema):The conceptual scheme is the middle level of the three-
blueprint for structuring and organizing data. It helps in understanding, designing, and
level architecture.//The conceptual schema provides a global and integrated view of
communicating the database structure. Here are some key aspects of its importance://
Structured Representation:Offers a structured way to represent and organize data, defining the data, ensuring data consistency and integrity across different user
entities, attributes, and relationships.//Data Integrity and Constraints: views.//Internal Level (Physical Schema):The internal level is the lowest layer of the
Enforces integrity constraints to maintain the accuracy and consistency of data. three-level architecture, also known as the physical schema.//Changes at this level,
//Data Retrieval and Manipulation:Guides the efficient retrieval and manipulation of data by such as storage optimizations or database reorganization, do not impact the
defining relationships and optimizing queries.//Communication Tool:Acts as a external or conceptual levels as long as the external schema remains unchanged…
communication tool between developers, administrators, and stakeholders
Types of Data Models://Hierarchical Data Model://Represents data in a tree-like structure,
with a parent-child relationship. Mainframes and early databases often used this model. What i key Keys in DBMS are introduced to avoid redundancy in data. A table represents a
Network Data Model://Extends the hierarchical model by allowing more complex big box with unique records, and keys help to identify those records efficiently. Keys in
relationships between entities. It was prevalent in the 1970s. DBMS can be single or a group of attributes that uniquely identify the records. Using all
Relational Data Model://Represents data as tables (relations) with rows and columns. It has attributes as a key is less efficient than choosing the minimum combination of attributes
become the most widely used data model due to its simplicity and flexibility.//Entity- that provide the same result.
Relationship (ER) Model:Focuses on the conceptual representation of data and relationships
between entities. TYPES Primary key
It is the first key used to identify one and only one instance of an entity uniquely. An entity
ARCHITECTURE Three-Schema Architecture: can contain multiple keys, as we saw in the PERSON table. The key which is most suitable
External Schema: User views or how data appears to specific users. from those lists becomes a primary key.
Conceptual Schema: Represents the entire database structure. Candidate key
Internal Schema: Describes the physical storage details. A candidate key is an attribute or set of attributes that can uniquely identify a tuple.
Client-Server Architecture: Super Key
Separates the database server responsible for storing and managing data from the client Super key is an attribute set that can uniquely identify a tuple. A super key is a superset of a
applications that interact with the data. candidate key.
Web-based Architecture: Foreign key
Utilizes web technologies to provide access to databases over the internet, often using a Foreign keys are the column of the table used to point to the primary key of another table.
combination of client-server and browser-based approaches. Alternate key
There may be one or more attributes or a combination of attributes that uniquely identify
each tuple in a relation. These attributes or combinations of the attributes are called the
candidate keys. One key is chosen as the primary key from these candidate keys, and the
remaining candidate key, if it exists, is termed the alternate key.