Course code: EEE111

Course Title: Analog Electronics

Semester: Spring_2024

Course Teacher
Dr. Monir Morshed
Professor
Email:[email protected]
 Course Contents
 A variety of electronic devices used in the design of analog
electronics are studied.
 Basic understanding of semiconductor devices is covered.
 Emphasis is placed on diodes, BJT, and FET.
 Small and large signal characteristics and models of
electronic devices, analysis and design of elementary
electronic circuits are also included.
 This course has a mandatory laboratory session
(EEE111L/ETE111L – Analog Electronics I Lab) every
week
 Recommended Books
Text Book 1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky,
"Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory", 11th
Edition, Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. ISBN
81-203-2064-6

Reference 1. Albert Malvino and David J. Bates, “Electronic

Principles”, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill. ISBN 978–0–
07–297527–7.
2. Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith,
"Microelectronic Circuits", 5th/6th Edition, Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-514252-7.
 Course Objectives
1. Acquire knowledge of electrical characteristics of ideal and
practical diodes under forward and reverse bias to analyze and
design diode application circuits such as rectifiers and voltage
regulators.
2. Utilize operational principles of bipolar junction transistors and
field effect transistors to derive appropriate small-signal models
and use them for the analysis of basic amplifier circuits.
3. Perform DC analysis (algebraically and graphically using current
voltage curves with super imposed load line) and design of CB,
CE and CC transistor circuits.
4. Compare and contrast different biasing and compensation
techniques and functioning as amplifier.
 Course Outcomes
COs Description
CO1 Illustrate the characteristics of semiconductor devices for
determining the device parameters such as resistances, current gain
and voltage gain
CO2 Apply the pn junction characteristics for the diode applications such
as switch, rectifiers, Clippers and Clampers.
CO3 Examine DC and AC load line analysis of BJT and FET amplifiers
for optimal operating level regardless of input, load placed on the
device.
CO4 Extend the biasing techniques for bipolar and uni-polar transistor
amplifier circuits considering stability condition for establishing a
proper operating point.
CO5 Utilize low frequency model for estimation of the characteristic
parameters of BJT, FET amplifier circuits.
CO6 Demonstrate the working principle of special purpose
semiconductor diodes and transistors for triggering and voltage
regulation applications.
CO with Assessment Methods

CO Assessment Method (%)

- Attendance 5%
CO1-CO6 Class Test/Quiz 20%
CO1-CO6 Final Exam 35%
C01-C03 Mid Exam 25%
C01-C06 Assignment/Presentation 15%
C01-C06 Lab Work 0%

Any Suggestions?
 Analog Electronics
Analog Electronics

Analog Electronics

Electron Mechanics
 Flow of Electron in
Gas, Vacuum,
Semiconductor, etc.
 Behavior of Electrons
 What is Electronics
 Electronics is a branch of physics and electrical
engineering
 It deals with electrical device and circuits that
operate by controlling the flow of electron or
other charge particles.
 It also deals with how electron behave in
semiconductor.
 Analog electronics deals with a analog signal
whose amplitude can take on any value in a
continuous range whereas digital electronics
has a digital signal usually take only two levels.
 Analog Electronics
Basic Electronics

Components & Devices Measuring Instruments Circuits

 Digital Multimeter  Rectifiers
 Power supplies  Amplifiers
 Voltage and current source  Oscillators
 Oscilloscopes  Filters
 Function generator
Passive
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors Active
 Diode  Transistors
 Etc.  Op-Amps
 Etc.
 Components & Devices
Passive Component:
 Passive component is an electronic component
which store or absorb energy in the form of voltage
or current.
 The components which can’t control the flow of
current.
 Passive component can’t provide any power gain
to the circuit.
 For example: resistors, capacitors, inductors, and
transformers.
 Components & Devices
Active Component:
 Active component is an electronic component
which generate energy in the form of voltage or
current.
 They supply energy to the circuit and they control
the flow of current.
 Also they can provide any power gain to the
circuit.
 For example: transistors, Battery, Generators etc.
 Circuits
 Electrical Circuits: A complete electrical network
is an interconnection of electrical components
which provide a closed path or loop for current.
 Electronic Circuits: It is the combination of
electronics component capable of performing
computation, amplification, switching, and data
transfer.
 Analog and Digital Circuits: Analog circuit uses
continuous and digital circuit uses discrete signal
with fixed number of levels, respectively.
 Circuits
Series Parallel
How it looks

V V

Voltage +
Current
Resistance

Features If one components burns If one components burns

current becomes inactive current stops only through
that branch rest part works
well.
 Circuits
Closed Circuits:
• A complete electrical circuit through which current can
flow when a voltage is applied.
• A closed circuit will allow the flow of electricity between
power and ground.
Open Circuits:
• An incomplete electrical circuit through which no current
can flow.
• Open circuit will break the flow of electricity between
power and ground.
 Current & Voltage
Current: Current is the movement or flow of electric
charge.
• According to the Ohm’s law current is given by
• Measuring unit of current is ‘Amperes (A)’

Voltage: Voltage is the potential difference between two

points.
• According to the Ohm’s law voltage is given by

• Measuring unit of current is ‘Volts (V)’

 Matter and Elements
• Matter
 Occupies space and has weight
 The “stuff” that the universe is made of.

• Elements
 All matter is made up of substances called elements.
 which have specific chemical and physical
properties.
 Cannot be reduced to a simpler substance by
chemical reactions.
 Over 100 known elements
 The Atom
All matter is composed of atoms; all atoms consist of
electrons, protons, and neutrons except normal hydrogen,
which does not have a neutron.
-Nucleus
• Located at the center of
atom
• Formed with protons and
neutrons
-Protons
• Positively charged particles
-Neutrons
• Uncharged particles
-Electrons
Fig.: The Bohr model of an atom
• Negatively charged particles
 Electrons and Shells
Electrons:
• They orbit the nucleus of an atom at certain
distances from the nucleus.
• Electrons near the nucleus have less energy.

Shell:
• Each discrete distance
(orbit) from the nucleus
corresponds to a certain
energy level.
• In an atom, the orbits are
grouped into energy
Fig.: Illustration of the Bohr model levels known as shells.
of the silicon atom.
 Valance Electrons
Valence Shell:
• The outer most shell
• The electrons exist here with the highest energy and
are relatively loosely bound to the atom.
• Electrons in this shell are called valence electrons.
• Valance electrons contribute to chemical reactions
and bonding
• Valance electrons can break from its atom with
gaining sufficient energy from external source.
 Ionization
Ionization:
• Ionization happens when a valance electrons
acquires a sufficient amount of energy, called
ionization energy, the valance electrons can escape
from the outer shell.
• The escaped valance electron is called a free
electron.
• And resulting positively charged atom is called a
positive ion.
• The atom that has acquired the extra electron is
called a negative ion.
 Materials in Electronics
Conductor:
• Material that easily conducts electrical current.
• It has large number of free electrons.
• such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and
aluminum (Al), has only one valence electron very
loosely bound to the atom.
Material Resistivity, ρ (ohm- Conductivity σ,
m) ( 𝟏 𝟏)

Silver 1.59×10-8 6.29×107

Copper 1.68×10-8 5.95×107
Aluminum 2.65×10-8 3.77×107
Tungsten 5.6×10-8 1.79×107
Iron 9.71×10-8 1.03×107
platinum 10.6×10-8 0.943×107
 Materials in Electronics
Insulator:
• Prevent the flow of electricity under normal
conditions.
• Valence electrons are tightly bound to the atoms.
• There are very few free electrons in an insulator.
• Examples of insulators are rubber, plastics, glass,
mica, and quartz.
Material Insulation

Mica High
Glass
Teflon
Paper
Rubber
Air Low
 Materials in Electronics
Semiconductor:
• Can be altered to function as either a conductor or
insulator.
• A semiconductor in its pure (intrinsic) state is neither a
good conductor nor a good insulator.
• Single-element semiconductors are antimony (Sb),
arsenic (As), astatine (At), boron (B), polonium (Po),
tellurium (Te), silicon (Si), and germanium (Ge).
• Compound semiconductors such as gallium arsenide,
indium phosphide, gallium nitride, silicon carbide, and
silicon germanium are also commonly used.
• The single-element semiconductors are characterized by
atoms with four valence electrons. Silicon is the most
commonly used semiconductor.
 Band Gap or Energy Gap
• When an electron gets sufficient energy, it can leave the
valence shell and jumps to conduction band. The
difference in energy between the valence band and the
conduction band is called an energy gap or band gap.

Energy levels: (a) discrete levels in isolated atomic structures; (b) conduction
and valence bands of an insulator, a semiconductor, and a conductor.
 Comparison of a Semiconductor Atom
to a Conductor Atom
• Silicon is a semiconductor and copper is a conductor.
• Notice that the core of the silicon atom has a net charge of
4 (14 protons 10 electrons)
• The core of the copper atom has a net charge of 1 (29
protons 28 electrons).
 Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonding is strengthened by the sharing of
electrons.
• This bond is a neutrally charged chemical bond.
 Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonding of the silicon atom. Covalent bonding of the GaAs crystal.
 Conduction Electrons and Holes

An intrinsic (pure) silicon crystal at room

temperature has sufficient heat (thermal) energy for
some valence electrons to jump the gap from the
valence band into the conduction band, becoming
It leaves vacancy in the valence band within the free electrons. Free electrons are also called
crystal. This vacancy is called a hole. conduction electrons.

Recombination occurs when a conduction-band

electron loses energy and falls back into a hole in the
valance band.
 Electron and Hole Current
In conduction band: The free electrons in the conduction band easily attracted
towards positive end, when a voltage is applied, this movement of free
electrons create a current is called electron current.

Electron current in intrinsic silicon is produced by the movement

of thermally generated free electrons.
In valance band: In the valence band, holes can be generated due to free
electrons. Electrons in the valence band are although still attached to their
atoms and are not free to move randomly, however, they can move into a
nearby hole with little change in its energy level, thus leaving another hole
where it came from. Effectively the hole has moved from one place to another
in the crystal structure it is called hole current.
Electron and Hole Current
 N-type semiconductor
• In the intrinsic state semiconductive materials do not conduct
current well because of the limited number of free electrons in the
conduction band and holes in the valence band.
• However, adding impurities to the intrinsic (pure) semiconductive
material to drastically increased their conductivity is called
doping.

• Since, the pentavalent atom gives up an electron, it is often called a

donor atom.
• Majority carrier is electrons and minority carrier is holes
 P-type semiconductor
• The p -type material is formed by doping a pure germanium or
silicon crystal with impurity atoms having three valence electrons
such as boron, gallium, and indium.

• Because the trivalent atom can take an electron, it is often referred to as an

acceptor atom.
• Majority carrier is holes and minority carrier is electrons.
 Majority and Minority Carriers
 In an n-type material the electron is called the majority
carrier and the hole the minority carrier.

 In a p-type material the hole is the majority carrier and

the electron is the minority carrier.
 PN-Junction and Depletion Region
 When a p-type materials are combined with n-type
materials, a pn junction forms and a semiconductor diode
is created.

When p and n type material is combined:

 The n region loses a free electron as they diffuse across the junction and
combines with a hole.
 A positive charge is left in the n region and a negative charge is created in
the p region, forming a barrier potential.
 This region of uncovered positive and negative ions is called the depletion
region due to the “depletion” of free carriers in the region.