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The authors introduce the increasing interest in satellite communication systems operating at higher frequencies and highlight the challenges posed by atmospheric effects, particularly rain-induced attenuation. They emphasize the importance of accurate real-time rainfall estimation for effective fade mitigation techniques. The authors detail the equipment used in Milan and Madrid to collect propagation experiment data over a year, as well as the data collection and preprocessing steps. They then explain how an Extremely Randomized Trees Classifier is used to detect rain events based on features extracted from the received power signals and discuss the reliability and potential applications of this approach.

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Rahul
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46 views2 pages

2

The authors introduce the increasing interest in satellite communication systems operating at higher frequencies and highlight the challenges posed by atmospheric effects, particularly rain-induced attenuation. They emphasize the importance of accurate real-time rainfall estimation for effective fade mitigation techniques. The authors detail the equipment used in Milan and Madrid to collect propagation experiment data over a year, as well as the data collection and preprocessing steps. They then explain how an Extremely Randomized Trees Classifier is used to detect rain events based on features extracted from the received power signals and discuss the reliability and potential applications of this approach.

Uploaded by

Rahul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The authors introduce the increasing interest in satellite communication systems operating at higher

frequencies and highlight the challenges posed by atmospheric effects, particularly rain-induced
attenuation. They emphasize the importance of accurate real-time rainfall estimation for effective fade
mitigation techniques. The Alphasat Aldo Paraboni propagation experiment data collected over a year is
explained. Point rain rate with sampling interval of 1 min is measured by Optical disdrometer (Thies Clima
Laser Precipitation Monitor) which is installed in Madrid. The authors detail the equipment used in Milan
and Madrid, the frequency bands studied, and the data collection process. They also outline the data
preprocessing steps required for the subsequent analysis, including data resampling, filtering, and outlier
removal.

The authors use an Extremely Randomized Trees Classifier (ERTC) to detect rain events based on specific
features of the received power signal. They explain the advantages of ERTC over standard decision tree
classifiers and detail the training process using labeled data. The features extracted from the bandpass
versions of received power signals are described, along with their statistical indicators. The trained ERTC
is used to predict rain events in real-time. The authors discuss the reliability and accuracy of the approach
and emphasize its potential applications in satellite communication systems.
The Temperature Regression Result indicates that the default MAE for Random Forest is 0.476, optimized
to 0.473, with a validation MAE of 0.639, suggesting the model's effectiveness.

Conclusion: In conclusion, MAE values of 0.639 degrees for temperature, 0.472 km/h for wind speed, and
0.194 mm for evapotranspiration are achieved using Random Forest, while a MAE of 0.324 mm is attained
for precipitation using Decision Trees. Neural Networks and Linear Regression exhibit inferior
performance.
Future Scope: Future directions involve developing an algorithm to implement this model, automatically
determining optimal irrigation periods based on weather forecasts, and testing it in real-world scenarios.

3. Deterministic weather forecasting models based on intelligent predictors: A survey


The evolution of weather forecasting into the era of Big Data is propelled by advancements in climate
observation systems like satellite meteorological observation and the exponential growth in weather data
volume. Traditional computational intelligence models struggle to accurately predict weather patterns in
this data-rich environment. Consequently, there's a shift towards employing deep learning techniques to
effectively process vast datasets and enhance prediction accuracy by learning from historical data.
Technologies such as the Internet of Things, Wireless Sensor Networks, and Cloud Computing further
facilitate this transition, leading to more precise predictions of future climate states. Additionally,
advancements in deep learning techniques and data visualization methods contribute to more effective and
accurate weather forecasting and climate prediction. Therefore, utilizing deep learning approaches to
extract valuable insights from weather data is justifiable, as these techniques leverage layered neural
networks to accurately identify and extract meaningful patterns from large datasets.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of various weather forecasting approaches and publicly
available datasets, offering a detailed classification of weather forecasting models, analyzing essential
hyperparameters, and exploring model effectiveness using statistical error indicators. It also serves as a
guide for beginners interested in weather forecasting research and available datasets, while also discussing
potential future research directions in this field.
The methodology employed for forecasting includes statistical models, Artificial Intelligence models, and
hybrid models. Statistical models such as ARMA and ARIMA, and their variants, are suitable for linear
datasets, while Artificial Intelligence models, including machine learning and deep learning predictors, are
employed for non-linear datasets. Model performance is evaluated using statistical error indicators like
MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and R2, with results visualized using scatter plots, line plots, and semilog plots to
accurately compare actual and predicted values.
Challenges and future directions in weather forecasting research include the need for improved data
collection, addressing the use of small datasets in experiments, focusing on other weather parameters like
rainfall and dew point prediction, exploring forecasting models using atmospheric images, developing more
multivariate models, and evaluating model stability in addition to prediction accuracy.
In conclusion, with the advancement of Big Data technologies and deep learning techniques, weather
forecasting and climate prediction can be conducted effectively and accurately. The paper provides insights
into recent research in weather forecasting, along with a detailed analysis of results, classification of
forecasting models, available datasets, challenges, and future research directions. Additionally, it highlights
the need for assessing model stability alongside prediction accuracy and identifies promising techniques
such as artificial neural networks (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) for weather forecasting.

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