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Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses that computer architecture consists of the instruction set architecture and machine organization. It then describes the basic hardware components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, buses, I/O devices, and how they interact. It also explains the memory hierarchy and how different levels of the hierarchy are organized in terms of speed and capacity.

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Tahsin Arik Tusan
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19 views15 pages

Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of computer architecture and organization. It discusses that computer architecture consists of the instruction set architecture and machine organization. It then describes the basic hardware components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, buses, I/O devices, and how they interact. It also explains the memory hierarchy and how different levels of the hierarchy are organized in terms of speed and capacity.

Uploaded by

Tahsin Arik Tusan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization and

Architecture
Lecture 1

Bryant’s Book Chapter 1

CSCE 312 1
What is Computer Architecture?

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture +

Machine Organization
What is Computer Architecture?
Specification detailing how a set of software
and hardware technology standards interact
to form a computer system or platform.How a
computer system is designed and what
technologies it is compatible with.
Hardware Organization
CPU
Register file

PC ALU
System bus Memory bus

I/O Main
Bus interface
bridge memory

I/O bus
Expansion slots for
USB Graphics Disk other devices such
controller adapter controller as network adapters
Mouse Keyboard Display
hello executable
Disk stored on disk
Hardware Organization
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• ALU: Arithmetic/Logic Unit
• PC: Program Counter
• USB: Universal Serial Bus
Main Memory
• A temporary storage device that holds both a
program and the data it manipulates.
• Consists of a collection of dynamic random
access memory (DRAM) chips.
• Logically a linear array of bytes.
Processor
• The engine that interprets instructions stored in main
memory.
• At any point in time, the PC points at some machine
language instruction in main memory.
• A processor repeatedly executes the instruction
pointed at by the PC.
• A processor operates according to a very simple
instruction execution model, defined by its
instruction set architecture (ISA).
Abstraction
• Both hardware and software consists of
hierarchical layers (abstraction).
– To cope with the complexity of computer systems.
• The interface between the hardware and low-
level software: Instruction Set Architecture
(ISA)
Register File, ALU
• The register file is a small storage device that
consists of a collection of word-sized registers,
each with its own unique name.
• The ALU computes new data and address
values (add, subtract, multiply, divide, or, and,
xor, etc.)
Memory Hierarchy

Smaller, L0:
faster, Registers CPU registers hold words
and retrieved from cache memory.
costlier On-chip L1
L1:
(per byte) cache (SRAM) L1 cache holds cache lines
storage retrieved from the L2 cache.
devices L2: Off-chip L2
cache (SRAM) L2 cache holds cache lines
retrieved from memory.

L3: Main memory


Larger, (DRAM) Main memory holds disk
slower, blocks retrieved from local
and disks.
cheaper
L4: Local secondary storage
(per byte)
storage
(local disks) Local disks hold files
retrieved from disks
devices
on remote network
servers.
L5: Remote secondary storage
(distributed file systems, Web servers)

CSCE 312 10
Memory Hierarchy
REGISTERS
Faster Smaller

CACHE

MEMORY

Slower DISK Larger


Memory Hierarchy
• Storage at one level serves as a cache for
storage at the next lower level.
• The register file is a cache for the L1 cache, L1
is a cache for L2, and so forth.
Operating System
• A layer of software interposed between the
application program and the hardware.
• All attempts by an application program to manipulate
the hardware must go through the OS.
• Two primary purposes of OS
– Protect HW from misuse by runaway applications.
– Provide applications with simple and uniform mechanisms
for manipulating complicated and often wildly different low-
level hardware devices.
Thread
• A process can actually consists of multiple
execution units, called threads, each running
in the context of the process and sharing the
same code and global data.
Virtual Memory
• An abstraction that provides each process
with the illusion that it has exclusive use of
the main memory.
• Each process has the same uniform view of
memory, called virtual address space.

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