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PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
If x =g (t) and y =h (t) are two functions of t then y may be expressed as a
function of x, say y = f(x), by eliminating the real variable t. Such a variable t is called a
parameter. Also, x and y are said to be defined parametrically. The equations x =g (t),
y =h (t) are called the parametric equations of y = f(x).
dy
The process of finding when x and y are defined parametrically, is called
dx
parametric differentiation.
THEOREM
Let x = g(t) and y =h (t) be two differentiable functions of t such that g-1 exists.
dy  dy   dx 
Then =   .
dx  dt   dt 

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Let y be an implicit function of x defined by a relation of the type f(x, y) = 0. Then the
dy
method of finding the derivative of such an implicitly defined function is called
dx
implicit differentiation.
In this method, we differentiate f(x, y) = 0 w.r.t
dy
x (treating y as a function of x) to get an equation of the type F(x,y, ) = 0.
dx
dy
By solving this equation we find .
dx

LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION

If a given function is of the form y = f(x) g(x) where f(x) and g(x) are differentiable
functions of x, we apply logarithms to transform it into a suitable form so as to find . This
dy
method of finding is called logarithmic differentiation.
dx
This method is also useful in finding the derivatives of functions which are products
of a number of functions.

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THEOREM
If y = f(x) g(x) where f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions
dy g( x )  g( x ) 
then = f ( x)  f ′( x ) + g ′( x ) log f ( x ) 
dx  f ( x) 
Proof:
y = f(x)g(x), f(x) > 0
logy = g(x) log f(x)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x,

1 dy 1 dy  g ( x) 
= g ′( x).log f ( x) + g ( x) f ′( x) ⇒ = y f ′( x) + g ′( x) log f ( x) 
y dx f ( x) dx  f ( x) 
dy g ( x )  g ( x) 
⇒ = f ( x)  f ′( x) + g ′( x) log f ( x) 
dx  f ( x) 

METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION

In the case of inverse trigonometric functions with typical arguments direct

differentiation of the function to find the derivative may become quite tedious and
cumbersome. In such cases the derivative can be easily found by using proper
trigonometric substitutions and transformations. The application of this method is
illustrated in the following examples.

DERIVATIVE OF ONE FUNCTION W.r.t ANOTHER FUNCTION

Let f(x) and g(x) be two differentiable functions with a common domain of
differentiability then the derivative of u = f(x) w.r.t v = g(x) is given by
du  du   dv  f ′( x )
=   =
dv  dx   dx  g ′( x)

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EXERCISE

1. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

i) sin −1 ( 3 x − 4 x3 )

sol : Put x = sin θ ⇒ θ = sin −1 x

now y = sin −1 ( 3sin θ − 4sin 3 θ ) = sin −1 ( sin 3θ ) = 3 θ = 3sin −1 x.

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dy 3
=
dx 1 − x2

ii) cos −1 ( 4 x3 − 3x )

sol : Put x = cos θ ⇒ θ = cos −1 x and y = cos−1 ( 4cos3 θ − 3 cos θ )

= cos −1 ( cos 3θ ) = 3θ = 3cos −1 x

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dy 3
=−
dx 1 − x2

sin −1 
2x 
iii) 
 1 + x2 

sol : Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan −1 x

2 tan θ 
and y = sin −1  −1
 = sin ( sin 2θ )
 1 + tan θ 
2

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= 2 θ = 2 tan −1 x;
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
dy 2
=
dx 1 + x 2

iv) tan −1 (1a+−axx )

sol : Put a = tan α, x = tan θ then θ= tan −1x and α=tan −1a

y = tan −1 (1tan+ tanα −αtantanθθ )

= tan −1 ( tan ( α − θ ) ) = α − θ

= tan −1 a − tan −1 x;

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

dy 1 1
=0− = −
dx 1 + x2 1 + x2

1 − cos x
v) tan −1
1 + cos x

x
2sin 2
1 − cos x 2 = tan 2 x
sol : =
1 + cos x 2 cos 2 x 2
2

y = tan −1 tan( 2x ) = 2x
Differentiating w.r. to x,we get

dy 1
=
dx 2

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vi) sin cos ( x 2 ) 

sol : diff . w.r.t x, we get

cos cos ( x 2 )  cos ( x 2 ) 

dy d d
=
dx dx dx

= cos cos ( x 2 )  .  − sin ( x 2 )  ( x 2 )

d
dx

= cos cos ( x 2 )   − sin ( x 2 )  .2 x

= −2 x.sin ( x 2 ) .cos cos ( x 2 ) 

vii) sec −1  2
1 
 0< x<
 2x − 1  (1
2
)
sol : put x = cosθ , then θ=cos-1x and 2 x 2 − 1 = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = cos 2 θ

 1 
y = sec −1  −1
 = sec ( sec 2θ ) = 2θ
 cos 2θ 

= 2 cos −1 x

diff . w.r.t x, we get

dy  −1  −2
= 2 =
dx  1 − x2  1 − x2

viii) sin  tan −1 ( e− x ) 

Diff. w.r.t. x,

sin  tan −1 ( e− x )  = cos  tan −1 ( e− x )  .  tan −1 ( e− x ) 

dy d 1
=
dx dx

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−e − x
= cos ( tan −1 ( e − x ) ) − 2(
e− x ) .cos  tan −1 ( e − x ) 
1 1
= −2 x
1 + (e −x
) 1+ e

2. Differentiate f ( x ) with respect to g ( x ) for the following .

i) f ( x) = ex , g ( x) = x

dy dz 1
sol : Let y = e x and z = x then = e x and =
dx dx 2 x

∴
dy ( dy
= dx =
) e =2 x
x .e x
dx
( dxdz ) ( 2 1 x )
ii) f ( x ) = esin x , g ( x ) = sin x.

dy dz
sol : Let y = esin x and z = sin x. then = esin x .cos x and = cos x.
dx dx

∴
dy
dy
= dx =
( )
esin x .cos x
= esin x.
dx dz
dx ( )cos x

iii) f ( x ) = tan −1 
2x  −1  2 x 
 , g ( x ) = sin 
1 − x 
2 1 + x 2 

sol : Let y = tan −1  2 x 2  and z = sin −1  2 x 2 

1 − x  1 + x 

2 tan θ 
Put x = tan θ then y = tan −1  −1
 = tan ( tan 2θ ) = 2θ
 1 − tan 2 θ 

2 tan θ 
z = sin −1  −1
 = sin ( sin 2θ ) = 2θ
 1 + tan θ 
2

dy
y=z⇒ =1
dz

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−1 x dy ay
3. If y = e a sin the prove that =
dx 1 − x2

−1 x
Sol : y = e a sin Diff. w. r. t . x, we get

d a sin −1 x −1 d
= ea sin x ( a sin −1 x )
dy
= e
dx dx dx

−1 1 ay
= ea sin .a =
1− x 2
1 − x2

II.

1. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

 3a 2 x − x3 
i) y = tan −1  
 a ( a 2 − 3x 2 ) 
 

sol : Put x = a tan θ ⇒ θ = tan-1 (x/a)

3a 2 x − x3 3a 2 ( a tan θ ) − ( a tan θ )3
y = tan −1 = tan −1
a 3 − 3ax 2 a 3 − 3a ( a tan θ )2

3a 3 tan θ − a 3 tan 3 θ a 3 ( 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ )

= tan −1 = tan −1
a 3 − 3a ( a 2 tan 2 θ ) a 3 (1 − 3 tan 2 θ )

−1 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
= tan = tan −1 tan 3θ
1 − 3 tan θ 2

⇒ y = 3θ = 3.Tan −1 ( ax )
dy
=
dx dx
d
3.Tan −1
x
a
= 3. () 1+
1
x2
. ( 1a ) = x 3+a a
2 2

a2

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ii) tan −1 ( sec x + tan x )

x
2 tan
1 + tan x
2
2
sol : sec x + tan x = +
x x
1 − tan 2 1 − tan 2
2 2

( )
2
x x x
1 + tan 2 + 2 tan 1 + tan
= 2 2 = 2
1 − tan 2 x
2 (
1 − tan
x
2 )(
1 + tan
x
2 )
x π x
1 + tan tan + tan
=
1 − tan
2
x
= 4
π
1 − tan .tan
2
x
= tan
π x
4
+
2 ( )
2 4 2

y = tan −1 tan ( ( π4 + 2x )) = π4 + 2x ;
Diff. w.r.t x, we get,

dy 1 1
=0+ =
dx 2 2

 1 + x2 − 1 
iii) tan −1  
 x 
 

sol : Put x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan-1x and

1 + x2 − 1 1 + tan 2 θ − 1 sec θ − 1
= =
x tan θ tan θ

1 θ
−1 2sin 2
− θ
= cos θ
1 cos 2
= =
sin θ sin θ θ θ
2sin cos
cos θ 2 2

= tan
θ
2 ( θ2 ) = θ2 = 12 tan
y = tan −1 tan −1
x

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dy
=
d 1 −1
dx dx 2
tan x =( 1
2 (1 + x 2 )
)
iv) ( log x ) tan x

sol : let y = ( log x ) tan x

taking logs on both sides,

log y = log ( log x ) tan x

= ( tan x ) .log ( log x )

Differentiating w.r.to x

1 dy dy d
. = tan x. ( log ( log x ) ) + log ( log x ) ( tan x )
y dx dx dx

1 1
= tan x. . + log ( log x ) .sec2 x
log x x

dy  tan x 
= y + log ( log x ) .sec 2 x  = ( log x ) tan x
dx  x log x 

 tan x 
 + log ( log x ) .sec 2 x 
 x log x 

( xx )
x 2
v) = xx

2
let y =x x

Applying logs on both sides,

2
log y = log x x = x 2 .log x

Differentiating w.r.to x

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1 dy
.
y dx
= x2.
log
x ( )
x + ( log x ) ( x 2 )
d
dx

1
= x2 . + 2 x.log x
x

(
= x + 2 x log x = x (1 + 2 log x ) = x log e + log x 2 )

= y.x.log ( ex 2 ) = x x .x.log ( ex 2 ) = x x + log ( ex 2 )

dy 2 2 +1
= x.log ( e ) x 2
dx

vi) 20log( tan x )

sol : let y =20log( tan x )

Applying logs on both sides,

log y = log ( 20 )log ( tan x )

Y = log ( tan x ) log 20

Differentiating w. r. to x,

1 dy 1 cos x 1
. = log 20 sec2 x = log 20 .
y dx tan x sin x cos 2 x

2 log 20. 2 log 20

= = = ( 2 log 20 ) .cos ec 2 x
2sin x.cos x sin 2 x

dy
= y. ( 2 log 20 ) .cos ec 2 x
dx

= 20log tan x ( 2 log 20 ) .cos ec 2 x

x
vii) x x + ee

x
sol : Let u = x x and v = ee so that y = u + v

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u = x x ⇒ log u = log x x = x log x

Diff w.r.t x, we get

1 du 1
. = x. + log x = 1 + log x
u dx x

du x x
= u (1 + log x ) = x x (1 + log x ) v = ee ⇒ log v = log ee = e x .log e = e x
dx

Diff. w.r.t x,

1 dv dv x
. = ex ⇒ = v.e x = ee .e x
v dx dx

dy du dv
y =u+v⇒ = +
dx dx dx

x
= x x (1 + log x ) + ee .e x

viii) x.log.log ( log x )

sol : y = x.log.log ( log x )

diff. wrt x,

dy d
= x.log.log ( log x )
dx dx
= x.log x
d
dx (
log. ( log x ) + log ( log x ) log x.1 + x.log ( log x )
1
x )
1 1
= x log x. . + log x.log ( log x ) + log ( log x )
log x x

= 1 + log ( log x )(1 + log x ) = 1 + log ( log x ) + log x log ( log x )

= log e + log ( log x ) + log x.log ( log x )

= log ( e log x ) + log x.log ( log x )

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2
ix) e− ax .sin ( x log x )

2
sol : let y = e − ax .sin ( x log x )

differtiate w.r.t. x,

dy d − ax2
= e .sin ( x log x )
dx dx

= e− ax .
2 d
dx
( sin ( x log x ) ) + sin ( x log x )
d − ax2
dx
e ( )
2
= e− ax cos ( x log x ) . x. ( 1
x ) 2
+ log x + sin ( x log x ) e− ax ( − 2 ax )

2
= e − ax ( cos ( x log x )(1 + log x ) ) − 2ax.sin ( x log x )
2 ( cos( x log x ) ( log ex ) − 2 ax.sin ( x log x ) )
= e − ax

 2 x +1 
x) sin −1  x
1 + 4 

x +1
−1  2 
sol : y = sin  x
1 + 4 

Put 2 x = tan θ , then θ = tan-12x

 
2 − 2x  2 tan θ 
y = sin −1  = sin −1  −1 −1 x
 = sin ( sin 2θ ) = 2θ = 2 tan 2
( ) 
 1 + 2x   1 + tan 2 θ 
2


dy d 1 d x
= 2 tan −1 2 x = 2 2
1 + ( 2 x ) dx
dx dx 2

2
= 2 x log 2
1+ 4 x

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2 x +1.log 2
=
(1 + 4 x )
dy
2. Find for the following functions.
dx

i) x = 3cos t − 2 cos3 t ,

y = 3sin t − 2 sin 3 t

dx d
Sol : = 3cos t − 2 cos3 t = −3sin t + 6 cos 2 t ( sin t )
dt dt

( )
= −3sin t + 6 cos 2 t ( sin t ) = 3sin t 2 cos 2 t − 1

= 3sin.cos 2t y = 3sin t − 2 sin 3 t

= ( 3sin t − 2sin 3 t )
dy d
dt dt
= 3cos t − 2 ( 3sin 2 t ) ( − cos t )

= 3cos t (1 − 2sin 2 t ) = 3cos t.cos 2 t

dy ( dy
= dt =
) 3cos t − cos 2 t = cot t
dx
( dxdt ) 3sin t − cos 2t
3at 3at 2
ii) x= .y =
1+ t 3
1 + t2

sol :
dx
=
d 3at
=
(1 − t 3 ) 3a − 3at ( 3t 2 )
dt 1 + t 3
(1 + t 3 )
dt 2

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3a (1 + t 3 − 3t 3 ) 3a (1 − 2t 3 )
= =
(1 + t 3 ) (1 + t 3 )
2 2

3at 2
y=
(1 + t 3 )

dy
=
d 3at 2
=
(1 + t 3 ) ( 6at ) − 3at ( 3t 2 )
dt (1 + t 3 )
(1 + t 3 )
dt 2

3at ( 2 + 2t 3 − 3t 3 ) 3at ( 2 − t 3 )
= =
(1 + t 3 ) (1 − t 3 )
2 2

dy ( dy
= dt =
) 3at ( 2 − t ) . (1 − t )3 3 2

dx
( dxdt ) (1 + t ) 3a (1 − 2t )
3 2 3

t ( 2 − t3 )
=
1 − 2t 3

iii) x = a ( cos t + t sin t ) , y = a ( sin t − t cos t )

sol : ans = tan t

iv) x=a
(1 − t2 )
,y = b
2t
1 + t2 1 + t2

2b (1 − t 2 ) (1 + t 2 )
2

sol : ans = .
(1 + t 2 ) − 4 at
2

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3. Differentiate f ( x ) with respect to g ( x ) for the following.

i) f ( x ) = log ax , g ( x ) = a x .

log x
sol : f = log ax =
log ea

df 1
diff . w.r.t x, =
dx x log ea

dg
g = ax ⇒ = a x .log ea
dx

( )
1
df
df x.log ea 1
= dx = x =
( ) x.a x ( log ea )
2
dg dg a log ea
dx

f ( x ) = sec −1  2
1 
 , g ( x) = 1 − x
2
ii)
 2x − 1 

sol : Let f = sec −1  2

1 
 and g = 1 − x
2
 2x − 1 

Put x = cosθ then θ= cos-1x

f = sec −1   = sec −1 ( sec 2 θ ) = 2 θ = 2 cos −1 x

1

 2 cos 2 θ − 1 

df d −1
= 2 cos −1 x = 2.
dx dx 1 − x2

dg d
g = 1 − x2 ⇒ = 1 − x2
dx dx

=
1
.
d
dx
(1 − x2 ) =
1
( −2 x ) =
1
(−x)
2 1 − x2 2 1 − x2 1 − x2

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∴
df ( df
= dx =
) 2
dg
( dgdx ) x
 1 + x2 − 1 
iii) f ( x ) = tan −1   , g ( x ) = tan −1 x.
 x 
 

 
sol : Let y = tan −1  1 + x − 1  and z = tan −1 x
2

 x 
 

−1
 1 + tan 2 z − 1 
put x = tan z then z = tan -1x and y = tan  

 tan z 

 1   2sin 2 z 
= tan −1 ( tan z )
sec z − 1  
= tan −1  cos z  = tan −1

sin z

(
sin z)
1 − cos z 
= tan −1 
z
2 
z
 2sin .cos 
 cos z   2 2

( 2z ) = 2z = 12 tan
= tan −1 tan −1
x

∴
dy
=
d ( 12 tan x ) = 1
−1

dz d ( tan −1 x ) 2

4. Find the derivatives of the function y defined implicitly by each of the

following equations.

i) x 4 + y 4 − a 2 xy = 0

sol : Differentiate w. r. to x

d 4
dx
( x + y 4 − a 2 xy ) = 0

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4 x3 + 4 y 3 .
dy
dx ( dy
)
− a 2 x. + y.1 = 0
dx

dy dy
4 x3 + 4 y 3 . − a2 x − a2 y = 0
dx dx

dy a y − 4 x
2 3
( 4 y3 − a 2 x ) dy
dx
= a 2 y − 4 x3 =
dx 4 y 3 − a 2 x

ii) y = xy

applying logs on both sides,

sol : log y = log x y = y log x

Differentiate w. r. to x

1 dy dy 1
. = log x. + y.
y dx dx x

1 dy dy y
⇒ . − log x. =
y dx dx x

1  dy y 1 − y log x dy y
⇒  − log x  = ; =
y  dx x y dx x

dy y2 y2
⇒ = = [by (1)]
dx x (1 − y log x ) x (1 − log y )

iii) y x = x sin y

sol : Taking logs on both sides

log y x = log x sin y ⇒ x.log y = ( sin y ) log x

Differentiating w. r. to x

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1 dy 1 dy
x. . + log y = sin y. + log x.cos y
y dx x dx

x  dy sin y
⇒  − log x.cos y  . = − log y
y  dx x

x − y log x.cos y dy sin y − x log y

⇒ . =
y dx x

dy y ( sin y − x log y )
∴ =
dx x ( x − y log x.cos y )

dy 1 − y2
i) If 1 − x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a ( x − y ) , then =
dx 1 − x2

sol : Given 1 − x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a ( x − y )

Put x = sin θ, y = sin φ then θ= sin −1x and φ = sin −1 y

∴ 1 − sin 2 θ + 1 − sin 2 φ = a ( sin θ − sin φ )

cos θ + cos φ = a ( sin θ − sin φ )

θ+φ θ−φ θ+φ θ − φ

2 cos .cos = a  2 cos .sin
2 2 
 2 2 

θ−φ θ−φ
∴ cos = a.sin
2 2

⇒ tan
θ−φ 1
2
= ⇒
a
θ−φ
2
= tan −1
1
a ()
φ = θ − 2 tan −1 ( 1a ) ⇒ sin −1
y = sin −1 x − 2 tan −1 ( a1 )
Differentiating w. r. to x

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1 dy 1 dy 1 − y2
. = ⇒ =
1 − y2 dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2

( )
dy
ii) If y = x a 2 + x 2 + a 2 log x + x 2 + a 2 , show that = 2 a2 + x2
dx

sol : (
y = x a 2 + x 2 + a 2 log x + a 2 + x 2 )
diff. w.r.t x,

d
dx
y=
d
dx
( (
x a 2 + x 2 + a 2 log x + a 2 + x 2 ))
dy 1 a2  1 
⇒ = x. 2 x + a + x .1 +
2 2
 1− 2x 
dx 2 a2 + x2 x + a2 + x2  2 a2 + x2 

x2 a2 a2 + x2 + x
= = a2 + x2 + .
a2 + x2 x + a2 + x2 a2 + x2

x2 a2
= + a2 + x2 +
a2 + x2 a2 + x2

x2 + a2
= + a2 + x2
a2 + x2

= a2 + x2 + a2 + x2 = 2 a2 + x2

x dy 1 − log x.log y
iii) If x log y = log x, show that . =
y dx ( log x )2

sol :

Given problem

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x log y = log x
applying logs on both sides,
⇒ log x log y = log log x

( log y )( log x ) = log ( log x ) .

Differentiating w. r. to x

d d
( log y )( log x ) = log ( log x )
dx dx

1 dy 1 1 1
⇒ log x. . + log y. = .
y dx x log x x

log x dy 1 1
⇒ . = − .log y
y dx x log x x

1 − log x.log y x dy 1 − log x.log y

= ; =
x log x y dx ( log x )2

If y = Tan −1  2 x  + Tan −1  3x − x  − tan −1  4 x − 4 x  show that dy =

3 3
iv) 1
1− x2
 1 − 3x 
2
 1 − 6x + x 
2 4 dx 1 + x2

Sol : y = Putx = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan −1 x

2 tan θ  −1  3 tan θ − tan θ  − tan −1

3  4 tan θ − 4 tan θ 
3
tan −1   + tan    4 
 1 − 6 tan θ + tan θ 
2
 1 − tan θ 
2
 1 − 3 tan θ 
2

= tan −1 ( tan 2θ ) + tan −1 ( tan 3 θ ) + tan −1 ( tan 4 θ )

= 2 θ + 3 θ − 4 θ = θ = tan −1 x

d d
y= = tan −1 x
dx dx

dy 1
=
dx 1 + x 2

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v) If x y = y x , show that dy = y ( x log y − y )

dx x ( y log x − x )

sol : Given x y = y x ; log x y = log y x

y log x = x log y

Differentiating w. r. to x

d d
y log x = x log y
dx dx

1 dy 1 dy
⇒ y. log x. = x . + log y
x dx y dx

dy x dy y
∴ log x. − . = log y −
dx y dx x

 x  dy y
⇒  log x −  = log y −
 y  dx x

y log x − x dy x log y − y
⇒ . =
y dx x

dy y ( x log y − y )
=
dx x ( y log x − x )

dy
vi) If x 2 3 + y 2 3 = a 2 3 then = −3 y / x
dx

sol : Given x2 3 + y2 3 = a2 3

Differentiating w. r. to x

d 23 d 23
x + y2 3 = a
dx dx

2 2 3 2 −1 3 dy
x + y . =0
3 3 dx

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2 1 dy 2 1
. 13. = − . 13
3 y dx 3 x

dy − y1 3
= 1 3 = −3 y / x
dx x

dy
6. Find the derivative of the following functions.
dx

(1 − 2 x )2 3 (1 + 3 x )−3 4
i) y=
(1 − 6 x )5 6 (1 + 7 x )−6 7

sol : applying logs on both sides,

 (1 − 2 x )2 3 (1 + 3 x )−3 4 
log y = log  −6 7 
 (1 − 6 x ) (1 + 7 x )
56


= log (1 − 2 x )2 3 + log (1 + 3 x )−3 4 − log (1 − 6 x )5 6 − log (1 + 7 x )−6 7

2 3 5 6
= log (1 − 2 x ) − .log (1 + 3x ) − log (1 − 6 x ) + log (1 + 7 x )
3 4 6 7

Differentiating w. r. to x

d
dx
( log y ) = (
d 2
dx 3
3 5 6
log (1 − 2 x ) − .log (1 + 3x ) − log (1 − 6 x ) + log (1 + 7 x )
4 6 7 )
1 dy 2 1( −2 ) 3 1 5 1 6 1
. = . − . .3 − . . ( −6 ) + . .7
y dx 3 1 − 2 x 4 1 + 3 x 6 1 − 6x 7 1 + 7x

−4 9 5 5
= − + +
3 (1 − 3 x ) 4 (1 + 3 x ) 1 − 6 x 1 + 7 x

dy  5 6 4 9 
= y + − − 
dx  1 − 6 x 1 + 7 x 3 (1 − 2 x ) 4 (1 + 2 x ) 

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x4.( x2 + 4)
3 13
x4 , x2 + 4
ii) y= =
( 4 x2 − 7 )
12
4x − 7
2

4 2x 4x 
sol : ans = y  + − 
 x 3 ( x2 + 4) 4 x2 − 7 
 

( a − x ) 2 ( b − x )3
ans = y 
6 3 2 
iii) y= − −
(c − 2x) 3  c − 2 x b − x a − x 

x3 ( 2 + 3 x )1 2 3 3 1 1 
iv) log y = log ans = y  + − +
( 2 + x )(1 − x )  x 2 ( 2 + 3 x ) 2 + x 1 − x 

( x − 3) ( x 2 + 4 )
v) y=
3x 2 + 4 x + 5

sol : applying logs

 ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 4 ) 
12

log y = log  
 3x 2 + 4 x + 5 
 

( x − 3) ( x 2 + 4 ) 1
1
= log
2 3x + 4 x + 5
2 2
( )
= (log ( x − 3) + log x 2 + 4 − log ( 3 x 2 + 4 x + 5 )

Differentiating w.r.t x,

1 dy 1  1 2x 6x + 4 
. =  + 2 − 2 
y dx 2  x − 3 x + 4 3x + 4 x + 5 

dy y  1 2x 6x + 4 
=  + 2 − 2 
dx 2  x − 3 x + 4 3x + 4 x + 5 

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III.

1. Find the derivative of the following functions.

i) y = ( sin x )log x + x sin x

sol : Let u = ( sin x )log x , v = xsin x so that y = u + v

,

u = ( sin x )log x applying logs,

{ }
⇒ log u = log ( sin x )log x = log x.log ( sin x )

Differentiating w. r. to x

d d
⇒ log u = log x.log ( sin x )
dx dx

1 dy1 1 1
. = log x .cos x + log ( sin x )
u dx sin x x

log ( sin x ) 
= u cot x.log x +
dy1
dx 
 x 

= ( sin x )log x cot x.log x. +

log sin x 
 x 

v = xsin x

log v = ( log x )sin x = sin x.log x

1 dv 1
. = sin x. + ( log x.cos x )
v dx x

= v .cos x.log x  = xsin x  + cos x.log x 

dv sin x sin x
dx 
 x 
 
 x 

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dy du dv
sin ce y = u+v ⇒ = +
dx dx dx

(
= ( sin x )log x cot x.log x. +
log sin x
x ) (
+ xsin x
sin x
x
+ cos x.log x )
( xx )
x
ii)

y = ( xx )
x
let

⇒ log y = log x
( x x ) = x x .log x

Diff. w.r.t x, we get,

1 dy 1
. = x x . + ( log x ) x x (1 + log x )
y dx x

 dx ( )
 d x x = x x (1 + log x ) 


= x x −1 [1 + x log x ( log e + log x )]

= x x −1 (1 + x.log x.log ex )

dy
= y.x x −1 (1 + x log x.log ex ) = x
( x x ) .x x −1 (1 + x log x.log ex )
dx

x + x −1
= xx (1 + x log x.log ex )

iii) ( sin x ) x + x sin x

ans = ( sin x ) x ( x cot x + log ( sin x ) ) + xsin x ( sinx x + cos x.(log x)) try yourself

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iv) x x + ( cot x ) x

sol : try yourself ans = x x (1 + log x ) + ( cot x ) x

2. Establish the following

dy  y.x y −1 + y x .log y 
i) If x y + y x = a b , show that = − y x −1 
dx  x .log x + x. y 

Let u = x y and v = y x . so that u + v = a

b
sol :

u = x y ⇒ log u = log x y = y log x

Diff. w.r.t x, we get

1 dy1
.
y1 dx
1 dy dy
= y. + log x. , 1 = y1
x dx dx
y
x
+ log x.
dx (
dy = x y
) ( ) ( xy + log x. dy
dx )
.... (1)

v = y x ⇒ log v = log y x = x log y

1 dv 1 dy
⇒ . = x. . + log y.1
v dx y dx

dv  x dy   x dy 
⇒ = v . + log y  = y 2  . + log y  ...... ( 2 )
dx  y dx   y dx 

du dv
but u + v = ab ⇒ + =0
dx dx

⇒ (xy ) ( xy + log x dydx ) + y  xy . dydx + log y  = 0

x

dy dy
⇒ y.x y −1 + x y .log x + x. y x −1 + y x .log y = 0
dx dx

. ( x y .log x + x. y x −1 ) = − ( y.x y −1 + y x .log y )

dy
⇒
dx

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∴
dy (
=− y
y.x y −1 + y x .log y )
dx ( x .log x + x. y x −1 )

x−β x−β
ii) If f ( x ) = sin −1 and g ( x ) = tan −1 , then
α−β α−x
f ' ( x ) = g ' ( x )( β < x < α )

x−β
Sol : let y = sin −1
α−β

x−β x−β
sin y = ⇒ sin 2 y =
α−β α−β

x−β
cos 2 y = 1 − sin 2 y = 1 −
α−β

α−β− x+β α− x α−x

= = ⇒ cos y =
α−β α−β α−β

x−β
sin y α−β x−β α−β x−β
∴ tan y = = = . = ;
cos y α−x α−β α− x α−x
α−β

x−β x−β x−β

y = tan −1 i.e., sin −1 = tan −1
α−x α−x α−x

x−β x−β
∴ The derivatives of sin −1 and tan −1 are same.
α−β α−x

iii) f ( x ) = ( a 2 − b2 )
−1 2
.cos−1 ( aa cos+ bxcos+ bx ) a > b > 0 and 0 < x < π; then
f ' ( x ) = ( a + b cos x )−1

Sol : Let u = cos −1 ( aa cos+ bxcos+ bx )

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du
dx
=−
1
( a cos x + b )2
. (
d a cos x + b
dx a + b cos x )
1−
( a + b cos x )2

( a + b cos x )( −a sin x ) − ( a cos x + b )( −b sin x )

( a + b cos x )2

a + b cos x ( a + b cos x )( −a sin x ) − ( a cos x + b )( −b sin x )

=
( a + b cos x )2 − ( a cos x + b )2 ( a + b cos x )2

=
( a 2 − b 2 ) sin x
( a + b cos x ) ( a 2 − b 2 )(1 − cos 2 x )

=
( a 2 − b 2 ) sin x
=
a 2 − b2
( a + b cos x ) ( a 2 − b 2 ) .sin x a + b cos x

−1 2 a 2 − b2
f ' ( x ) = ( a 2 − b2 )
1
= = ( a + b cos x )−1
a + b cos x a + b cos x

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