POWER GENERATION

COURSE TEACHER: Dr.umbrin

 SELECTION OF SIZE AND NUMBER OF
GENERATING UNITS

• Selection of units and their operation plays an

important role in the working of power station and
economics of power generation.

• The size and number of units is decided from the load

curves.
 SELECTION OF SIZE AND NUMBER OF
GENERATING UNITS

The choice of the size and the number of generating units

in a station is governed by the best compromise between
the plant capacity factor and plant use factor.
• Load type
• Load profile
• Demand factor
• Load factor
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SIZE NO.
OF UNITS IN A GENERATING STATION

• Demand of power
• Max. efficiency
• Growth of demand in near future
• Capacity of plant should be 15 or 21% more than
the expected maximum demand.
 SELECTION OF SIZE AND NUMBER OF
GENERATING UNITS

The variation is greater with a poorer load factor.

Case 1.
• The minimum number of unit chosen could be
one
 Case 1:
The minimum number of unit chosen could be one

•In this case (load factor<100%), the prime

mover and generator would be working on
full load only for a short time, during the
period of maximum demand or whenever
the load is approximated to the maximum
demand
 ADVANTAGE OF LARGE SIZE UNIT

Large size units are more beneficial than small size

units because-
• Less floor area
• Less operating labour
• Less maintenance
• Better efficiency
 DISADVANTAGE OF SELECTING LARGE UNIT

•During the day sometimes the load on the

system is much less than the peak load,
•so the unit running at that time does not give
the max. efficiency and generation cost per
unit should increase.
•In case of complete failure or supply due to
breakdown on maintenance.
 Essential

•It is essential for a power station to maintain

reliability and continuity of power supply at
all time.
 Case II : Two sets of equal capacity of Generator

•Capacity of each set corresponding to the

maximum demand.

•When the first set is out of order or is being

opened up for overhaul or repair then use
other one.
DISADVANTAGE OF SELECTING TWO UNITS

•Capital cost would be for two sets.

•Considering isolated station which supplies

the system alone, without any other stations
in the same system for interconnection.
 Case III : Choose the number of sets to fit the load
curve as closely as possible
•Large number of units
•The area of the building increases
•Building cost increases
•More sets involve more starting, stopping, and
parallel operation of the equipment
•Capital and maintenance cost increases
 Problem
• A power station has to supply the load as follows:

Draw load curve. Calculate load factor. Select the number and size of generator units
to supply this load. Reliability of supply is to be maintained. Find the reserve
capacity of the plant required. Calculate the Plant Capacity Factor. Determine the
operating schedule of the units in the station. Calculate Plant Use Factor
 Problem
• Energy generated during 24 hours = 38,750 kWh
• Maximum demand = 2500 kW
• Load factor = 64.7 %
• Three generator sets: 2 sets each of 1000 kW and 1 set of 500
kW capacity
• Reserve capacity = 1000 kW
• Installed capacity = 3500 kW
• Plant Capacity Factor = 0.46 or 46%
• Plant Use Factor = 0.994 or 99.4%
Schedule of generator units
Schedule of generator units
Practice Problem
Problem:
Problem:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
 Problems:

• The maximum demand on a power station is 100 MW. If the annual load
factor is 40% , calculate the total energy generated in a year.
•A generating station has a connected load of 43MW and a maximum
demand of 20 MW; the units generated being 61·5 × 106 per annum.
Calculate (i) the demand factor and (ii) load factor.
 Problems:

• A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6 hours

and is shut down for the rest of each day. It is also shut down for
maintenance for 45 days each year. Calculate its annual load factor.
• A generating station has a maximum demand of 25MW, a load factor of
60%, a plant capacity factor of 50% and a plant use factor of 72%. Find (i)
the reserve capacity of the plant (ii) the daily energy produced and (iii)
maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant while running as
per schedule, were fully loaded
 PROBLEMS:

A diesel station supplies the following loads to various consumers :

Industrial consumer = 1500 kW ; Commercial establishment = 750 kW
Domestic power = 100 kW; Domestic light = 450 kW
If the maximum demand on the station is 2500 kW and the number of kWh generated
per year is 45 × 105, determine
(i) the diversity factor
(ii) annual load factor.
• A power station has a maximum demand of 15000 kW. The annual load
factor is 50% and plant capacity factor is 40%. Determine the reserve
capacity of the plant.
• A power supply is having the following loads :
Type of load Max. demand (kW) Diversity of group Demand factor
Domestic 1500 1.2 0.8
Commercial 2000 1.1 0.9
industrial 10000 1.25 1

If the overall system diversity factor is 1.35, determine (i) the maximum
demand and (ii) connected load of each type.
At the end of a power distribution system, a certain feeder supplies three distribution
transformers, each one supplying a group of customers whose connected loads are as
under:
Transformer Load Demand factor Diversity of groups
Transformer No. 1 10 kW 0·65 1·5
Transformer No. 2 12 kW 0·6 3·5
Transformer No. 3 15 kW 0·7 1·5
If the diversity factor among the transformers is 1·3, find the maximum load on the feeder.

It has been desired to install a diesel power station to supply power in a suburban
area having the following particulars :
(i) 1000 houses with average connected load of 1·5 kW in each house. The demand factor
and
diversity factor being 0·4 and 2·5 respectively.
(ii) 10 factories having overall maximum demand of 90 kW.
(iii) 7 tubewells of 7 kW each and operating together in the morning.
The diversity factor among above three types of consumers is 1·2. What should be the
minimum capacity of power station ?
A power station has to meet the following demand :
Group A : 200 kW between 8 A.M. and 6 P.M.
Group B : 100 kW between 6 A.M. and 10 A.M.
Group C : 50 kW between 6 A.M. and 10 A.M.
Group D : 100 kW between 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. and then between 6 P.M. and 6 A.M.
Plot the daily load curve and determine (i) diversity factor (ii) units generated per day (iii)
load factor.

The daily demands of three consumers are given below :

Time Consumer 1 Consumer 2 Consumer 3
12 midnight to 8 A.M. No load 200 W No load
8 A.M. to 2 P.M. 600 W No load 200 W
2 P.M. to 4 P.M. 200 W 1000 W 1200 W
4 P.M. to 10 P.M. 800 W No load No load
10 P.M. to midnight No load 200 W 200 W
A power station has a daily load cycle as under :
260 MW for 6 hours ; 200 MW for 8 hours : 160 MW for 4 hours, 100 MW for 6 hours.
If the power station is equipped with 4 sets of 75 MW each, calculate (i) daily load factor
(ii) plant capacity factor and (iii) daily requirement if the calorific value of oil used were
10,000 kcal/kg and the average heat rate of station were 2860 kcal/kWh.
 PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
(1) on 1" march 2003, a machinery was purchased by giving for rs. 1,00,000 and
installation expenses of rs. 10,000. On 1" june 2003 a new machine was purchased for a
sum of rs. 40,000. Assuming that rate of depreciation is @ 15% premium. You are
required to prepare machinery account for 5 years under (1) straight line method and (2)
diminishing balance method.

(2) on 1" jan. 2003 A ltd. Company purchased a lease for three years for rs. 80,000. It is
decided to provide write off depreciation on annuity method. Assuming that rate of
depreciation is @ 5% P.A. Annuity table shows that re. 367208 at 5% rate of interest is
required for an annuity of re.L in three years.
[Ans : balance fo rs. 27,978.40]

(3) you are asked to calculate the depreciation for the first three years under sum of
years digit method. Mrs. Govind & co. Purchased an asset for rs. 2,10,000. Estimated life
of the asset is 6 years. The scrap value of an asset is estimated for rs. 10,000.
[Ans: balance at the end of third years rs. 28571.41]