RI SHI M S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

for WOMEN
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to JNTUH)
Nizampet Cross Roads, JNTUH Kukatpally Hyderabad – 500085

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL

PYTHON PROGRAMMING

B.Tech I YEAR II SEM (R22 REGULATIONS)

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

 INDEX

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO

I List of Experiments ii

II V/M /POs/PSOs/PEOs iv

III Syllabus ix

IV Course Objectives & Course Outcomes xi

i
 List of Experiments

Exp. No. Experiment Name Page No.

1. i) Use a web browser to go to the Python website http://python.org.
This page contains information about Python and links to Python-
related pages, and it gives you the ability to search the Python
documentation.

ii) Start the Python interpreter and type help() to start the online help
utility.
1 2. Start a Python interpreter and use it as a
Calculator. 3.
i) Write a program to calculate compound interest when principal,
rate and number of periods are given.
ii) Given coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y2) find the distance between
two points
4. Read name, address, email and phone number of a person through
keyboard and print the details.
1. Print the below triangle using for loop.
5
44
333
2222
11111
2 2. Write a program to check whether the given input is digit or lowercase
character or uppercase character or a special character (use 'if-else-if'
ladder)
3. Python Program to Print the Fibonacci sequence using while loop
4. Python program to print all prime numbers in a given interval (use break

1. i) Write a program to convert a list and tuple into arrays.

ii) Write a program to find common values between two arrays.

2. Write a function called gcd that takes parameters a and b and

3 returns their greatest common divisor.

3. Write a function called palindrome that takes a string argument and

returns True if it is a palindrome and False otherwise. Remember
that you can use the built-in function len to check the length of a
string.

ii
 1. Write a function called is_sorted that takes a list as a parameter and
returns True if the list is sorted in ascending order and False
otherwise.

2. Write a function called has_duplicates that takes a list and returns True
if there is any element that appears more than once. It should not
modify the original list.
i). Write a function called remove_duplicates that takes a list and
returns a new list with only the unique elements from the original. Hint:
they don’t have to be in the same order.
ii). The wordlist I provided, words.txt, doesn’t contain single
letter words. So you might want to add “I”, “a”, and the empty
4 string.
iii). Write a python code to read dictionary values from the user.
Construct a function to invert its content. i.e., keys should be values
and values should be keys.

3. i) Add a comma between the characters. If the given word is 'Apple', it should
become 'A,p,p,l,e'
ii) Remove the given word in all the places in a string?
iii) Write a function that takes a sentence as an input parameter and replaces
the first letter of every word with the corresponding upper case letter and the
rest of the letters in the word by corresponding letters in lower case without
using a built-in function?

4. Writes a recursive function that generates all binary strings of n-bit length
1. i) Write a python program that defines a matrix and prints
ii) Write a python program to perform addition of two square matrices
iii) Write a python program to perform multiplication of two
square matrices
5 2. How do you make a module? Give an example of construction of a
module using different geometrical shapes and operations on them as
its functions.
3. Use the structure of exception handling all general purpose exceptions

1. a. Write a function called draw_rectangle that takes a Canvas and a

Rectangle as arguments and draws a representation of the Rectangle
on the Canvas.
b. Add an attribute named color to your Rectangle objects and
modify draw_rectangle so that it uses the color attribute as the fill
color.
c. Write a function called draw_point that takes a Canvas and a Point
6 as arguments and draws a representation of the Point on the Canvas.
d. Define a new class called Circle with appropriate attributes
and instantiate a few Circle objects.
Write a function called draw_circle that draws circles on the canvas.

2. Write a Python program to demonstrate the usage of Method

Resolution Order (MRO) in multiple levels of Inheritances.
iii
 3. Write a python code to read a phone number and email-id from the user

and validate it for correctness.

1. Write a Python code to merge two given file contents into a third file.

2. Write a Python code to open a given file and construct a function to

check for given words present in it and display on found.

7 3. Write a Python code to Read text from a text file, find the word with
most number of occurrences.

4. Write a function that reads a file file1 and displays the number of words,
number of vowels, blank spaces, lower case letters and uppercase
letters.
1. Import numpy, Plotpy and Scipy and explore their functionalities.
2. a) Install NumPy package with pip and explore it.
3. Write a program to implement Digital Logic Gates – AND, OR,
NOT, EX-OR
8
4. Write a program to implement Half Adder, Full Adder, and
Parallel Adder
5. Write a GUI program to create a window wizard having two text
labels, two text fields and two buttons as Submit and Reset

iv
 RISHI M.S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
(Affiliated to JNTUH University, Approved by AICTE)

Department of Information Technology

Vision of the institution:

To be a center of excellence in producing women engineers and scientists who are professionally
competent social leaders to face multi-disciplinary global environment by imparting quality technical
education, values and ethics through innovation methods of teaching and learning.

Mission of the institution:

 To promote women technocrats capable enough to resolve the problems faced by the society using
the knowledge imparted.
 To prepare self-reliant women engineering for technological growth of the nation and society by
laying strong theoretical foundation accompanied by wide practical training.
 To equip the young women with creative thinking capabilities and empowering them towards
innovation.

v
 RISHI M.S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
(Affiliated to JNTUH University, Approved by AICTE)

Department of Information Technology

Vision & Mission of Department

Vision of the department

To empower women by providing cutting-edge technology to female technocrats in the fields of

Information Technology, allowing them to develop into competent engineers and entrepreneurs.

Mission of the department

 Adopting creative techniques to nurture and strengthen the core skill of Computer Science.
 Introduce students to the most recent technological advancements.
 Impart quality education, improve the research, entrepreneurial, and employability skills of women
technocrats.
 Instil professional ethics and a sense of social responsibility in students.
 Strengthen the Industry-Academia interface, which will enable graduates to emerge as
academic leaders or inspiring entrepreneurs

vi

 RISHI M.S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
 (Affiliated to JNTUH University, Approved by AICTE)

Program outcomes (POs)

1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

vii
 RISHI M.S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
(Affiliated to JNTUH University, Approved by AICTE)

Department of Information Technology

Program specific outcomes (PSOs)

PSO 1: Improve the student's ability to decipher the basic principles and methodology of computer
systems. Improve the students' ability to absorb facts and technical ideas in order to build and
develop software.
PSO 2: The capacity to create novel job routes as an entrepreneur using modern computer languages
and evolving technologies like SDLC, Python, Machine Learning, Social Networks, Cyber
Security, Mobile Apps etc.

viii
 RISHI M.S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
(Affiliated to JNTUH University, Approved by AICTE)

Department of Information Technology

Program educational objectives (PEOs)

PEO-1: Engineering graduates with excellent fundamental and technical skills will have
successful careers in industry, meeting the needs of Indian and worldwide firms.

PEO-2: With determination, development, self-reliance, leadership, morality, and moral principles,
engineering graduates will become successful entrepreneurs who will leverage employability.

PEO-3: To support personal and organisational progress, engineering graduates will pursue higher
education and engage in lifelong learning.

ix
 SYLLABUS
Python Programming Lab
B.TECH I Year II Sem

Week -1:
1. i) Use a web browser to go to the Python website http://python.org. This page contains
information about Python and links to Python-related pages, and it gives you the ability to search the
Python documentation.
ii) Start the Python interpreter and type help() to start the online help utility.
2. Start a Python interpreter and use it as a
Calculator. 3.
i) Write a program to calculate compound interest when principal, rate and number of periods
are given.
ii) Given coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y2) find the distance between two points
4. Read name, address, email and phone number of a person through keyboard and print the details.
Week - 2:
1. Print the below triangle using for
loop. 5
44
333
2222
11111
2. Write a program to check whether the given input is digit or lowercase character or
uppercase character or a special character (use 'if-else-if' ladder)
3. Python Program to Print the Fibonacci sequence using while loop
4. Python program to print all prime numbers in a given interval (use break)

Week - 3:
1. i) Write a program to convert a list and tuple into arrays.
ii) Write a program to find common values between two arrays.
2. Write a function called gcd that takes parameters a and b and returns their greatest common divisor.
3. Write a function called palindrome that takes a string argument and returnsTrue if it is a palindrome
and False otherwise. Remember that you can use the built-in function len to check the length of a
string.

Week - 4:
1. Write a function called is_sorted that takes a list as a parameter and returns True if the list is
sorted in ascending order and False otherwise.

x
2. Write a function called has_duplicates that takes a list and returns True if there is any element
that appears more than once. It should not modify the original list.
i). Write a function called remove_duplicates that takes a list and returns a new list with only the
unique elements from the original. Hint: they don’t have to be in the same order.
ii). The wordlist I provided, words.txt, doesn’t contain single letter words. So you might want to
add “I”, “a”, and the empty string.
iii). Write a python code to read dictionary values from the user. Construct a function to invert
its content. i.e., keys should be values and values should be keys.
3. i) Add a comma between the characters. If the given word is 'Apple', it should become 'A,p,p,l,e'
ii) Remove the given word in all the places in a string?
iii) Write a function that takes a sentence as an input parameter and replaces the first letter of
every word with the corresponding upper case letter and the rest of the letters in the word by
corresponding letters in lower case without using a built-in function?
4. Writes a recursive function that generates all binary strings of n-bit length

Week - 5:
1. i) Write a python program that defines a matrix and prints
ii) Write a python program to perform addition of two square matrices
iii) Write a python program to perform multiplication of two square matrices
2. How do you make a module? Give an example of construction of a module using
different geometrical
shapes and operations on them as its functions.
3. Use the structure of exception handling all general purpose exceptions.

Week-6:
1. a. Write a function called draw_rectangle that takes a Canvas and a Rectangle as arguments
and draws a representation of the Rectangle on the Canvas.
b. Add an attribute named color to your Rectangle objects and modify draw_rectangle so that
it uses the color attribute as the fill color.
c. Write a function called draw_point that takes a Canvas and a Point as arguments and draws
a representation of the Point on the Canvas.
d. Define a new class called Circle with appropriate attributes and instantiate a few Circle
objects. Write a function called draw_circle that draws circles on the canvas.
2. Write a Python program to demonstrate the usage of Method Resolution Order (MRO) in
multiple levels of Inheritances.
3. Write a python code to read a phone number and email-id from the user and validate it
for correctness.

xi
Week- 7
1. Write a Python code to merge two given file contents into a third file.
2. Write a Python code to open a given file and construct a function to check for given words present
in it and display on found.
3. Write a Python code to Read text from a text file, find the word with most number of occurrences
4. Write a function that reads a file file1 and displays the number of words, number of vowels,
blank spaces, lower case letters and uppercase letters.

Week - 8:
1. Import numpy, Plotpy and Scipy and explore their functionalities.
2. a) Install NumPy package with pip and explore it.
3. Write a program to implement Digital Logic Gates – AND, OR, NOT, EX-OR
4. Write a program to implement Half Adder, Full Adder, and Parallel Adder
5. Write a GUI program to create a window wizard having two text labels, two text fields and
two buttons as Submit and Reset.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Supercharged Python: Take your code to the next level, Overland
2. Learning Python, Mark Lutz, O'reilly

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Python for Data Science, Dr. Mohd. Abdul Hameed, Wiley Publications - 1st Ed. 2021.
2. Python Programming: A Modern Approach, Vamsi Kurama, Pearson
3. Python Programming A Modular Approach with Graphics, Database, Mobile, and
Web Applications, Sheetal Taneja, Naveen Kumar, Pearson
4. Programming with Python, A User’s Book, Michael Dawson, Cengage Learning, India Edition
5. Think Python, Allen Downey, Green Tea Press
6. Core Python Programming, W. Chun, Pearson
7. Introduction to Python, Kenneth A. Lambert, Cengage

xii
Course Objectives: To learn
1. Understand the usage of data types, loops and conditional statements and functions.
2. Understand Lists, Dictionaries and Regular expressions in Python.
3. Handle Strings and Files in Python.
4. Learn the implantation of Python modules like Numpy, Plotpy, Turtle

Course Outcomes: After learning the contents of this course the student is able to
CO1. Examine Python syntax and semantics and be fluent in the use of Python flow control
and functions. Demonstrate proficiency in handling Strings and File Systems.
CO2. Create, run and manipulate Python Programs using core data structures like Lists,
Tuples,and Dictionaries.
CO3. Implement exemplary applications related to Numpy, Pandas and matplotlib in Python.

CO - PO MAPPING:

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

Python CO1 3 2 2 2 2 2
Programming
Lab CO2 3 2 3 2 3 3

CO3 3 3 3 3 3 3

CO - PSO MAPPING:

PSO-1 PSO-2
CO1 1 3
CO2 2 3
CO3 2 3

xiii
 Week 1
1. i) Use a web browser to go to the Python website http://python.org. This page contains
information about Python and links to Python-related pages, and it gives you the ability
to search the Python documentation.

ii) Start the Python interpreter and type help() to start the online help utility.

Stepss:

Open any web browser and type http://python.org

You can download latest version of python for any operating system and install them.

Python Documentation acts as a user manual and provides with all the required
1
information about python including tutorials.

Sample of the documentation page

2
 Installing Python on Windows

1. Download the latest version installer for Windows from the official website
“http://python.org”

2. Run the Setup

Check this

3
 --

1. To start the python interpreter :

2. Goto Windows Command Prompt and type python to run the interpreter

3. Type help() to start the online help

utility 4.

4
2. Start a Python interpreter and use it as a Calculator.
Simple arithmetic calculations can be completed at the Python Prompt, also called the Python
REPL. REPL stands for Read Evaluate Print Loop.
The Python REPL shows three arrow symbols >>> followed by a blinking cursor. Programmers
type commands at the >>> prompt then hit [ENTER] to see the results.

3. i) Write a program to calculate compound interest when principal, rate and number
of periods are given.
ii) Given coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y2) find the distance between two points

Program :

# Python program to find compound interest for given values.

principal = int(input("enter principal amount : "))

rate = float(input("enter rate of interest : "))
time = int(input("enter period : "))

# Calculates compound interest

Amount = principal * (pow((1 + rate / 100), time))
CI = Amount - principal
print("Compound interest is : ", CI)

5
Sample Input and Output 1:
enter principal amount : 10000
enter rate of interest : 8.5
enter period : 5
Compound interest is : 5036.566901781247

Sample Input and Output 2:

enter principal amount : 1500

enter rate of interest : 6.25
enter period : 2
Compound interest is : 193.359375

ii) Given coordinates (x1, y1), (x2, y2) find the distance between two points

Program :

# Python program to find distance between two points

import math

x1=int(input("enter x1 : "))
x2=int(input("enter x2 : "))
y1=int(input("enter y1 : "))
y2=int(input("enter y2 : "))
result = math.sqrt(((x2 - x1 )**2) + ((y2-y1)**2))
print("distance between",(x1,x2),"and",(y1,y2),"is : ",result)

# Note : instead of using the math module - square root can be derived using
exponentiation
# result = ((((x2 - x1 )**2) + ((y2-y1)**2) )**0.5)

Sample Input and Output 1:

enter x1 : 4
enter x2 : 6
enter y1 : 1
enter y2 : 5
distance between (4, 6) and (1, 5) is : 4.47213595499958

Sample Input and Output 2:

enter x1 : 0
enter x2 : 3
enter y1 : 8
enter y2 : 7
distance between (0, 3) and (8, 7) is : 3.1622776601683795

6
4. Read name, address, email and phone number of a person through keyboard and
print the details.

Program:

# python program to display personal details

name = input("enter your name : ")
address = input("enter address : ")
email = input("enter email id : ")
mobile = input("enter mobile number : ")

print("\nPersonal Details \n")

print("Name: {}\nAddress: {}\nEmail: {}\nMobile: {}".format(name, address, email,
mobile))

Sample Input and Output 1:

enter your name : Trishika

enter address : Sainikpuri,
Secunderabad enter email id :
[email protected]
enter mobile number : 8777675747

Personal Details

Name: Trishika
Address: Sainikpuri, Secunderabad
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 8777675747

7
 Week 2

1. Print the below triangle using for

loop. 5
44
333
2222
11111

Program:

#python program to print numbers in triangular form using for loop

rows = int(input("Enter number of rows: "))

for i in range(rows,0,-1):
print("\n")
for j in range(rows-i+1):
print(i," ", end="")

Sample Input and Output 1:

Enter number of rows: 5

5
44
33 3
22 2 2
1 11 1 1

Sample Input and Output 2:

Enter number of rows: 8

8
77
66 6
55 5 5
44 4 4 4
33 3 3 3 3
22 2 2 2 2 2
1 11 1 1 1 1 1

2. Write a program to check whether the given input is digit or lowercase character or
uppercase character or a special character (use 'if-else-if' ladder)

Program:

#To check given Input is Digit or Uppercase or Lowercase or Special Character

ch = input("Enter a character: ")

if ch.isdigit():
print("Digit")
8
 elif ch.isupper ():
print("Uppercase character")
elif ch.islower ():
print("Lowercase character")
else:
print("Special character")

Sample Input and Output 1:

Enter a character: 5
Digit

Sample Input and Output 2:

Enter a character: x
Lowercase character

Sample Input and Output 3:

Enter a character: A
Uppercase character

Sample Input and Output 4:

Enter a character: &
Special character

4. Python Program to Print the Fibonacci sequence using while loop

Program:

# Program to display the Fibonacci sequence up to n-th term

nterms = int(input("How many terms? "))

# first two terms

n1, n2 = 0, 1
count = 0

# check if the number of terms is valid

if nterms <= 0:
print("Please enter a positive integer")
# if there is only one term, return n1
elif nterms == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence upto",nterms,":")
print(n1)
# generate fibonacci sequence
else:
print("Fibonacci sequence:")
while count < nterms:
print(n1, end=" ")
n3 = n1 + n2
# update values
n1 = n2
n2 = n3
count += 1

9
Sample Input and Output 1:
How many terms? 10
Fibonacci sequence:
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

Sample Input and Output 2:

How many terms? 25
Fibonacci sequence:
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584
4181 6765 10946 17711 28657 46368

4. Python program to print all prime numbers in a given interval (use break)

Program:

# Python program to display all the prime numbers within an interval

lower = int(input("enter starting limit : "))

upper = int(input("enter ending limit : "))

print("\nPrime numbers between", lower, "and", upper, "are:")

for num in range(lower, upper + 1):

# all prime numbers are greater than 1
if num > 1:
for i in range(2, num):
if (num % i) == 0:
break
else:
print(num," ",end=" ")

Sample Input and Output 1:

enter starting limit : 100
enter ending limit : 200

Prime numbers between 100 and 200 are:

101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179
181 191 193 197 199

Sample Input and Output 2:

enter starting limit : 10
enter ending limit : 50

Prime numbers between 10 and 50 are:

11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47

10
 Week 3

1. i) Write a program to convert a list and tuple into arrays.

Program:

import numpy as np
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
print("\n",type(my_list))
print(my_list)

print("List to array: ")

list_array =
np.asarray(my_list)
print(type(list_array))
print(list_array)

my_tuple = ([8, 4, 6], [1, 2, 3]) print("\

n",type(my_tuple)) print(my_tuple)
print("Tuple to array: ")
tuple_array =
np.asarray(my_tuple)
print(type(tuple_array))
print(tuple_array)

Sample Input and Output 1:

<class 'list'>
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
List to array:
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]

<class 'tuple'>
([8, 4, 6], [1, 2,
3])
Tuple to array:
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[[8 4 6]
[1 2 3]]

ii) Write a program to find common values between two arrays

Program:

import numpy as np

ar1 = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10]

ar2 = [10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
# Common values between two arrays
print("array1 : ",ar1)
print("array2 : ",ar2)
print("Common values : ")
11
print(np.intersect1d(ar1,
ar2))

12
Sample Input and Output 1:

array1 : [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10]

array2 : [10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
Common values :
[ 3 4 7 10]

2. Write a function called gcd that takes parameters a and b and returns their
greatest common divisor.

Program:

# Python code to compute gcd using Euclidean method( recursion )

def gcd(a, b):

if(b == 0):
return a
else:
return gcd(b, a % b)

"""
# Python code to demonstrate subtraction method to compute gcd ( recursion )

def gcd(a, b):

# Everything divides 0
if (a == 0):
return b
if (b ==
0): return
a

# base case
if (a == b):
return a

# a is greater
if (a > b):
return gcd(a-b, b)
return gcd(a, b-a)

"""

print("Program to find gcd of two given numbers \n")

a = int(input("enter a number : "))
b = int(input("enter another number : "))

#function call
print("The gcd of ",a," and ",b," is : ", end="")
print(gcd(a, b))
Sample Input and Output 1:
enter a number : 60

13
enter another number : 25

14
 The gcd of 60 and 25 is : 5

Sample Input and Output 2:

enter a number : 12
enter another number : 60
The gcd of 12 and 60 is : 12

Sample Input and Output 3 :

enter a number : 23
enter another number :
0
The gcd of 23 and 0 is : 23

Sample Input and Output 4 :

enter a number : 17
enter another number : 27
The gcd of 17 and 27 is : 1

3. Write a function called palindrome that takes a string argument and returns True if
it is a palindrome and False otherwise.
(Remember that you can use the built-in function len to check the length of a string.)

Program :

Method 1:

# function which return reverse of a string

def Palindrome(s):
return s == s[::-1]

Method 2:

# by comparing characters (left and right)

def Palindrome(str):

# Run loop from 0 to len/2

for i in range(0, int(len(str)/2)):
if str[i] != str[len(str)-i-1]:
return False
return True

Method 3:

# Using predefined function to reverse the string

def Palindrome(s):

rev = ''.join(reversed(s))

# Checking if both string are equal or not

if (s == rev):
return True
return False
15
 # Driver Code:

print("Check if given string is a Palindrome or Not ")

s = input("enter a string ")

if Palindrome(s):
print("True")
else:
print("False")

Note: Any one of the function definitions can be used to check for palindrome

Sample Input and Output 1 :

enter a string madam
True

Sample Input and Output 2 :

enter a string
xyz False

Sample Input and Output 3 :

enter a string malayalam
True

16
 Week – 4
1. Write a function called is_sorted that takes a list as a parameter and returns True if the
list is sorted in ascending order and False otherwise.

Program:

def is_sorted(a):
print("Given List is : ",a)
for i in range(len(a)-1):
#print(a[i], a[i+1])
if a[i] > a[i+1]:
return False
return True

if (is_sorted([31,42,53,74,95,96])):
print("List is in sorted")
else:
print("List is not sorted")

Sample Input and Output 1:

Given List is : [31, 42, 53, 74, 95, 96]
List is in sorted

Sample Input and Output 2:

Given List is : [31, 42, 53, 74, 15, 96]
List is not sorted

2. Write a function called has_duplicates that takes a list and returns True if there is any
element that appears more than once. It should not modify the original list.

Program:
def has_duplicates(source):
return len(set(source)) != len(source)

print(has_duplicates([1,2,3,4,4,5,6,7,8]))

Sample Input and Output 1:

True

Sample Input and Output 1:

False (if the function call is print(has_duplicates([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])))

17
i). Write a function called remove_duplicates that takes a list and returns a new list with only
the unique elements from the original. Hint: they don’t have to be in the same order.

Program:
def Remove(duplicate):
final_list = []
for num in duplicate:
if num not in final_list:
final_list.append(num)
return final_list

# Driver Code
duplicate = [2, 4, 10, 20, 5, 2, 20, 4]
print(Remove(duplicate))

Sample Input and Output 1:

[2, 4, 10, 20, 5]

ii). The wordlist I provided, words.txt, doesn’t contain single letter words. So you might want to
add “I”, “a”, and the empty string.

Program:
with open("word.txt","w") as file:
file.write("I ")
file.write("a")

Sample Input and Output 1:

iii). Write a python code to read dictionary values from the user. Construct a function to invert
its content. i.e., keys should be values and values should be keys.

Program:
n = int(input("Enter the no of entries you want to enter : "))
dict = {}
for i in range(n):
key = int(input("Enter the key : " ))
value = input("Enter the value : ")
dict[key]=value

18
 print(dict)

newdict={}
for pair in dict.items():
newdict[pair[1]]=pair[0]

print(newdict)

Sample Input and Output 1:

Enter the no of entries you want to enter : 4
Enter the key : 3
Enter the value : 2
Enter the key : 6
Enter the value : 4
Enter the key : 8
Enter the value : 1
Enter the key : 9
Enter the value : 5
{3: '2', 6: '4', 8: '1', 9: '5'}
{'2': 3, '4': 6, '1': 8, '5': 9}

3. i) Add a comma between the characters. If the given word is 'Apple', it should become
'A,p,p,l,e'

Program:
txt = '"a" "p" "p" "l" "e"'
commas_added = ', '.join(txt.split())
print(commas_added)
output:
"a", "p", "p", "l", "e"

(or)
import
re

# initializing string
test_str = input("Enter a word:")

# Distance between occurrences

# Using re.findall()
res = re.findall(r'\w+|\S', test_str)

# printing result
print("Result : " + str(res))
'''
test_str = input("Enter a word:")
res = [s.strip() for s in test_str.split(',')]

Sample Input and Output 1:

Enter a word:a p l e
19
Result : ['a', 'p', 'p', 'l', 'e']

20
ii) Remove the given word in all the places in a string?

Program:
print("Enter the String: ")
text = input()

print("Enter a Word to Delete: ")

word = input()

text = text.replace(word, "")

print()
print(text)

Sample Input and Output 1:

Enter the String:
hello welcome to RISHI
Enter a Word to Delete:
hello

welcome to RISHI

iii) Write a function that takes a sentence as an input parameter and replaces the first letter
of every word with the corresponding upper case letter and the rest of the letters in the word
by corresponding letters in lower case without using a built-in function?

Program:

txt=input("Enter a sentence:")
print(txt.title())

Sample Input and Output 1:

Enter a sentence:hello, welcome to rishi
Hello, Welcome To Rishi

4. Writes a recursive function that generates all binary strings of n-bit length

Program:
def printTheArray(arr, n):

for i in range(0, n):

print(arr[i], end = " ")

print()

# Function to generate all binary strings

def generateAllBinaryStrings(n, arr, i):

if i == n:
printTheArray(arr, n)
return

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 arr[i] = 0
generateAllBinaryStrings(n, arr, i + 1)

arr[i] = 1
generateAllBinaryStrings(n, arr, i + 1)

# Driver Code
if name == " main ":

n=4
arr = [None] * n

# Print all binary strings

generateAllBinaryStrings(n, arr, 0)

Sample Input and Output 1:

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

22
 Week - 5:

1 i) Write a python program that defines a matrix and prints

Program:

row=int(input("Enter No of Rows for 1st Matrix:"))

column=int(input("Enter No of column for 1nd Matrix:"))
row1=int(input("Enter No of Rows for 2st Matrix:"))
column1=int(input("Enter No of column for 2nd Matrix:"))
X = [[int(input(("Enter value for X[",i,"][",j,"]:")))
for j in range(column)] for i in range(row)]
Y = [[int(input(("Enter value for Y[",i,"][",j,"]:")))
for j in range(column1)] for i in range(row1)]
print("1st Matrix X:",X)
print("2st Matrix Y:",Y)

Sample Input and Output:

Enter No of Rows for 1st Matrix:3

Enter No of column for 1nd Matrix:3
Enter No of Rows for 2st Matrix:3
Enter No of column for 2nd Matrix:3
('Enter value for X[', 0, '][', 0, ']:')2
('Enter value for X[', 0, '][', 1, ']:')1
('Enter value for X[', 0, '][', 2, ']:')4
('Enter value for X[', 1, '][', 0, ']:')5
('Enter value for X[', 1, '][', 1, ']:')2
('Enter value for X[', 1, '][', 2, ']:')7
('Enter value for X[', 2, '][', 0, ']:')6
('Enter value for X[', 2, '][', 1, ']:')8
('Enter value for X[', 2, '][', 2, ']:')9
('Enter value for Y[', 0, '][', 0, ']:')4
('Enter value for Y[', 0, '][', 1, ']:')10
('Enter value for Y[', 0, '][', 2, ']:')5
('Enter value for Y[', 1, '][', 0, ']:')7
('Enter value for Y[', 1, '][', 1, ']:')21
('Enter value for Y[', 1, '][', 2, ']:')34
('Enter value for Y[', 2, '][', 0, ']:')11
('Enter value for Y[', 2, '][', 1, ']:')6
('Enter value for Y[', 2, '][', 2, ']:')3

1st Matrix X: [[2, 1, 4], [5, 2, 7], [6, 8, 9]]

2st Matrix Y: [[4, 10, 5], [7, 21, 34], [11, 6, 3]]

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ii) Write a python program to perform addition of two square

matrices Program:

import numpy as np

X = [[1,2,3],
[4 ,5,6],
[7 ,8,9]]

Y = [[9,8,7],
[6,5,4],
[3,2,1]]

result = np.array(X) + np.array(Y)

print(result)

Sample Input and Output:

[[10 10 10]
[10 10 10]
[10 10 10]]

iii) Write a python program to perform multiplication of two square

matrices Program:

# 3x3 matrix
X = [[12,7,3],
[4 ,5,6],
[7 ,8,9]]
# 3x4 matrix
Y = [[5,8,1,2],
[6,7,3,0],
[4,5,9,1]]
# result is 3x4
result = [[0,0,0,0],
[0,0,0,0],
[0,0,0,0]]

# iterate through rows of X

for i in range(len(X)):
# iterate through columns of Y
for j in range(len(Y[0])):
# iterate through rows of Y
for k in range(len(Y)):
result[i][j] += X[i][k] * Y[k][j]
for r in result:
print(r)

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Sample Input and Output:

[114, 160, 60, 27]

[74, 97, 73, 14]
[119, 157, 112, 23]

2. Use the structure of exception handling all general purpose exceptions

Program:

try:
even_numbers = [2,4,6,8]
print(even_numbers[5])

except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Denominator cannot be 0.")

except IndexError:
print("Index Out of
Bound.")

Sample Input and Output:

Index Out of Bound.

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 Week-6:

1.
a. Write a function called draw_rectangle that takes a Canvas and a Rectangle
as arguments and draws a representation of the Rectangle on the Canvas.
b. Add an attribute named color to your Rectangle objects and
modify draw_rectangle so that it uses the color attribute as the fill
color.
c. Write a function called draw_point that takes a Canvas and a Point as
arguments and draws a representation of the Point on the Canvas.
d. Define a new class called Circle with appropriate attributes and instantiate a
few Circle objects. Write a function called draw_circle that draws circles on the
canvas

Program:
import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()

canvas = tk.Canvas(root, width=400, height=400)

canvas.pack()

canvas.create_rectangle(10, 10, 100, 100, fill='red')

root.mainloop()

.
2. Write a Python program to demonstrate the usage of Method Resolution Order (MRO)
in multiple levels of Inheritances.

Program:

class ClassA:
def m(self):
print("In ClassA")

class ClassB(ClassA):
def m(self):
print("In ClassB")

class ClassC(ClassA):
def m(self):
print("In ClassC")

class ClassD(ClassB, ClassC):

def m(self):
print("In ClassD")
ClassB.m(self)
ClassC.m(self)
ClassA.m(self)

obj = ClassD()
26
obj.m()

27
Sample Input and Output:
In
ClassD
In ClassB
In ClassC
In ClassA

2. Write a python code to read a phone number and email-id from the user
and validate it for correctness.

Program:

import re

regex = re.compile(r'([A-Za-z0-9]+[.-_])*[A-Za-z0-9]+@[A-Za-z0-9-]+(\.[A-Z|a-
z]{2,})+')

def isValid(email):
if re.fullmatch(regex, email):
print("Valid
email") else:
print("Invalid email")
isValid("[email protected]")
isValid("[email protected]")
isValid("[email protected]")
isValid("[email protected]")

Sample Input and Output:

Valid email
Valid email
Invalid email
Invalid email

For mobilenumber:

import re

def validate_phone_number(regex, phone_number):

match = re.search(regex, phone_number)
if match:
return
True
return False

pattern = re.compile(r"(\+\d{1,3})?\s?\(?\d{1,4}\)?[\s.-]?\d{3}[\s.-]?\d{4}")

test_phone_numbers = [
"+1 (555) 123-4567",
"555-123-4567",
"555 123 4567",

28
"+44 (0) 20 1234 5678",
"02012345678",

29
 "invalid phone number"
]

for number in test_phone_numbers:

print(f"{number}: {validate_phone_number(pattern, number)}")

Sample Input and Output:

+1 (555) 123-4567: True

555-123-4567: True
555 123 4567: True
+44 (0) 20 1234 5678: True
02012345678: True
invalid phone number: False

30
 Week- 7

1. Write a Python code to merge two given file contents into a third

file. Program:

with open("file1.txt","r") as fh1:

with open("file2.txt","r") as fh2:
with open("mergefile.txt","w") as fh3:
q=fh1.readlines()+fh2.readlines()
fh3.writelines(q)

2. Write a Python code to open a given file and construct a function to check for
given words present in it and display on found.

Program:

with open('file1.txt') as file:

contents = file.read()
search_word = input("enter a word you want to search in file: ")
if search_word in contents:
print ('word found')
else:
print ('word not found')

Sample Input and output1:

enter a word you want to search in file: interpreted
word found

Sample Input and output2:

enter a word you want to search in file: hello
word not found

3. Write a Python code to Read text from a text file, find the word with most
number of occurrences

Program:

file = open("file1.txt","r")
frequent_word = ""
frequency = 0
words = []

# Traversing file line by line

for line in file:

31
 # splits each line into
# words and removing spaces
# and punctuations from the input
line_word = line.lower().replace(',','').replace('.','').split(" ");

# Adding them to list words

for w in line_word:
words.append(w);

# Finding the max occurred word

for i in range(0, len(words)):

# Declaring count
= 1;

# Count each word in the file

for j in range(i+1,
len(words)): if(words[i] ==
words[j]):
count = count + 1;

# If the count value is more

# than highest frequency then
if(count > frequency):
frequency = count;
frequent_word = words[i];

print("Most repeated word: " + frequent_word)

print("Frequency: " + str(frequency))
file.close();

Sample Input and output:

Most repeated word: python

Frequency: 3

4. Write a function that reads a file file1 and displays the number of words, number
of vowels, blank spaces, lower case letters and uppercase letters.

Program:

f=open("file1.txt","r")
r=f.read()
u=l=v=c=b=0
for i in r:
if i.isalpha():
if i.isupper():

32
u=u+1

33
 if i.islower():
l=l+1
if i.isspace():
b=b+1
if i.lower() in ["a","e","i","o","u"]:
v=v+1
else:
c=c+1
print("Number of Uppercase characters are:",u)
print("Number of Lowercase characters are:",l)
print("Number of blankspaces:",b)
print("Number of Vowels characters are:",v)
print("Number of Consonants characters are:",u)

Sample Output:
Number of Uppercase characters are: 10
Number of Lowercase characters are: 250
Number of blankspaces: 0
Number of Vowels characters are: 98
Number of Consonants characters are: 10

34
 Week - 8:

1. Import numpy, Plotpy and Scipy and explore their functionalities.

Numpy:
import numpy as np

# Initial Array
arr = np.array([[-1, 2, 0, 4],
[4, -0.5, 6, 0],
[2.6, 0, 7, 8],
[3, -7, 4, 2.0]])
print("Initial Array: ")
print(arr)

# Printing a range of Array

# with the use of slicing method
sliced_arr = arr[:2, ::2]
print ("Array with first 2 rows and"
" alternate columns(0 and 2):\n", sliced_arr)

# Printing elements at
# specific Indices
Index_arr = arr[[1, 1, 0, 3],
[3, 2, 1, 0]]
print ("\nElements at indices (1, 3), "
"(1, 2), (0, 1), (3, 0):\n", Index_arr)

Sample Input and Output:

Initial Array:
[[-1. 2. 0. 4. ]
[ 4. -0.5 6. 0. ]
[ 2.6 0. 7. 8. ]
[ 3. -7. 4. 2. ]]
Array with first 2 rows and alternate columns(0 and
2): [[-1. 0.]
[ 4. 6.]]

Elements at indices (1, 3), (1, 2), (0, 1), (3, 0):
[0. 6. 2. 3.]

35
 Pyplot

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot([1, 2, 3, 4])
plt.ylabel('some numbers')
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# evenly sampled time at 200ms

intervals t = np.arange(0., 5., 0.2)

# red dashes, blue squares and green triangles

plt.plot(t, t, 'r--', t, t**2, 'bs', t, t**3, 'g^')
plt.show()

2. a) Install NumPy package with pip and explore it.

Python NumPy is a general-purpose array processing package which provides tools for
handling the n-dimensional arrays.

Numpy installation through pip:

Syntax:
Pip install numpy

Program:

import numpy as np
a=np.array([10,20,30]) #creates a one dimensional array
print("one dimensional array:",a)
b=np.array([[10,20,30], [40,50,60]]) #creates a 2D array
print("Two dimensional array:",b)
c=np.zeros((3,4)) #creates array with all
zeros print("array with all zeros:",c)
d=np.ones((3,4)) #creates array with all ones.
print("array with all zeros:",d)
e=np.full((3,3),5) #creates an array with specified number
print("array with specific number:",e)
g=np.eye(3,dtype=int) #creates an identity matrix
print("Identity Matrx:",g)

print("Dimension:",b.ndim) #gives the dimension of the array

print("Shape of array:",b.shape) #gives the sequence of integers indicating the size of the
array for each dimension

36
 print("Size of array:",b.size) #gives the total number of elements of the array
print("Data typpe of array elements:",b.dtype) #gives data type of the elements of the
array
print("Size of each array element in bytes:",b.itemsize) #It specifies the size in bytes of
each element of the array

Sample Input and Output:

one dimensional array: [10 20 30]
Two dimensional array: [[10 20 30]
[40 50 60]]
array with all zeros: [[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. 0.]]
array with all zeros: [[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]
[1. 1. 1. 1.]]
array with specific number: [[5 5 5]
[5 5 5]
[5 5 5]]
Identity Matrx: [[1 0 0]
[0 1 0]
[0 0 1]]
Dimension: 2
Shape of array: (2, 3)
Size of array: 6
Data typpe of array elements: int32
Size of each array element in bytes: 4

3. Write a program to implement Digital Logic Gates – AND, OR, NOT, EX-

OR Program:
#Python3 program to illustrate working of AND gate
def AND (a, b):

if a == 1 and b == 1:
return True
else:
return False

# Driver code
if name ==' main ':
print(AND(1, 1))

print("+ + +")
print(" | AND Truth Table | Result |")
print(" A = False, B = False | A AND B =",AND(False,False)," | ")
print(" A = False, B = True | A AND B =",AND(False,True)," | ")
37
 print(" A = True, B = False | A AND B =",AND(True,False)," | ")
print(" A = True, B = True | A AND B =",AND(True,True)," | ")

# Python3 program to illustrate working of OR gate

def OR(a, b):

if a == 1 or b ==1:
return True
else:
return False

# Driver code
if name ==' main ':
print(OR(0, 0))

print("+ + +")
print(" | OR Truth Table | Result |")
print(" A = False, B = False | A OR B =",OR(False,False)," | ")
print(" A = False, B = True | A OR B =",OR(False,True)," | ")
print(" A = True, B = False | A OR B =",OR(True,False)," | ")
print(" A = True, B = True | A OR B =",OR(True,True)," | ")

# Python3 program to illustrate working of Xor gate

def XOR (a, b):

if a != b:
return 1
else:
return 0

# Driver code
if name ==' main ':
print(XOR(5, 5))

print("+ + +")
print(" | XOR Truth Table | Result |")
print(" A = False, B = False | A XOR B =",XOR(False,False)," | ")
print(" A = False, B = True | A XOR B =",XOR(False,True)," | ")
print(" A = True, B = False | A XOR B =",XOR(True,False)," | ")
print(" A = True, B = True | A XOR B =",XOR(True,True)," | ")

# Python3 program to illustrate working of Not gate

def NOT(a):
return not a
# Driver code

38
 if name ==' main ':
print(NOT(0))

print("+ + +")
print(" | NOT Truth Table | Result |")
print(" A = False | A NOT =",NOT(False)," | ")
print(" A = True, | A NOT =",NOT(True)," | ")

Sample input and Output:

True
+ + +
| AND Truth Table | Result |
A = False, B = False | A AND B = False |
A = False, B = True | A AND B = False |
A = True, B = False | A AND B = False |
A = True, B = True | A AND B = True |
False
+ + +
| OR Truth Table | Result |
A = False, B = False | A OR B = False |
A = False, B = True | A OR B = True |
A = True, B = False | A OR B = True |
A = True, B = True | A OR B = True |
0
+ + +
| XOR Truth Table | Result |
A = False, B = False | A XOR B = 0 |
A = False, B = True | A XOR B = 1 |
A = True, B = False | A XOR B = 1 |
A = True, B = True | A XOR B = 0 |
True
+ + +
| NOT Truth Table | Result |
A = False | A NOT = True |
A = True, | A NOT = False |

4. Write a program to implement Half Adder, Full Adder, and Parallel

Adder Program:

# Half adder
import numpy as np
def half_adder(A, B):
Sum = np.bitwise_xor(A, B)
Carry = np.bitwise_and(A, B)
return Sum, Carry

39
 # Driver code
A=0
B=1
Sum, Carry = half_adder(A, B)
print("Half Adder:")
print("Sum:", Sum)
print("Carry:", Carry)

Sample Input and Output:

Half Adder:
Sum: 1
Carry: 0

5. Write a GUI program to create a window wizard having two text labels, two text
fields and two buttons as Submit and Reset

Program:

from tkinter import *

window=Tk()
usernamelabel1=Label(window,text="User Name:").grid(row=0,column=0)
usernameEntry=Entry(window).grid(row=0,column=1)
passwordlabel1=Label(window,text="Password:").grid(row=1,column=0)
usernameEntry=Entry(window).grid(row=1,column=1)
submitButton=Button(window,text="Submit").grid(row=2,column=0)
resetButton=Button(window,text="Reset").grid(row=2,column=1)

window.mainloop()

Sample Input and Output :

40