SS013 - Concrete Wall Panels

GEDUNG CYBER 4 SS13/1
DECEMBER 2022 ISSUED FOR CONSTRUCTION DELIVERABLES SECTION 13 – SUPPLY AND INSTALLATION OF
CONCRETE WALL PANELS
SECTION 13
13.0 SUPPLY AND INSTALLATION OF CONCRETE WALL PANELS
13.1 GENERAL
Whenever a material, item, article or product is specified by trade/brand name,

manufacturer’s name or catalogue reference, the Contractor may propose to use its
equivalent in the Works, subject to the written confirmation of the Architect.
13.2 STANDARDS
Unless otherwise agreed by Architect, ensure all of the works comply with the
relevant requirements of the Standards and Codes listed below or referenced in the
body of the Specification. Alternative Standards and Codes may be submitted to the
Architect provided it can be demonstrated that the alternative Standards and Codes
comply with the requirements of the standards specified. All standards and Codes
quoted are the current version, unless specific year references are noted.
Other Standards
BS8110 Structural use of concrete (in particular Section 5 – Part 1 Design and Detailing of
Precast Composite Structures.
BS5328 Concrete parts 1, 2 & 3.
CP297 Precast concrete cladding non-load bearing.
BS8297 Superseding BS297.
BS1217 Cast stone
And the following ASSOCIATED BRITISH STANDARDS (not specifically mentioned in the
following text).
BS12 Specification for ordinary and rapid hardening Portland cement.
BS146 Portland-blast furnace cement.
BS410 Specification for test sieves.
BS882 Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete.
COPYRIGHT BY M/S AWP PTE LTD. THIS SPECIFICATION IS THE PROPERTY OF M/S AWP PTE LTD AND CANNOT BE COPIED, REPRODUCED PARTLY OR
WHOLLY WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF M/S AWP PTE LTD.
BS1014 Pigments for Portland cement and Portland products.
BS1881 Methods of testing concrete.
Part 108 Method for making test cubes from fresh concrete.
Part 111 Method of normal during of test specimens (20C method).
Part 116 Method for determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes.
BS3148 Methods of test for water for making concrete (including notes on the
suitability of the water).
BS3797 Specification for lightweight aggregates for concrete.
BS4027 Sulphate resisting Portland Cement
BS5070 Concrete admixtures.
Part 1 Specification for accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures and

water-reducing admixtures.
Part 2 Specification for air-entraining admixtures.
BS5328 Part 1 to 4
BS7583 Portland Limestone Cement
BS8298 Code of Practice Design, Manufacture and Installation of Natural Stone Cladding and
Lining.
13.17 EXTRUDED CELLULOSE FIBRE REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

PANELS
Whenever a material, item, article or product is specified by trade/brand name,

manufacturer’s name or catalogue reference, the Contractor may propose to use its
equivalent in the Works, subject to the written confirmation from Architect
Extruded Cellulose Fibre Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Panels to be used for

internal and external wall partitions.
13.17.1 Typical Details to be in accordance to manufacture details unless otherwise

indicated in architectural Drawings.
13.17.2 Bottom Panel Connection
Panel to be Dowel Bar fixed to 250mm high, 100mm wide RC kerb. RC kerb to have
(75x50x2)mm thick MS perforated continuous angle support.
13.17.3 Panel Connection
Panel fixed between (38x38x2)mm thick MS continuous angle support fixed to

underside or slab.
13.17.4 Vertical Perpendicular Wall Connection
Cement Mortar finished flush with panel.
13.18 SPECIFICATIONS
13.18.1 Dimension of Lightweight Panel
a) 600mm width
b) 100-150 mm thickness
c) Cut length up to 6000mm
13.18.2 Weight and Density of Panel
a) 75 kg/m2/1680kg/m3 for 100mm thick Finewall Lightweight Panel or

equivalent.
13.18.3 Surface Finish
a) Ready to receive paint/direct tiling/wall-paper and the like.
13.18.4 Partition Strength
a) Shall be tested to pass BS 5234 (Severe duty)
13.18.5 Compressive Strength
Shall not be less than 4.0N/mm2 in accordance to with Singapore Standard

SS271:1983 (or local equivalent standards).
13.18.6 Fire Resistance
a) Test result of the panel must be in accordance with British Standard BS 476:
Part 20 and 22 (Fire Resistance Test).
b) Certificate of conformity issued by the PSB (or local equivalent authority

requirements/ standards) certifying that the product complies with the Test must
be obtained from the Supplier.
13.18.7 Sound Deduction
a) 100mm thick wall panel shall not be less than STC 40 rating when tested to
ASTM E90.
13.18.8 Water Adsorption
a) The average water absorption must meet the requirement by SS271:1983,

which states that it should not exceed 23.5%. This must be verified by Test
done in accordance to with Singapore Standard SS271:1983 (or local
equivalent standards).
13.18.9 Heat Transfer Coefficient
a) “C” = 1.0 W/sq.m C
13.18.10 Non-Combustible
a) Product must pass Non-Combustible Test in accordance with British Standard

BS 476 Part 4:1970
b) Certificate of compliance issued by the PSB (or local equivalent authority

requirements/ standards) certifying that the product complies with the Test must
be obtained from the supplier.
13.18.11 Thermal Conductivity
• Test result of the panel must be in accordance with American Standard ASTM
C236 and shall not exceed 0.50W/mC
13.19 MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
The panel shall manufactured by the process of extrusion with sanding of both
surfaces of the panel process. The manufacturing process shall be as follows:
• Height : (+) (-) 5mm
• Width : (+) (-) 3mm
• Thickness : (+) (-) 5mm
• Bowing/Warping : 5mm in 2000mm along the length
1.5mm in 600 along the width
• Surface Furnishing: Both sides of the panel, sanded down to size

the Manufacturing process. No skim coat or plaster
required.
• Jointing Compound: The jointing compound shall be the same composition

as the wall and applied to the sides of the panel. When
cured the jointing compound will secure both panels
together making it one homogeneous unit. The joint
area of the exterior surface of the joints should be
tooled to have a slight indentation of not more than
3mm in depth and 10 mm in width.
• Finishing Compound: The finishing compound shall be the same composition

as the wall and shall be applied to only the tooled
surface of the jointing compound.
• Finishing of Panels: Ensure that there is no plaster or skim coat to the panel
or tapes to the joints.
13.20 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ERECTION
3.20.1 Ensure that the workers have been properly trained to handle and erect the panel.
3.20.2 Ensure that the manufactures guidelines are adhered to.
3.20.3 The panels can be laid horizontally above door or window openings not more that
5000mm wide and 2000mm high. Provided the manufactures guidelines are strictly
adhered to.
3.20.4 The opening the M&E services can be cut with timber working tools and joined as
specified in the manufactures guidelines.
TECHNICAL DATA FOR EXTRUDED CELLULOSE FIBRE REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT

CONCRETE PANELS
75kg/ m2
Weight
18-23 m2/ man-day
Productivity (Includes installation & joint treatment)
Non-Combustibility
Pass
BS 476: Pt 4
Fire Rating
75 mins
BS 476: Pt 20
40 dB
Sound Insulation
Usage in Wet Areas Yes
During installation of wall, services can be run

through wall cell
On-Site Installation of Concealed Wiring,
Ducting & Pipe work After installation of wall, wall surface can be
chased and void within wall filled with packing
material
Applied Finishes: Tiling Yes
Cementitious joint compound is applied between

abutting panels. When dry, joint is tooled to form a
Joint Treatment
3mm groove and applied with a finishing
compound
Fastener Types Cavity Anchors
10 – 14Mpa
Allowable bending stress of material
20 – 25Mpa
Allowable Compressive Stress
16,000 – 18,000Mpa
Young’s modulus
6 to 8Mpa
Allowable Shear stress
Ixx 27.3873 mm^4 x 10 ^ 6
0.57 mm^3 x 10 ^ 6
Zxx
13.21 GREEN CONCRETE PANEL (JOE Green or Approved Equivalent)
13.21.1 Specification:
13.21.2 Functional requirement:
13.21.3 Work statement: Erection of green precast panel:
13.22 MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES
13.22.1 Complete Units (Reconstructed or Cast stone or Precast Concrete Units).
The tolerance in manufacture for units will be generally in accordance with BS 8110
Part 1: 1985: Section 6: Subsection 11.3 except that the permissible deviations from
designed dimensions will be as follows:
13.22.2 Overall length and width (measured at neutral axis of ribbed members)
3m or under : 3mm
3 - 6m : +3mm, - 4mm
6m - 12m : 6mm
Each additional 3m : 1.5mm
Total thickness or flange thickness : -3mm,+ 6mm
Rib thickness : 3mm
Distance between ribs :  3mm
Angular variation of plane of side mould : 0.5mm per 75 mm of depth
or  1.5mm, whichever is greater
Variation from square or designated skew : 1.5mm per 2.0m diagonal or
(difference in length of the two diagonal measurements) : 10mm, whichever is greater.
Length and width of blockouts and openings within :  6mm one unit
Location and dimensions of blockouts hidden from : 18mm view and used for HVAC
and utility penetrations
Dimensions of haunches :  6mm
Haunch bearing surface deviation from specified plane :  3mm
Difference in relative position of adjacent haunch :  6mm bearing surfaces from
specified relative position
Bowing : L/360, max. 18mm
Differential bowing between adjacent panels of the : 12mm
same design
Local smoothness : 6mm in 3m
Warping : 1.5mm per 300mm of
distance from the nearest
adjacent corner
Location of window opening within panel :  6mm
Position of plates :  18 mm
Tipping and flushness of plates : 6mm
Position tolerances. For cast-in items measured from datum line location as shown on
approved erection drawings:
Weld plates : 18mm

Inserts :  9mm
Handling devices : 50mm
Reinforcing steel and welded wire fabric :  6mm
Where position has structural implications or affects concrete cover, otherwise 9mm
Tendons :  3mm
Flashing reglets :  6mm
Flashing reglets at edge of panel :  3mm
Reglets for glazing gaskets :  1.5mm
Groove width for glazing gaskets :  1.5mm
Electrical outlets, house bibs, etc :  18mm
Haunches :  6mm
13.23 AUTOCLAVED LIGHTWEIGHT AERATED CONCRETE PANELS (ALC)
13.23.1 The pre-cast panels to be used are Autoclaved Lightweight Aerated Concrete Panel
(ALC), a product of FBM Engineering Pte Ltd or any other approved equivalent.
13.23.2 Introduction
The ALC panel is made by raw materials such as cement, lime and silica sand. This
panel will be made to form partition panels for this building’s usage.
13.23.3 Specification
Width : 600mm
Length : 6000mm
Thickness of 100mm per 25mm interval
The joints between panels shall be a T-shape joint.
13.23.4 Thermal Insulation
Thickness Thermal Resistance Heat Transfer Coefficient
δ (mm) R(m².k/W) K(W/m².k)
50mm 0.31 2.17
75mm 0.45 1.67
100mm 0.59 1.35
13.23.5 Fire Safety Protection
The ALC panels are in organic non-combustible materials and have absolute
incombustibility properties. At up to 700 degrees Celsius, the ALC panels should not
experience any strength loss and a 15 cm thick wall should be able to resist fire for as
long as 4 hours. This should be a Class A fireproof construction material.
No smoke or toxic gas should be released from the ALC panels during fire. The ALC
panels should effectively resist fire, spread of fire and protect the internal from the
impact of fire.
13.23.6 Lightweight and Strength
ALC absolute dry densities of different grade products are 400-600 kg/sqm. This is a
lightweight product which reduces labour intensity during construction. ALC panels
can be used with reinforcing bar according to the design to meet a variety of load-
bearing requirements. Reinforcing bar in the panels perform stabilized, toughening
and impact resistance functions. Before producing panels, it is necessary to rationally
design the plate reinforcement (including structure and size of reinforcing bar)
according to the load requirements of the specific projects, making bearing capacity,
shear resistant, stiffness and deflection indicators to meet the requirements. After
production, the panels muste be tested through sampling to review whether the
structure performance meets the load requirements.
ALC Panel
No Characteristics ALC Panel
Fire Resistance
1 a) 100mm Greater than 4 hours
b) 200mm Greater than 4 hours
2 Precision Block Yes
Sound Insulation: STC Test (Sound Transmission Class)
a) 100mm thick wall DB
1) No surface treatment 40
2) 12mm Thick Plastering on both sides 48
b) 120mm thick wall DB
3 1) No surface treatment 42
c) 150mm thick wall DB
1) No surface treatment 44
4 Coverage (for ALC Block) 100mm
8.33 pc/m2
5 Coverage (for ALC Block) 100mm
77kg/m2
13.23.6 Noise Insulation & Absorption
Noise insulation of the ALC Panels are between 40-60DB. ALC has a dual nature,
soud absorption and sound resistance.
13.23.7 Impermeability & Damp Proofing
Study shows that besides structural reasons, the seepage of external walls is
generally infiltrated from the masonry mortar joint, but ALC panels mainly use special
adhesive mortar joint denser than ordinary masonry mortar joint, thus they greatly
reduce the seepage probability. The technical ability ensures that the inside holes of
ALC products are independent closed holes, and their diameter is about 1-2mm, so
that they can prevent the moisture diffusion effectively.
13.23.8 Efficient Construction
Precise Size
ALC products are of precise sizes and the tolerance of length, height and width is
+1.0mm. Precise sizes make it possible to avoid cracking by the way of coating thin
mortar and putty.
Dry Construction
This aerated concrete products can be installed by the way of dry masonry
continuous operation. They are not restricted from the height of one time masonry, so
they can highly improve the speed of construction. When special adhesive is used to
dry masonry installing our blocks, it does not need watering in the surface of blocks to
be wet. After installation, the surface ALC product walls can be directly coated with
putty. Without watering and heat conservation, it effectively reduces cracks caused by
masonry wall shrinkage as a result of expansion and contraction due to change of
water content. It not only reduces the construction difficultly, but also is conducive to
the quality of the project and shortens project period.
Good Processing Ability
Easier to process than wooden products, these ALC products can be processed
simply into different shapes as per your demand. They are easy to groove and do not
need much time spent in cutting. Various processing methods like sawing, drilling,
nailing, hanging, craving and coating thin-layer mortar make it easier and more
flexible to bury pipeline and do second decoration.
13.23.9 Economical Cost
Shorter Project Period
ALC Panels are lightweight and easy-processed, which may ease labour intensity.
Internal and external walls can be constructed at the same time, so construction
speed is faster and labour costs are reduced. ALC panels are masoned and coated
by dry powder mortar. Heat insulation time is reduced, project time is shortened by
about 2/3.
Good Anti Cracking Ability
Shrinkage rate of ALC products is much smaller than national standard 0.5mm/m and
other wall materials. The smaller the dry shrinkage rate, the better the anti-cracking
ability. Moreover, dry construction avoids wall cracking because of dry shrinkage.
ALC panel is masoned by special mortar whose thickness is only 3mm, so cracking
possibility of the gap is greatly lowered. Wall is elastically connected, which is
beneficial to avoid cracking even if the base subsides
.
13.23.10 Internal Partition Wall Panels
ALC panels can be used directly in internal wall of concrete structures and steel
structures, such as in hotels, schools, offices, market places and houses etc. The
internal walls such as household walls, separating walls, partition walls in bathroom
and kitchens etc, conform to hang various things such as air conditioning, water
heater, radiator, hanging cases, etc. Compared with traditional internal wall partition
materials, ALC internal panels have obvious advantages in various technical
performances; lightweight, high strength, thermal insulation, fire resistance, sound
insulation, seepage prevention, frost resistance, durability, anti-seismic, high
softening coefficient, no radiation, good creativity, scientific installing method,
convenient and quick construction.
ALC internal panels are reinforced by antirust double-layer and two way steel mesh.
They have good load-bearing capacity, the static hanging weight in a single point
being 120kgs. They are produced in high temperature, high pressure and steam
curing, with the minimum shrinkage ratio in the inorganic materials, caulked with
special polymer binders, which can effectively prevent cracking.
Specifications
Thickness 75mm 100mm 125mm Greater than 150mm
Length (mm) ≤3000 ≤4000 ≤5000 ≤6000
13.23.11 External Wall Panels
ALC panels can be used directly in exterior walls of concrete structures and steel
structures. As an excellent heat insulator, they surpass most other similar building
materials. They are also guarantee of a comfortable and pleasant environment inside
the buildings, with lower heating and cooling costs throughout the lifespan of a
building.
ALC panels improve the reliability and security of node strength in external walls.
During the rotation and extension in plane of the connecting nodes of wallpanels,
ALC panels ensure that the walls can be adapted to the interlayer displacement in
different directions of the main structure and satisfies the need for the interlayer
deformation of the main structure conforming to the seismic design intensity.
The installation nodes of ALC panels are scientifically designed, with high strength
and a certain amount of rotating performance. It can bear an interlayer displacement
of between 1/200 to 1/50 without damage or only a minor damage.
ALC panels are regarded as constructional elements with flexible connection in terms
of seismic design, so their stiffness and seismic bearing capacity are not counted.
Structure members supporting the ALC external panels can count the effect of
seismic action of ALC wall panels as an additional effect and meet the anchoring
requirement of connecting accessories.
Specifications & Standard Designs
DesignLoad/ 100mm 125mm 150mm 175mm 200mm

Maximum
Length/
Thickness
≤1.2kn/m² 3600 4200 5200 6000 6000

1.4kn/m² 3500 4200 4900 6000 6000
1.6kn/m² 3300 4000 4700 5700 6000
1.8kn/m² 3100 3900 4500 5400 6000
2.0kn/m² 3000 3800 4300 5200 6000
2.2kn/m² 2800 3600 4200 5000 5800
2.3kn/m² 2700 3400 4100 4700 5600
13.23.12 Construction Guidelines
Instructions of ALC panel construction
Preparation
1. Check the drawing before construction, and compose on designing, the width of
partition wall should fit multiples of 600mm, we should better arrange the rest near
the concrete column or the side of wall. It's inadvisable to arrange it near the windows
and doors.
2. Clean up the joint part between panels and roofs, sand, soil and so on. All the
mortar and concrete which are bulged out over the walls should be cleaned up.
3. According to the drawing, mark the columns, beams, floor which is connected with
Panel, and pop the two-side upper and lower line of control by using ink fountain.
METHOD OF STATEMENT
On-site.
While composing and the 600mm modulus. If the width can't fit the multiples of
600mm, we should better arrange the rest near the concrete column or the side of
the walls. Its inadvisable to arrange it near the windows and doors.
Clean up the joint part between panels and roofs, floors and walls. Clean the floating
ash, sand, soil and so on. All the mortar which are bulged out over the walls should
be cleaned out.
According to the drawing, mark the columns, beams, floor which is connected with
ALC Panel, and pop the two-side upper and lower line of control by using ink
fountain.
Installation and construction
4-5 workers form a group. Use hydraulic trolley for transportation. Panels should be
kept flat during the transportation. Pulling on the floor or unilateral support is
forbidden during transportation.
Use special fixture when lifting. Hoisting belt should be flexible nylon tie belt. Use 1:3
cement mortar on the bottom of the panel to make level, mortar thickness is 10 to
20mm.
While installation, one worker uses a chain hoist to make the panel stand up, other
workers stabilize the panel to the corresponding location.
Each panel should be connected to major structure by special U panels by nail gun.
After panel is upright, adjust the verticality by a wadge stuffed on the bottom of the
panel.
U-Card which is shot on the panels by a nail gun. After panel is upright, adjust the
verticality by a wadge stuffed on the bottom of the panel.
Groove between panels to bite each other should be close.
Pay attention to control the verticality during the installation, and check-up carefully
after installation.
Gap between panels to be caulked by special mortar, and extra mortar should be
pushed out while connecting panels.
Then clean up adhesive cracks between panels, and use specialized pointing mortar
to fill up gaps and level out.
To avoid cracking on gaps between panels, cover the adhesive gap with a layer of
200mm wide alkali-resistance fibre mesh.
13.23.13 Submittal
Samples
The contractor is to submit manufacturer’s literature for Architect’s approval for usage
of a particular brand. Further various samples with the different required finishes
have to be submitted for the Architect’s approval.
Mock Ups
Contractor is to provide for a single story full height mock-up with a width of 8m as
part of the submission for approval
Shop Drawing
Code of Compliance Certificates
Submit shop drawings showing project layout and elevations; fastening and
anchoring methods; detail and location of joints, sealants, and gaskets, including
joints necessary to accommodate thermal movement; trim; flashing; and accessories.
Affidavit certifying material meets requirements specified.
Two copies of manufacturer's literature for panel material.
Code Compliance
Documents showing product compliance with the national and local building code
shall be submitted prior to the bid. These documents shall include, but not be limited
to, appropriate Evaluation Reports and/or test reports supporting the use of the
product.
Alternate materials must be approved by the architect prior to the bid date.
13.24 NATURAL GRANITE, MARBLE, PORTLAND STONE OR OTHER STONE
13.24.1 Natural stone for casting on to concrete units to be supplied by the Contractor in
accord with BS 8298 1989.
13.24.2 Colour, Graining & Matching of Stone Applied Finishes. Naturally occurring granites,
marbles and other stone are subject to variations in colour, shade, texture and
graining.
Estimates of variations to be based on the use of facing in natural materials as

selected by the Architect. Proposed stone supplier, colour, texture and graining
subject to Architect’s Approval.
13.24.3 Facing Aggregates
i) Provide fine and coarse aggregate for each type of exposed finish required
from a single source for entire job.
ii) Aggregates shall be clean, hard, strong, durable, and inert, free of staining or
deleterious material.
13.25 BRICKS OR TILES FOR CASTING ON TO CONCRETE OR GRC UNITS
13.25.1 Bricks or brick tiles used for casting on to precast units must be:
i) to a face size tolerance of +1mm – 2mm and:

ii) be of a consistent shape with 90 angles and with relatively sharp arises
iii) Clay product-faced units must have joint widths controlled by locating the units in
a suitable template or grid system set out accurately on the mould face.
iv) Back of Brick Facing Tiles to be dove-tailed grooved or keyback to provide
adequate key to concrete when cast.
v) Brick Tile to be a minimum of 20 – 30mm thick and should comply with ASTM
C1088. Colour, texture and size to Architect’s selection.
13.25.2 An allowance of +15% on the calculated nett brick quantities is required for size and
shape selection. Bricks received to be checked to ensure sufficiently sharp arises
and uniform shape. Where insufficient, additional bricks are to be supplied foc or an
exchange of “rejects” for new supplies made.
13.25.2 Panels rejected by the Architect due to brick quality to be replaced at no extra cost
by Contractor.
13.25.3 Fabricator to ensure placement of brick order upon confirmation of shape, sizes and
quantities approved by Architect. The delivery of sufficient quantity of bricks required
for the completion of the pre-cast panels in accordance to the construction schedule
is the sole responsibility of the Contractor.
13.25.4 Brick Jointing and Courses
i) Unless agreed by Architect, all brick pointing to be “Pointing in the mould” not
hand pointing after casting.
ii) The minimum joint width that can be used is 9mm and therefore subject to the
bricks being supplied/used to the tolerances quoted above the minimum
nominal design joint width will be 10 mm.
iii) Joint to be either recessed/raked to a depth of 9mm or struck at 45 degrees.
Architect to approve.
iv) Unless otherwise indicated drawings, courses to be ‘Running Bond’ (Stretcher)
with course stating and finishing on half or full bricks to avoid cutting and to
match adjacent spandrels or column covers.
v) Alternate course vertical joints to align.
vi) Stretcher, corner, edge corner and 3-sided corner brick facing modules to be
used.
13.25.5 Contractor must consider the following in design and production in order to minimize
or eliminate panel bowing:
1. The temperature differential (exterior to interior).

2. Coefficients of expansion of the materials.
3. Ratio of cross sectional areas of the materials and their moduli of elasticity.
4. Amount, location and type of reinforcement in the concrete panel.
5. The use of pre-stressing
6. Type and location of connections to the structure.
7. Shrinkage of the concrete and expansion of the facing.
13.25.6 Exposed horizontal bottom panel edges and soffits to have drip/groove.
3.26 PRECAST PANEL FINISHES
3.26.1 Clay Product Faced Precast Concrete Panels
i) Refer to 5.00 “Bricks or Tiles for casting on to concrete or GRC Units”

ii) The brick tile/facings to comply with the following specification:-
Typical dimensions:
Length : 230mm
Width : 70mm
Depth : 20 – 30mm
Dimensional Category:
Typical Weight (kg) : 2.08 – 2.3
Compressive Strength (Mpa) : 12.1 – 33.0
Unconfined Compressive Strength (Mpa) : 6.6 – 21.0
Average Modulus of Rupture (Mpa) : 2.2 – 3.8
Characteristic Modulus of Rupture (Mpa) : 1.7 – 2.0
Average Cold Water Absorption (%) : 7.2 – 9.6
Average Boiling Water Absorption (%) : 10.0 – 12.2
Average Bulk Density (kg/m3) : 2000 – 2100
Durability Category : General Purpose
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m) : 0.6
Liability to Efflorescence : Nil to Slight
Notes: All testing to be carried out in accordance with British or Australian/New

Zealand Standards AS/NZS 4456 test methods where applicable.
iii) Colour and texture to Architect’s selection.

iv) Brick tile sample to be submitted for approval prior to mock-up fabrication.
13.26.2 Smooth off the Form Concrete Panels
i) General
1. Non-Porous moulds constructed so that no water or grout leakage will occur.

No joints permitted on mould face.
2. Form vibration to be employed. When unavoidable immersion vibration may be

used but vibrator must not touch sides of mould.
3. Concrete mix design to combine minimum cement content and a constant low
water-cement ratio with high density.
4. Uniformity of manufacturing procedures for cleaning mould, application of

mould release, uniformity of concrete quality, consistent curing process and
careful storage procedures.
5. Minimise chance of chipping and therefore necessity to repair.
6. Portland Blast Furnace Cement manufactured to comply with BS 12, supplied

from same source and batch to be used.
ii) Specification
1. Detailed specification and method statement to be submitted for proposed

mock up by Specialist for Architect approval.
2. Full scale mockup of one typical panel to be made for Architect review and
subsequent mock-ups prepared until colour and standard of finish acceptable
to Architect is achieved.
3. Approved mock up finish to be accepted standard of finishes for all panels and
will form basis of comparison. Panels failing to meet the standard of mock up
sample may be rejected at the discretion of the Architect.
Acid Etched – Light Grey
i) The finish to comply with the following specification:-
Cement : white
Fine aggregate : 80% - Crushed grey granite
20% -
Crushed black obsidian
Coarse aggregate : 7mm white marble
Pigment : Dark Grey
ii) Colour and texture to Architect’s approval.

iii) Sample to be submitted for approval prior to mock up.
iv) Architect Approved full scale mock up to be datum standard of finish for
production panels.
13.26.3 Acid Etched – Sandstone (Bath Stone)
i) The finish to comply with the following:-
Coarse and fine aggregate of Ashton Keynes gravel (or equivalent single
source), white cement with acid etched and rubbed finish to achieve Bath
sandstone appearance.
ii) Colour and texture to Architect’s approval and/or sample available at

Architect’s office.
iii) Sample to be submitted for approval prior to mock up.
iv) Architect Approved full scale mock up to be datum standard of finish for
production panels.
All panels to be treated with fluorosilane or equivalent for dirt, mould and graffiti
resistance.
13.27 REINFORCEMENT
Units should be reinforced as necessary to resist shrinkage, handling, stressed

and service loads in accordance with the appropriate design calculations using
mild steel and high tensile steel in accordance with BS4449, BS4461, BS4466,
and BS 4483.
Cover to reinforcement will be at least as good as indicated by BS8110.
13.27.2 Tolerances in placing reinforcement within the mould will be to BS8110.
13.27.3 Stainless steel or galvanised reinforcement to be used if identified as being

required by the fabricator and if used will be in accordance with the relevant
British Standards.
13.28 MOULDS
Moulds will be:
13.28.1 Fabricated in stout seasoned timber, fibreglass lined or treated where necessary to
produce true matt faces and made accurately to full size templates and length rods.
13.28.2 Of such construction that casting deviations may be readily controlled to give
compliance with the manufacturing tolerances outlined above.
13.28.3 Maintained in clean sound condition and inspected carefully for accuracy and
surface defects before reuse.
13.28.4 Reused only if any damage can be reasonably repaired and if this would not impair
the surface appearance of the unit.
13.28.5 Constructed to prevent grout loss.
13.28.6 Where specially textured surfaces to the units are required the mould faces will be
lined with either fibreglass or polyurethane or silicone rubber. These linings having
been reproduced from hand finished master casts.
13.28.7 Moulds for containing bricks, natural stone or other cast on materials will be pre-
guided using rubber, steel or timber grids to standard sizes in order to retain the
applied materials. (See also section on tolerances).
13.28.8 Where deemed necessary by Fabricators, mould release agents, face retarders and
other mould treatments may be used strictly in accordance with manufacturer’s
instruction to assist in producing the various finishes and effects and as dictated by
the sample selected and the practical requirements of casting.
13.28.9 Complex moulds/ artwork and special architectural features shall be based upon the
intent of the Architect’s drawings. Detailed shop drawings and models to be
submitted by Fabricator to the Architect for approval.
13.28.10 When the shop drawings and models are completed the Architect will be requested
to view them and if necessary attend whilst any minor modifications are carried out.
13.28.11 Unless otherwise stipulated moulds remain the property of the Fabricator. However
the Architect’s copyright must be respected. No mould may be destroyed without
the consent of the Architect and Employer.
13.29 CONCRETE MIXES
13.29.1 All concrete mixes used must be generally in accord with BS5328. All materials
used will comply with the relevant British Standards and concrete mixes will attain a
characteristic compressive strength of 40N/mm2 at 28 days. (C40)
13.29.2 However as well as crushing strengths the mixes must be designed specifically to
produce colours and finishes as represented by the sample finishes selected by the
Architect and to enable units to be produced taking account of shapes, casting
attitudes etc.
13.29.3 Details including aggregate/cement and water/cement ratios, compressive strength

results and ISATT test results for the various mixes are to be available on request.
13.30 MORTAR MIXES (Brick faced units. “Pointed in the Mould”)
Such mortar mixes will consist of a 6:1 by weight. Sand/cement mix with an
appropriate additive used in accordance with the Manufacturers’ instructions.
13.30.1 Admixtures
Admixtures may be used in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions as

necessary and at the discretion of the Fabricator in order to produce the finishes and
types of units required and as directed by the practical casting requirements.
All additives used to be calcium chloride free.
13.30.2 Pigments
Dry inorganic powder pigments used to be in accordance with BS 1014 where tinted
finishes are required. The pigments are to be weight batched and dry blended with
the appropriate cement before the combined materials are used in a wet mix.
Pigments must be:-
i) Harmless to concrete set and strength.

ii) Stable at high temperature.
iii) Sunlight and alkali-fast.
13.31 FIXING CAST INTO UNITS
13.31.1 Fixings will be cast into units for the purposes of lifting and for attaching units to the
structure via loose metal fixings etc. as appropriate.
13.32 Lifting
All lifting sockets cast into units whether for works lifting or for site lifting to be in
galvanised mild steel. Where these occur on an exposed face or on a face covered
by other works, they are to be sunk at least 25mm below the finished face and
grouted in solid and where they occur on an exposed face, filled on site to match as
closely as possible the finish of the panel.
13.32.1 Where these sockets are on an internal face protected from weathering, they are not
required to be filled.
13.32.2 Site lifting should be via proprietary wire loops, screwed into lifting sockets, or similar
connections located approximately on the centres of gravity of the individual unit,
where possible. Alternative methods of lifting, such as slinging, using flat plait nylon
slings, or via cast in nylon rope lifters, may be used where appropriate.
13.32.3 Special lifting devices, clamps etc are to be provided if required.
13.32.4 Fixings etc cast in the unit to have a tolerance on positioning when measured from
the appropriate faces on the unit of + or – 6mm and generally in accord with BS8810.
13.32.5 All cast in items within the unit for the purposes of fixing securely to the building must
be in stainless steel.
13.32 CASTING AND CURING
13.32.1 Reconstructed or Cast Stone or Precast Units
The concrete material to be placed in the mould within 10 minutes of mixing,

consolidated by external vibration generally and by submersible vibrators in certain
special circumstances as dictated by the mould shape.
13.32.1 Units must not be de-moulded prematurely and in no instance should they be de-
moulded less than 18 hours after casting or until the concrete within the unit has
achieved a compressive strength of 20 N/mm as determined by Schmidt hammer
testing. Damage to and distortion to immature units due to movement, vibration,
overloading, physical shock, rapid cooling and thermal shock must be prevented and
is the sole responsibility of the manufacturer.
13.32.2 Following de-moulding, units to be cured in air under cover generally for a minimum
of 5 days and therefore protected from the effects of sun and drying winds.
Following finishing of the units they may be removed to a covered stacking area
where they must be stacked on non-staining bearers as appropriate for the type of
unit.
13.32.3 No units to be delivered to site until they have reached 14 to 21 days old or have
attained their designed strength by comparison with the normal 7 and 28 day cube
strength results and if necessary confirmed by an in-house test with a Schmidt
hammer.
13.33 FINISHING
13.33.1 When sufficiently hardened the exposed surfaces of the units to be treated to
achieve the finish as selected by the Architect and as represented by the approved
sample. The finished surfaces of the units to be then cleaned with a dilute acid
solution and clean water.
13.34 Quality of Finishes
i) Approved mock-up; to be standard of quality for Architectural precast concrete

work, when accepted by Architect and Employer.
ii) The mock-up will determine the range of acceptability with respect to colour and
texture variations, surface defects, and overall appearance.
iii) Precast concrete products that do not meet the colour and texture range or the
dimensional tolerances of this specification may be rejected at the option of the
Architect, if they cannot be satisfactorily corrected, as determined by the
Architect.
13.34.1 The Contract is deemed to be ‘Delivered and Fixed’ where cleaning is a normal part
of the fixing service and together with the making good of any minor damage caused
during delivery of fixing and the undertaking of minor final finishing, works be
undertaken towards the end of the on site period, just prior to final
inspection/handover.
13.34.2 Potential problems associated with obtaining the colour, grading, texture and profile
of the precast units should be highlighted by the Fabricator prior to fabrication.
Reasonably predictable problems will not be considered as ground for an Extension

of Time or additional cost.
13.34.3 A mild hydrochloric acid wash or equivalent suitable cleaning agent should be used
to remove efflorescence or ‘lime bloom’.
13.35 JOINTS & SEALANTS
13.35.1 General
i) All joints to provide watertightness consistent with the design, exposure

(orientation and climatic conditions) and anticipated structural movement.
ii) Joints are required to accommodate changes in wall panel or structure
dimensions caused by changes in temperature moisture content, or load, whilst
preventing water and air penetration through the building envelope.
iii) Local panel movement to be accommodated by joint. Cumulative movement and
differential expansion of adjacent wall materials to be taken by expansion joints.
iv) Joint width, type, location and sealant selection to be in accordance to
specification and approved shop drawings. Architectural Drawings to be used as
guide for design intent only.
v) Joint width to be based upon visual requirement, panel size, building tolerance,
joint materials and adjacent surfaces.
13.35.2 One-stage Joints
i) One-stage joints not to be used unless otherwise directed by the Architect or

approved in shop drawings.
13.35.3 Two-stage joints
i) General
To be based upon open ‘rain-screen’, ventilated pressure equalized joints.
b) Horizontal joint
i) Horizontal joint to be a shiplap joint with gasket sealant air seal at the internal
edge face. Exterior face to be open to vent air chamber to form pressure qualized
space. Open joint width to be 12 -20mm, or as otherwise indicated in drawings.
ii) Air tight interior seal to be prime seal preventing warm, moist air movement.
iii) Water from penetration or condensation, should be drained from the joint by
proper flashing installations.
iv) Flashing using electrometric sheet at each 2nd floor level to be used.
v) Vent or drain tubes should be a minimum 7mm inside diameter polyvinyl chloride
or other non-staining materials. Vents should be located at the junction of horizontal
and vertical joints.
vi) Drip groove to be cast into bottom horizontal outer edge panel.
c) Vertical joint
i) Vertical joint to be two stage joint with gasket/sealant air seal at the internal edge
face.
ii) Air chamber to be provided and Neoprene or equivalent baffle strip to be

compressed between panels lipped over horizontal flashing of the shiplap edge.
iii) External open joint width to be between 12 – 20mm, or as otherwise indicated in

drawings.
13.35.4 Shop drawings to be reflect full-scale details and mock-up of joint detail to be tested
prior to fabrication and installation.
13.35.5 Joint Materials
(a) General
i) All sealants and gaskets to be fit for purpose and detail proposed and to be
applied/fixed in accordance to manufacturer’s instructions and good
international building practice.
ii) All sealants used to be chemically compatible however contact between

different sealants to be avoided.
iii) Joint to be designed and positioned to allow correct sealant application.
iv) Sealant/Gasket manufacturers written directions should be followed

regarding mixing, surface preparation, priming, application life, and
application procedure.
v) Edges of the precast concrete units and the adjacent materials must be
sound, smooth, clean and dry. Edges must be free of frost, dust, loose
mortar or any other contaminants that may affect adhesion.
(b) Sealant
i) Joint to consist of sealant, band breaker (if required) and pre-formed rod or
tubular backing.
ii) Joints to be completely filed and neatly tooled slightly concave, to eliminate
air pockets or voids.
iii) Surface of sealant should be full, smooth bead, free of ridges, wrinkles,
gags, air pockets and embedded impurities.
iv) Back up material must not stain sealant and be of suitable size and shape
for compression to provide watertight joints.
v) Primers may be used if recommended by sealant manufacturer, but must be
non-staining.
vi) The following characteristics must be considered when selecting sealants for
suitable physical (durability) and mechanical (movement capability)
properties:
1. Adhesion to different surfaces – concrete, glass, aluminium, etc.
2. Surface preparation necessary to ensure satisfactory performance –

priming, cleaning, drying, etc.
3. Serviceable temperature range.
4. Drying characteristics – dirt pickup, susceptibility to damage due to

movement of joint while sealant is curing.
5. Puncture, tear and abrasion resistance.
6. Colour desired and colour retention.
7. Effect of weathering – water and sunlight – on properties such as

adhesion, cohesion, elasticity, etc.
8. Minimum staining of surfaces caused by sealant or primer.
9. Ease of application.
10. Environment in which the sealant is applied.
11. Compatibility with other sealants to be used on the job.
vii) Specification of proposed sealant to be submitted to Architect for approval,

stating performance characteristics.
(c) Gaskets/Compression sealants
i) Air seals to be closed-cell neoprene sponge conforming to ASTM C509 or

equivalent.
ii) Neoprene compression seal must remain compressed approximately 15% of

uncompressed seal width at the maximum joint opening.
iii) Foam plastics are not to be used.
iv) Allowable movement to be approximately 40% of uncompressed seal width.
13.36 MATERIALS TESTING AND RECORDS
Details and records of the following tests should be submitted.
13.36.1 Cement
Were in receipt of manufacturer’s test certificates for cement on a weekly basis and
these certificates show details as follows:
(a) initial set

(b) final set
(c) fineness
(d) alkali content
(e) specific surface fineness
In addition, in-house visual inspections of cement for colour by comparing “parts of

cement” with a standard colour sample must be carried out.
13.36.2 Aggregates
All aggregates delivered load by load to be subject to sieve analysis and silt content
tests and visually inspected against control samples for both colour and grading. In
addition physical and chemical properties as provided by the various specialist
aggregate suppliers are as stable.
13.36.3 Batched Concrete – Minimum sampling should be follows:
WEEKLY QUANTITY PRODUCED
No. OF SETS
(3 CUBES) taken weekly
Up to 2 cubic metres 1
2 –5 cubic metres 2
Exceeding 20 cubic metres 5
From each of the above sets of cubes one will be tested at 7 day, and two at 28
days.
Where the sample elected is a new mix design the suitability of the mix must be
assessed in accordance with B.S. 5328 and B.S. 8110 and ISAT performance
assessed by (in house) trial mixes. Details to be made available on request.
13.36.4 Cube Testing
Fabricator to maintain own in-house or engage an approved cube testing facility. The
cube testing will be carried out by this lab and the appropriate cube test certificates
and analysis information will be submitted to Architect and Engineer.
Tests may be carried out independently and therefore the Fabricator must include for
making an additional set of three cubes, once per month, as and when directed by
the Architect for testing by an independent testing house to be agreed.
13.36.5 Reinforcement
Following placing of reinforcement in moulds, the cages are submitted to a location

and cover check.
Up to 20% of all units cast must have reinforcement cover checked by means of a
cover meter survey, details of which are to be recorded.
13.36.6 Metal fixing and Lifting Devices
Loose metal fixings as supplied by specialist manufacturers and are to be supplied in

stainless steel in accordance to relevant British Standards applicable and ‘Metal
Worker Specifications’.
Screw in lifting devices and lifting sockets as supplied by specialist manufacturers to

be supported by test certificates.
13.36.8 Manufactured Units
All units manufactured to be identified by the unit number related to Fabricators key
elevation drawings and must be marked with the date of casting and issued to
Architect.
13.37 SUBMITTALS AND MOCK UPS
13.37.1 Programme
Prior to commencement of Main Contract work Contractor must submit a

programme of work which must include but not limited to the following:-
i) Shop drawing preparation, submission and required approval dates.
ii) Sample submission and required approval dates.
iii) Mock up preparation, submission, period for revision and required approval
date.
iv) Manufacturing, testing, supply, installation aid defect rectification schedule.
13.37.2 Samples
i) Prior to commencement of manufacture samples representative of finished

exposed face sharing typical range of colours and texture must be submitted to
Architect for approval.
ii) A sample of every proposed finish, joint details and sealant/gasket must be
submitted in a size not less than 300 x 300mm.
13.37.3 Shop Drawings
Contractor to expedite submittal of full shop drawings to the Architect for approval.
The content of these drawings should include but not limited to the following:-
a) Unit shapes (elevations and sections) and dimensions.
b) Handling procedure, plans and elevations showing panel location, and sequence
of erection.
c) Finishes
d) Reinforcement, joint and connection details
e) Lifting and erection inserts
f) Location, dimensional tolerances, and details of anchorage devices that are

embedded in or attached to structure or other construction.
g) Other items cast into panels.
h) Relationship to adjacent materials and trades.
i) Show location of unit by same identification work placed on panel.
13.37.4 Testing
Refer to Material Testing and Records
13.37.5 Design Calculations
i) Contractor must engage a professional engineer with a minimum of 5 years’

experience in the design of precast concrete panel product (registered in the
country where the building is to be constructed) to endorse all design
calculations.
ii) All statutory submissions required for the completion and installation of the
system to be made by the Contractor/Contractors appointed Consultants.
iii) Calculations must include although limited to all design calculations for precast
concrete products not defined or completed on the drawings and for steel
reinforcement required for handling and erection loads.
13.37.6 Design Modifications
i) All changes must be submitted to Architect for approval prior to incorporation

within the works.
vi) All design modifications necessary to meet performance requirements and held
coordination to be submitted.
iii) Variations in details or materials shall not adversely affect the appearance,
durability or strength of units.
iv) General design concept must be maintained without altering size of members,
profiles and alignment.
13.38 PRODUCT DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
13.38.1 Contractor should coordinate arrival of precast concrete units and provide for
possible storage and for erection in a safe manner within the agreed schedule and
with due consideration for other trades. Handling procedures, including type and
location of fastenings. The Contractor shall:-
a) Deliver all architectural precast concrete units to project site in such quantities
and at such times to assure continuity of erection.
b) Handling and transport units in a position consistent with their shape and design
in order to avoid stresses which would cause cracking or damage.
c) Lift or support units only at the point shown on the shop drawings.
d) Place non-staining resilient spacers of event thickness between each unit.
e) Support units during shipment on non-staining shock-absorbing material.
f) Not place units directly on ground.
g) Store and protect units to prevent contact with soil, staining, and physical
damage.
h) Store units, unless otherwise specified, with non-staining, resilient supports

located in same positions as when transported.
i) Store units on firm, level, and smooth surfaces to prevent cracking, distortion,
warping or other physical damage.
j) Place stored units so that identification marks are discernible, and so that product
can be inspected.
13.38.2 Damage
Any damage during loading, delivery and installation to be rectified by Fabricators

specialist finisher and subject to the approval of the Architect.
13.39 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS & SPECIFICATIONS AND TENDER
13.39.1 The architectural drawings are diagrammatic and do not purport to identify or solve
the problems of thermal or structural movement, vapour barriers, fixings and
anchorage, flatness and stability of facing, and moisture disposal.
The drawings merely indicated the ‘profile, configurations and finishes required
together with the position relative to the structural frame and interior building
elements. The details contain therein serve merely as suggested directions for
solving some of the major design requirements. The Contractor may use these
details and develop them as he deems fit.
The Specification specifies the minimum requirements without limiting the Fabricator
as to the method of achieving such performance.
13.40 Site Conditions & Existing Structures
The Contractor shall be deemed to have visited the site before submitting his Tender
and shall be wholly responsible for acquainting himself with the nature, position,
constraints of the site and the full extent and character of the works and all other
information relevant to the execution of the works.
The Contractor shall not be entitled to claim extra payment on the grounds of
insufficient or inaccurate tender information relating to propose or existing structures.
A thorough examination of all available drawings shall be carried out by the

Contractor. The accuracy and completeness of any available drawings of existing
structure(s) is not guaranteed. The Contractor shall check all dimensions and beam
etc., positions on site himself.
13.41 Design Recommendations/Proposals
Preliminary design proposals must be submitted with the tender. Notwithstanding the
acceptance of the Contractor’s design recommendation/ proposals by the Architect,
Contractor shall be solely responsible for the adequacy of the works including design
and shall make good any damage or defects arising from inadequate design.
13.42 Shop Drawings
The Contractor shall submit for the consideration of the Architect preliminary design
drawings showing typical details fully dimensioned, showing finish, thickness,
profiles, jointing, welds, intersections and assembly; details of construction,
weatherproofing hardware and hardware schedules; reinforcement, anchorage and
structural supports; and such drawings and details as required to fully illustrate all
details of the work. The scale and detail of the drawings are subject to Architect’s
approval.
The Contractor shall outline details of his intended temporary works to the Architect
and incorporate his comments into the design. He shall then submit for the
Architect’s approval before the commencement of any on site construction, shop
drawings and calculations showing all details, manner and magnitude of the loading
on the structure. The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that the structural
elements to which the elements are to be fixed is adequate to support the load.
Within four weeks of the acceptance of the tender, modify the preliminary drawings
to full working shop drawings complying with the Architect’s instructions and
requirements. Supply to the Architect for distribution to those connected with this
project, four copies each of the final approved drawings.
13.43 Measurements
All true measurements of the building are to be in the metric system. The Contractor
shall be responsible for verifying all the dimensions and actual conditions on site.
These dimensions should be incorporated in the shop drawings prior to final
approval.
13.44 Preliminary Programme
The Tenderer shall also submit a preliminary programme of the works showing the
various stages of design sampling, testing, fabrication, delivery and installation of the
works.
13.45 TENDER REQUIREMENTS
The Contractor shall submit with his Tender details of builder’s work and special
attendance required other than those already described in this Specification. Any
other items of work or facilities not so stated shall be deemed to be provided by the
Contractor when required.
13.45.1 (a) Submittals
Within one month of award of the Contract, the Contractor shall submit updated
information as follows:-
i. Organization Chart.
ii. Detailed programme of the Works.
iii. Shop Drawings:-
Complete scaled construction detail drawings drawn to full scale. The
drawings shall fulfil all requirements made by the Architect during the
technical negotiation with the Contractor.
iv. Sealant & Gaskets

Samples and performance data of sealant and gasket materials.
v. Structural calculations as required verified and endorsed by a Professional

Engineer.
vi. Performance Testing Particulars:-
The testing programme with detailed description of the testing procedure,
testing facilities to be used and the testing mock-up drawings, following the
testing requirements as specified in Part IV.
(b) Upon Architect’s approval of the shop drawings, four copies and one
reproducible print for each of the final approved drawings, plus four sets of the
above reduce to one-quarter of the original size shall be submitted for the
Architect’s and Employer’s use.
(c) After the shop drawings and the structural calculation, etc. are approved, the
Contractor shall submit the following for the Architect’s approval before
fabrication of the bulk.
i. Plan of Inspection of Component –

Material specification, supply source, and procedure for inspection of the
quality of the components of the systems during the manufacturing and
fabricating process.
(d) Should the Contractor consider it necessary to fabricate in bulk before approval
in order to meet completion date, it is entirely at his own risk and no
compensation in time and cost will be granted if the material and/or
workmanship is eventually not acceptable to the Architect.
(e) Before the components are installed, the Contractor shall submit the following
for the Architect’s approval.
i. Performance Test Report –

Four copies of the performance Report as described in this Specification
shall be submitted upon approval of the testing by the Architect.
ii. Report of Inspection of Components –
Report on the conditions and procedure of the manufacturing process and

also results of the inspection the products in accordance with the approved
‘Plan of Inspection of Components’.
iii. Report on Inspection on Building Works/Site Conditions –

The Contractor shall monitor the site conditions constantly and report every
month the results of the inspection, in a deviation/defects list form to the
Architect. Format to be submitted for approval.
iv. Plan of Inspection –

Preliminary plan of the procedure for site inspection during installation stage
so as to maintain quality control on the site.
v. Plan of Protection –
Preliminary plan of the method of protecting the works with description as to
when the protection can be removed. The plan to consider effect on other
trades.
(f) Before the date of completion of the works, the contractor shall prepare and
supply to the Architect, record drawings and record photographs of the whole
of the works as installed and as requested by the Architect. These drawings
and photographs shall be specially prepared for record purpose and the copies
as finally provided to the Architect shall consist of (four) sets of reduced size
prints together with its corresponding (drawings) and (two) sets of
photographs.
(g) The Contractor shall submit a maintenance manual for all systems.
13.46 Manufacturers & Erectors
Manufacturers and erectors shall have proven achievement experience in similar

work for at least (5) years and are subject to approval by the Architect.
13.47 Guarantee
(a) Submit written guarantee agreeing to repair or replace defective materials and
workmanship during the guarantee period. The Contractor shall be responsible
for damages to building and furnishings caused by defective materials and
workmanship including water leakage during the guarantee period.
Defective materials and workmanship of the work shall include abnormal

deterioration, aging or weathering of the work, leakage of water or air
pressures and forces, failure of operating parts to function normally,
deterioration or discolouration of finishes in excess of normal weathering and
aging, glass breakage, secondary glass damage or breakage due to falling

fragments, and failure of work to fulfil other specified performance
requirements. The guarantee should not include damage caused by vandalism,
or natural conditions exceeding the performance requirements. However, the
guarantee should include failures or defects for which the causes cannot be
determined. This guarantee and its enforcement shall not deprive the Employer
of other action, right or remedy available to him.
(b) The general guarantee shall cover a period of ten years from the date of issue
of the Completion Certification of the Main contract by the Architect.
(c) Repairs or replacements during the guaranteed period required by unforeseen

circumstances (which exceed performance requirements), alterations, abuse of
the work, vandalism will be completed by the Contractor at Employer’s
discretion and paid for by the Employer at prevailing rates.
(d) The guarantee shall cover structural failure and latent defects of the system in
compliance with the current and latest regulations and requirements stipulated
by the relevant local authorities.
13.48 Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC)
[Optional for hot air plenum area - To be read in conjunction with

A213 Façade Series (SC) and A580 Façade Details (SC) i.e. Module 1 –
Optional]
13.48.1 Scope
This specification covers the requirements for the manufacture, curing and
testing of GFRC products. It gives detailed requirements for GFRC
manufactured by ‘Sprayed Method’. The specification covers mixes with and
without the addition of polymers. Selection of the applicable grade should be
based on design performance required and shall be approved by the architect.
13.48.2 References
Standards and other publications refereed to in this specification:
BS EN 1170: 1998: Part 1-7: Precast concrete products: Test methods for
glass-fibre reinforced cement.
Recommended Practice for Glass Fibre Reinforced Panels – PCI Committee

on Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete Panels.
PCI Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production of Glass Fibre
Reinforced Concrete Products.
BS EN 1169: 1999: Precast concrete products – General rules for factory

production control of glass fibre reinforced cement.
Relevant applicable Singapore Standards.
13.48.3 Constituent Materials
13.48.3.1 Alkali-Resistant Glass Fibre
Glass fibre shall be an alkali-resistant continuous filament fibre developed and

formulated to have high strength retention in hydraulic cement environments.
The producer shall provide certification from the supplier to show that the glass
fibre conforms to this requirement. Suitable alkali-resistant glass fibre are ‘NEG
ARG Fibre’ or ‘CEM-FIL’ or other approved equivalent.
13.48.3.2 Cement
Cement shall be supplied by a manufacturer of assessed capability and made

to standards acceptable to the specifier and other parties involved and
supported by suitable certification. Cement shall be correctly stored and kept
dry to avoid deterioration.
13.48.3.3 Fine Aggregates
Fine aggregate or sand shall be washed and dried to remove soluble mater
and permit accurate control of the water / cement ratio. The particle shape
should be round or irregular and should have a smooth surface with
honeycombing.
For spray GFRC, the maximum particle size shall be 1.2mm; for pre-mix
GFRC, the maximum particle size shall be 2.4mm. In both cases the fine
fraction, i.e. sand passing a 250 micron sieve shall be less than 10% of the
total weight of sand.
Silica sands are to be used and should conform to the specification in Table 1.
Sand with a higher moisture content may be used provided the moisture
content is known and the mix is altered accordingly. Sand other than silica
sand may be used but the producer should provide evidence of their suitability.
Soft building sand must not be used.
13.48.3.4 Water
Water shall be clean and free from deleterious matter.
13.48.3.5 Admixtures
Admixtures are permitted and their use is encouraged as they can enhance the
properties of GFRC. They should always be used strictly in accordance with
the suppliers’ recommendations and the producer must ensure that their use
has no adverse effect on the product.
Calcium chloride-based admixture must not be used if the GFRC component

contains steel reinforcement, fixing sockets or other cast-in devices.
13.48.3.6 Acrylic Polymers
Acrylic thermoplastic polymer dispersions should be used in accordance with

the manufacturers’ instructions and should conform to the specification in Table
2.
Polymers with properties outside the above specification may be used with the
agreement of the architect.
13.48.3.7 Pigments
Powder pigments or dispersions may be used to produce coloured GFRC. The

pigments should conform to international or national standards.
13.48.3.8 Other Component Materials
Other component materials (e.g. micro silica, metakaolin, pulverized fuel ash,
reinforcing fillers), may be added to modify the properties of the mix. They must
be used in accordance with the supplier’s instruction and the producer must
demonstrate that their use will not adversely affect the properties of the GFRC.
13.48.4 Composition of GFRC in Uncured State
13.48.4.1 Mix Design
It is the responsibility of the producer to select a suitable mix design for the
product, the mix design must be such that the mechanical properties of the
GFRC are achieved and that these requirements are consistent with the
engineering design of the product.
The mix designs in Table 3 are intended as a guide; designs falling outside
these guidelines may be acceptable but should be scrutinised before use.
13.48.5 Manufacture
GFRC products manufactured by premix and spray production methods are

covered in this Specification, but other manufacturing methods may be used
provided agreement is reached between the producer and the architect
regarding their use and control.
13.48.5.1 Manufacture by Direct Spray
1. Weighing / Batching
Dry ingredients shall be batched by weight using calibrated weighing

equipment capable of an accuracy of +/- 2% if the sated batch weight.
Liquids should be weighted, volume batched or automatically
dispensed.. The producer must demonstrate that the method employed
will give an accuracy of +/- 2%.
2. Mixing
The cementitious slurry should be mixed in a ‘high shear mixer’ in

accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and using the stated
mix design. The producer must demonstrate that this type of mixing
system is to be used. The consistency of the mix should be tested by
measuring the slump at the start of each shift and at agreed intervals
during each shift.
3. Spraying
Spraying should be carried out suing specialist equipment that allows

the simultaneous deposition of known quantities of cementitious slurry
and chopped glass fibre. Before starting production, the spray
equipment must be calibrated to ensure that the glass fibre percentage
is achieved. Calibration to measure the deposition to ensure that the
glass fibre and cementitious slurry should be carried out using ‘Bag and
Bucket Tests’ in accordance with the methods in BS EN 1170.
These test should be carried out at the beginning of each shift, after any
alteration of the equipment controls and after any unsatisfactory ‘Wash-
out Test’ (in accordance with methods in BS EN 1170) results.
A mist coat without fibre may be sprayed; this coat should be as thin as
practicable and should be followed immediately by the first GFRC
spray. When a facing coat is used, this may be sprayed or poured and
vibrated. This coat may be allowed to stiffen but the first GFRC coat
must applied before initial sets takes place.
The GFRC materials must be sprayed and built up in thin layers of 3 -

4mm until the required thickness is achieved. The sprayed GFRC
should be compacted by a hand roller before spraying the next layer.
After the final layer has been sprayed, the thickness of the GFRC must
be checked using a template or depth gauge and compared to the
design thickness.
Unless specifically stated in the agreed manufacturing specification, the

design thickness should be considered as a minimum and no part of the
component should be below this thickness. Over-thickness will be
permitted and is to be expected particularly at corners or areas with a
deep profile. It will not be permitted if:
1. Any flat areas that exceed the design thickness by 4mm
2. The weight of the component exceeds the maximum design weight

as specified by the engineer
After checking the thickness, any areas of under-thickness should be

re-sprayed and areas of over-thickness removed and discarded. The
specified finish to the ‘back’ of the unit should be applied using a float or
roller.
13.48.5.2 Inserts and Infill Materials
Proposals for forming internal ribs and incorporating infill shall be submitted to
the architect for approval. The materials used shall comply with CEM-FIL
recommendations.
13.48.5.3 Manufacturing Tolerance
For casting tolerances, the overall height and width measured at the face
adjacent to the mould when cast shall be as follows:
The casting tolerances specified above shall be compatible with the installation
requirements of GFRC components, which may have attachment of sash, door
frames, window frames, louvres sunshades and other materials.
13.48.5.4 Storage Before Demoulding
Filled moulds must be stored on a level surface and supported in such as a

manner that they will not bow or twist.
Once the initial set has taken place, the mould shall be covered with polythene
sheet and should not be moved until demoulding.
13.48.5.5 Demoulding
The GFRC component must not be demoulded until it has gained sufficient
strength to be removed from the mould and transported without being over-
stressed. Demoulding must be carried out in such a manner that no damage
occurs to the component. If a component is too large to be demoulded by hand,
special demoulding sockets or loops must be embedded in the component and
demoulding should be done with a lifting frame. The procedure to be used
should be agreed with the engineer before starting production.
13.48.5.6 Curing
13.48.5.6.1 Moist Curing (For Non-Polymer Grades)
GFRC components should be cured at controlled temperature and humidity.

Ideally this should be seven days at 20°C and 95RH. This is not always
practical and alternative curing regimes are acceptable provided the producer
demonstrates that the procedures:
1. Enables the component to achieve the physical properties
2. Ensures that excess shrinkage caused by rapid drying does not occurs
3. The curing methods is acceptable to the architect and engineer
13.48.5.6.2 Curing of Polymer Grades
Components produced with the addition of polymer should be dry cured after
demoulding. Temperatures above 35°C and below 5°C should be avoided for
the first 2 days after the manufacture.
13.48.5.7 Storage, Handling and Transport
GFRC components must be stored, handled and transported in such a way

that:
1. No part of the component is over-stressed
2. Bowing or twisting is not induced in the component
3. No damage is caused to any part of the component, particularly edges and

corners
4. No permanent staining or discoloration is cause either by storage

conditions or the stacking/protection materials
For large components, the method of handling, storage, loading and

transporting shall be agreed with the architect / engineer.
13.48.6 Quality Control and Assurance
General
The producer should demonstrate that a good quality system is operated.

Reference may be made to PCI Manual for Quality Control – For Plants and
Production of Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete Products, EN 1169: 1999:
Precast concrete products: General rules for factory production of glass fibre
reinforced cement or similar.
13.48.7 Sampling
1. Sampling and Sample Boards
Where possible, test should be carried out on the GFRC components

themselves. If this is not possible, a sample board should be
manufactured, stored and cured in the same manner as the components it
represents. Its quality and thickness should be the same as the
component, as far as possible. Sample boards must be large enough for
sufficient coupons to be cut to meet the testing requirements of this
specification. Minimum sample board size shall be 600mm x 600mm.
2. Frequency
The producer shall be responsible for sampling at a rate that is agreed with
the architect / engineer.
13.48.8 Testing
The following test are to be carried out on sample boards and at 28 days, the
required properties shall be in accordance to Table 4.
1. Glass Fibre Content
The glass fibre content shall be determine on each freshly sprayed sample
board according to BS EN 1170.
2. Limit of Proportionality and Modulus of Rupture
The LOP and MOR shall be determine at 28 days in accordance with BS

EN 1170.
3. Bulk Density, Water Absorption and Apparent Porosity
These properties shall be determine in accordance with BS EN 1170.
The tests shall be carried out at a frequency agreed between the producer and
architect / engineer.
13.48.9 Compliance
1. General
The constituent materials should comply with the requirements of section 2

and the composition of
GFRC shall comply with Section 3. The GFRC should be produced and
cured in accordance with
Section 4. It should be sampled in accordance with Section 6. It should

meet the requirements of
Section 8.
2. Minimum Values for Compliance
Compliance is generally assume to have been met if the strengths in Table

5 are attained at 28 days.
If other properties, e.g. density or porosity are to be critical for an

application, compliance values should be agreed between the architect and
the producer.
13.48.10 Non-Compliance
13.48.10.1 Failure to Comply
1. If any single test board fails to meet any of the compliance requirements,
the GFRC at risk shall be that produced between the previous complying
test board and the next complying test boards.
2. If failure to comply arises from consideration of consecutive groups of four

boards the GFRC at risk shall be that represented by the first and the
fourth test boards together with all intervening materials.
13.48.10.2 Action in the event of Non-Compliance
In the event of non-compliance, the GFRC products from the same production
batch that the test sample was taken from are to be replaced by the producer
at his cost and expenses. The replacement GFRC products are also to be
subjected to the same test at the producer’s cost and expenses.
13.48.11 Method of Statement for the Installation of GFRC Moulding Works
13.48.11.1 Safety Measures to be Taken
Prior to beginning of any task, it is important to understand all of the safety

consideration of the task to be performed and the necessary precautions to be
taken. Safety is about performing the daily task in a safe manner. Safety is
about protecting people, property and the environment. Safety is a requirement
on the job. A daily toolbox meeting covering associated hazards, reasonable
counter-measures and the risk assessment developed will be conducted prior
to the commencement of the day's work; this will be conducted jointly with main
contractor.
13.48.11.2 Construction and Method Sequence
Proper planning and preparatory works are required before the actual erection
of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete element to ensure efficient and quality
installation. The following items should be carefully planned :
1. Method and sequence of assembly and erection.
2. Method of providing temporary supports
3. Provision for final structural connections and joint details.
4. Erection tolerances.
5. Handling and rigging requirements.
Prior to the installation of the GFRC Concrete element, it is important to

consider the following work items and check:
1. Check for site accessibility for the delivery of GFRC moulding.
2. Check delivery checklist for correct type, quantity and panel identification.
3. Check for adequate crane capacity and working clearance for hoisting of
GFRC Moulding.
4. Conduct sample measurement to confirm on the accuracy of the critical
dimensions of GFRC Concrete element opening.
5. Conduct visual inspection on concrete finishes and check for any major
defects.
6. Check the location and condition of lifting inserts before hoisting.
7. Check on the accessibility of unloading point and storage area.
8. Check that the storage area is of hard, level, clean and well-drained ground.
9. Store the GFRC concrete element where required using "first in first out"
principle according to the delivery schedule and erection sequence.
Vertical Component Installation
1. Setting Out
a. Set reference line and offset line to determine the position of the GFRC
concrete element to be installed.
b. Provided level pads (shim plates) for setting the level of the elements. Set
the level pads in position using non-shrink mortar.
c. For GFRC concrete external wall/ column, fix the compressible fonn or
backer rod on the outer perimeters of wall.
Good Practice
a) Check the accuracy of the offset line.
b) Check the shim plate level and stability.
c) For the vertical component, check the position and alignment of the
starter bars before hoisting the installation.
d) Check that the compressible form or backer rod are properly secured.
e) Check the hoisting condition of the GFRC moulding elements.
f) Check alignment and verticality of the panel. If necessary, adjust the

temporary propping to achieve the level and position of the GFRC
moulding elements.
g) Check the stability of the erected props before releasing the hoisting
cable.
h) Check that the joint width between the panels are within the design
allowances before grouting.
i) Non-shrink grout used at the interface with the GFRC moulding elements
should preferably be free flowing and self-compacting in nature so as to
ensure good compaction at the joint and minimise the risk of creaking.
j) Non-shrink grout should be prepared in accordance with the

specifications.
k) Check that all horizontal joints are properly sealed.
l) Collect sample test cubes of the grout mix used for critical elements such
loading bearing wall for testing.
m) The joint rebar should be correctly placed in accordance with the design
specifications.
n) The form work should be properly secured during the casting operation of
the joint.
o) The joint gaps should be consistent to allow for proper installation of

sealant or grout for better Water Tightness.
p) Before hoisting, check that the dimensions and alignment of the

protruding bars are within the specified tolerance, to prevent any
obstruction during the erection process.
q) Beam element should be supported at minimum two location during

hoisting.
r) Balcony, planter ledge and slap should be supported at more than two
locations, depending on the dimensions of the element and design
consideration.
s) Check on the levelness of the element as well as between the elements

before proceeding to do the jointing work.
t) Supporting beams can be designed to form parts of the formwork for the
casting of joint.

SS013 - Concrete Wall Panels

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SS013 - Concrete Wall Panels

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SS013 - Concrete Wall Panels

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GEDUNG CYBER 4 SS13/1

13.0 SUPPLY AND INSTALLATION OF CONCRETE WALL PANELS

Whenever a material, item, article or product is specified by trade/brand name,

BS5328 Concrete parts 1, 2 & 3.

CP297 Precast concrete cladding non-load bearing.

BS8297 Superseding BS297.

BS1217 Cast stone

BS12 Specification for ordinary and rapid hardening Portland cement.

BS146 Portland-blast furnace cement.

BS410 Specification for test sieves.

BS882 Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete.

BS1014 Pigments for Portland cement and Portland products.

BS1881 Methods of testing concrete.

Part 111 Method of normal during of test specimens (20C method).

Part 116 Method for determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes.

BS3797 Specification for lightweight aggregates for concrete.

BS4027 Sulphate resisting Portland Cement

BS5070 Concrete admixtures.

Part 1 Specification for accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures and

Part 2 Specification for air-entraining admixtures.

BS7583 Portland Limestone Cement

13.17 EXTRUDED CELLULOSE FIBRE REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE

Whenever a material, item, article or product is specified by trade/brand name,

Extruded Cellulose Fibre Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Panels to be used for

13.17.1 Typical Details to be in accordance to manufacture details unless otherwise

13.17.2 Bottom Panel Connection

13.17.3 Panel Connection

Panel fixed between (38x38x2)mm thick MS continuous angle support fixed to

13.17.4 Vertical Perpendicular Wall Connection

Cement Mortar finished flush with panel.

13.18.1 Dimension of Lightweight Panel

c) Cut length up to 6000mm

13.18.2 Weight and Density of Panel

a) 75 kg/m2/1680kg/m3 for 100mm thick Finewall Lightweight Panel or

13.18.3 Surface Finish

a) Ready to receive paint/direct tiling/wall-paper and the like.

13.18.4 Partition Strength

a) Shall be tested to pass BS 5234 (Severe duty)

13.18.5 Compressive Strength

Shall not be less than 4.0N/mm2 in accordance to with Singapore Standard

13.18.6 Fire Resistance

b) Certificate of conformity issued by the PSB (or local equivalent authority

13.18.7 Sound Deduction

13.18.8 Water Adsorption

a) The average water absorption must meet the requirement by SS271:1983,

13.18.9 Heat Transfer Coefficient

a) “C” = 1.0 W/sq.m C

a) Product must pass Non-Combustible Test in accordance with British Standard

b) Certificate of compliance issued by the PSB (or local equivalent authority

13.18.11 Thermal Conductivity

13.19 MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES

• Height : (+) (-) 5mm

• Width : (+) (-) 3mm

• Thickness : (+) (-) 5mm

• Bowing/Warping : 5mm in 2000mm along the length

1.5mm in 600 along the width

• Surface Furnishing: Both sides of the panel, sanded down to size

• Jointing Compound: The jointing compound shall be the same composition

• Finishing Compound: The finishing compound shall be the same composition