Problem 1: Coal-Fired Problem 2: Coal-Fired

A power plant consumes 3600 tons of coal per day. The coal has an A 100 MW base load power plant has a heat rate of 2.67x10^6
average energy content of 10,000 BTU/lb. If the overall efficiency of calories per kWhr and runs at a full load 24 hours a day. Determine
the plant is 15%, determine the power plant output. the number of tons of coal needed per day if its heating value is
Solution: 13,000 BTU per lb.
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 Solution:
𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝐽 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 × 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 100 × 106 × 24 = 2400 𝑀𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 10000 × 3600 × 2000 × 1053 ×
𝑙𝑏 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝑇𝑈 86400𝑠 = 2400000 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 877500000 𝑊
𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.15 × 877500000 = 131625000 𝑊 = 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝑴𝑾 𝐸𝑖𝑛 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 2.67 × 106 × 2400000 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑘𝑊ℎ
1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 4.186 𝐽
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 6.408 × 1012 𝑐𝑎𝑙 × × = 2.5425 × 1010 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1055 𝐽 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙
The mass of the coal can be computed by using the given heating
value
𝐸𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 =
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2.5425 × 1010 𝐵𝑇𝑈
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 =
13000 𝐵𝑇𝑈/𝑙𝑏
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 = 1955769.231 𝑙𝑏𝑠
To convert lbs to ton
1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 = 1955769.231 𝑙𝑏𝑠 × = 𝟗𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔
2000 𝑙𝑏𝑠
Problem 3: Coal-Fired Problem 4: Diesel
A coal-fired power plant has an overall plant efficiency of 27%. If the A diesel engine is used to drive a single-phase ac generator having an
coal used has a heating value of 12,000 BTU/lb and cost P50 per lb, efficiency of 85%. The generator when tested delivers a current of
calculate the fuel cost of producing one kWhr. 215-amperes at a terminal voltage of 210-volts. The amount of fuel
Solution: consumed by the engine is 12 kg per hour. If the calorific value of the
𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 1 𝑘𝑊ℎ fuel is 45 MJ/kg, calculate the efficiency of the engine.
𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 Solution:
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = = = 3.704 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 0.27 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑡 𝐼 × 𝑝𝑓 = 210 × 215 × 1 = 45150 𝑊
Converting it in BTU, 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 45150
𝑃𝑚 = = = 53117.6471 𝑊
3.6 𝑀𝐽 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝜂𝑔 0.85
3.704 𝑘𝑊ℎ × × = 12639.242 𝐵𝑇𝑈
1 𝑘𝑊ℎ 1055 𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝐽 1 ℎ𝑟
Getting the mass of the coal, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 × 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 12 × 45 ×
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 3600 𝑠
1 𝑙𝑏 𝑀𝐽
12639.242 𝐵𝑇𝑈 × = 1.0533 𝑙𝑏𝑠 = 0.15 = 150000 𝑊
12000 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝑠
The total fuel cost is then To get the efficiency of the diesel engine,
𝑃ℎ𝑝 50 𝑃𝑚 53117.6471
𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 × 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 1.0533 𝑙𝑏 × = 𝑷𝒉𝒑 𝟓𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝜂ℎ = = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟏%
𝑙𝑏 𝑃𝑖𝑛 150000
Problem 5: Diesel Problem 6: Geothermal
A diesel engine generator set burns fuel with a heating value of If a geothermal well has a temperature of 200 deg. C and the
15000 BTU per lb. The diesel engine has an efficiency of 32% while temperature of the cooling body is 30 deg. C. What is the maximum
the generator has an efficiency of 94%. If the density of the fuel is 900 thermal efficiency?
grams/liter, and costs Php 30.00 per liter, determine the fuel cost of Solution:
producing one kWhr. 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶
𝜂ℎ = × 100%
Solution: 𝑇𝐻
Express your temperature in absolute units,
FOR QUIZ NO. 1 𝑇𝐻 = 200 + 273.15 = 473.15 𝐾
The maximum thermal efficiency is then given by,
200 − 30
𝜂ℎ = × 100% = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟗𝟑%
473.15
Problem 7: Nuclear Problem 8: Hydroelectric
In fission, energy is produced when _________. A hydroelectric power plant gets its water from a dam having a
Answer: nuclear particles split height of 122.45 m at the rate of 1000 cubic meters per minute.
Calculate the plant efficiency if the output of the plant is 15,000 kW.
The common material used in nuclear fission is _______________. Solution:
Answer: Uranium 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝑄 = 9810ℎ𝑄
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 1000 𝑚3
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 9810 3 × 2 × 122.45 𝑚 × = 20020.575 𝑘𝑊
What is nuclear fusion? 𝑚 𝑠 60 𝑠
Answer: Nuclear fusion is the joining of light atomic nuclei to form 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 15000
𝑛𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 = × 100% = × 100% = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝟐𝟗%
heavier ones. 𝑃𝑖𝑛 20020.575
Problem 9: Hydroelectric Problem 10: Hydroelectric
A hydroelectric power plant gets water from a dam having a height A hydroelectric power plant has an effective head of 180 ft and
of 100 meters at the rate of 1000 cubic meters per minute. The contains 3 × 106 gal of water. If the plant has an overall efficiency of
overall efficiency of the plant is 75%. Calculate its power output in about 20%, determine the amount of energy it can generate.
kW. Solution:
Solution:
FOR QUIZ NO. 1
FOR QUIZ NO. 1
Problem 11: Hydroelectric Problem 12: Wind
A hydroelectric power plant has an effective head of 180 ft and Determine the average output of a wind turbine if its blade diameter
contains 3 × 106 gal of water. If the plant has an overall efficiency of is 35 ft with wind velocity ranging from 10 mi/h to 30mi/h.
about 20%, determine the amount of energy it can generate. Solution:
Solution: 𝑃𝑜1 + 𝑃𝑜2
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
2
FOR QUIZ NO. 1 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
1
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑣 3
2
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑃𝑖𝑛
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋 × 352 0.3048 𝑚 2
𝐴= = ×( ) = 89.3832 𝑚2
4 4 1 𝑓𝑡
𝑚𝑖 1609 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚
𝑣1 = 10 × × = 4.4694
ℎ 1 𝑚𝑖 3600 𝑠 𝑠
𝑚𝑖 1609 𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚
𝑣2 = 30 × × = 13.4083
ℎ 1 𝑚𝑖 3600 𝑠 𝑠
The individual powers are given as
1 1
𝑃𝑜1 = 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑣13 𝑐𝑝 = (1.225)(89.3832)(4.4694)3 (0.67)
2 2
= 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟕𝟔 𝑾
1 1
𝑃𝑜2 = 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝐴𝑣23 𝑐𝑝 = (1.225)(89.3832)(13.4083)3 (0.67)
2 2
= 𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝑾
3274.7976 + 88421.5146
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 45848.16 𝑊 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟖𝟓 𝒌𝑾
2
Problem 13: Solar Problem 14:
The energy radiated by sun on a bright sunny day is approximately A 30 − 𝑚2 solar panel receives a solar irradiation of 920 W/m^2 on
a) 700 W/m2 a sunny day. If the efficiency of that solar panel is known to be 94%,
b) 800 W/m2 what is the power output of this solar panel?
c) 1 kW/m2 Solution:
d) 2 kW/m2
Solution: 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂𝑡 𝐼𝐴 = 0.94 × 920 × 30 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑾
For a bright sunny day (12 pm), the solar irradiance is 1000
W/m^2