Design Principles: This likely refers to the fundamental guidelines or best practices

for designing network systems and protocols.

Web Communication Protocols for connected devices: These are standard methods
used to exchange data between devices over the web.

Web connectivity using Gateway: This involves connecting devices to the Internet
using a gateway, which acts as a bridge between different networking systems.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): A protocol for exchanging structured

information in the implementation of web services.

REST (Representational State Transfer): An architectural style for designing

networked applications, which is simpler than SOAP and uses HTTP requests to
access and use data.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The foundation of data communication for the
World Wide Web, it is the protocol used for transmitting web pages.
RESTful: This refers to web services that follow the REST architectural style, typically
using HTTP methods such as GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.

Web Sockets (Publish — Subscribe): A communication protocol providing full-duplex

communication channels over a single TCP connection, allowing servers to send
real-time updates without the client having to request them (hence
publish-subscribe).

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): A lightweight messaging protocol

often used for small sensors and mobile devices, optimized for high-latency or
unreliable networks.

AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): A protocol enabling messaging

services and systems to communicate with each other and exchange messages
reliably and securely.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): A specialized web transfer protocol for use
with constrained nodes and constrained networks in the Internet of Things. It is
designed for simple devices that need to operate with low power and low
bandwidth.
Internet Connectivity: This refers to the ability of devices to connect to the Internet
and communicate with each other.

Internet-based Communication: This pertains to the methods and protocols used for
exchanging data over the Internet.

IP Addressing in IoT: The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of interconnected devices,

each of which requires an IP address to communicate over the Internet. IP addressing
in IoT is about how these devices are assigned unique identifiers.

Media Access Control: This involves protocols that determine how data is transmitted
over a network by giving devices control over the physical medium they are using for
communication.

Application Layer Protocols: These are protocols that operate at the top layer of the
OSI model, facilitating specific data communications services, such as HTTP for web
browsing or SMTP for email.

LPWAN Fundamentals: Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies are
designed for long-range communications at a low bit rate, suitable for IoT applications.
LORA: Stands for Long Range. It is a spread spectrum modulation technique derived
from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology and is suitable for long-range
communication with low power consumption.

NBIoT: Narrowband IoT is a standards-based low power wide area (LPWA)

technology developed to enable a wide range of new IoT devices and services.

CAT LTE M1: Category M1 (Cat-M1) is a low-power wide-area (LPWA) technology

that uses a licensed spectrum and provides better coverage for IoT devices.

SIGFOX: It is a global network designed to allow low-powered devices to

communicate with Internet-connected applications over long-range wireless
connections.
 WEB CONNECTIVITY FOR CONNECTED DEVICES, NETWORK USING
GATEWAY, SOAP, REST, HTTP RESTFUL AND WEBSOCKETS

The following subsections describe the uses of gateway, SOAP, REST,

RESTful HTTP and WebSockets for connecting web objects
Communication Gateway provisions for applications and IoT communication
frameworks, management and proxy functions.

Communication gateway connects two application layers, one at sender and

the other at receiver.

The gateway also enables use of two different protocols, one at sender and
the other at receiver ends. The gateway facilitates the communication
between web server using the TCP/IP protocol conversion gateway and IoT
devices.

It also facilitates communication between the devices using CoAP client and
server using HTTP.
 The gateway provisions for one or more of the following functions:

● Connects the sender and receiver ends using two different protocols.

For example, IoT devices network maybe ZigBee network for connecting the
devices. The network then connects to the web server through a gateway.

The server posts and gets the data using HTTP. A gateway facilitates the
communication between IoT devices and web server. For example,
(i) ZigBee to SOAP and IP or
(ii) CoAP protocol conversion gateway for RESTful HTTP (Section 3.4.4).

● Functions as proxy between the system and server.

SOAP

Applications need to exchange objects on the Internet using protocols such as

HTTP. Applications may be using different languages and platforms.

Simple Object Access (SOAP) is a W3C approved open-source protocol. SOAP is a

protocol for exchange of objects between applications using XML.

It is also a protocol for access to a web service. SOAP specifies the formats and way
of communicating the messages.

Its usage is independent of the application language and platform (OS and
hardware). It is extensible and is also used for APIs for the web services and
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).

A SOAP request could be an HTTP POST or an HTTP GET request.

The HTTP POST request specifies at least two HTTP headers:

content type and content length.

A SOAP method uses HTTP request/response after the HTTP binding with the SOAP.
SOAP is a communication protocol designed to communicate via Internet.

SOAP can extend HTTP for XML messaging.

SOAP provides data transport for Web services.

SOAP can exchange complete documents or call a remote procedure.

SOAP can be used for broadcasting a message.

SOAP is platform- and language-independent.

SOAP is the XML way of defining what information is sent and how.

SOAP enables client applications to easily connect to remote services and invoke
remote methods
A SOAP message is an ordinary XML document containing the following elements −

Envelope − Defines the start and the end of the message. It is a mandatory element.

Header − Contains any optional attributes of the message used in processing the
message, either at an intermediary point or at the ultimate end-point. It is an
optional element.

Body − Contains the XML data comprising the message being sent. It is a mandatory
element.

Fault − An optional Fault element that provides information about errors that occur
while processing the message.