STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS EXPERIMENTAL REPORT

MODULE B
BEAM BENDING THEORY
(STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE)

GROUP 1
Dizhaldy Ratulangie Ichwan 1506789083
Giovani Abel 1406547023
Nadila Rahmariana 1506789165
Ridha Amalia 1506789035

Date of Experimental : April 15, 2017

Experimental Assistant : Yotrisno Lang
Date of Approval :
Score :
Assistant’s Signature :

LABORATORY OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK 2017
 MODULE B
BEAM BENDING THEORY
(STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE)

I. OBJECTIVE
This experimental work is intended to:
1. Check the accuracy of the simple bending theory by comparing the value of E
(modulus of elasticity) obtained from experiment with existing Eliterature subjected
to point load and moment load of statically indeterminate structures.
2. Check the accuracy of the moment theorem by finding the value of constant k
for the load moment at mid-span of statically indeterminate structures.

II. GENERAL THEORY

The deflections and slopes of a beam or a cantilever can be analyzed by several
theories, such as:
• The Moment Area Method / Conjugated Beam Method
• The Slope Deflection Method
For further information, ones should read, for example, Intermediate Structural
Analysis by C.K Wang

III. APPARATUS / MACHINE

1. End support with clamping 8. Hanger (large)
fixtures 9. Hanger (small)
2. End support with roller fixtures 10. Counterbalance hanger
3. Moment application complete 11. Adjustable prop assembly
4. Double pulley brackets 12. Dial gauges assembly
5. Cord assemblies 13. A1 Alloy
6. Hanger clamps 14. Perspex test beam
7. Hanger links
IV. PROCEDURE
A. 1st Experiment: Point load application at mid-span of beam with fixed-
supported and pinned-supported end.
1. Preparing two supports in 0.9 m length of span, inserting thick iron rod at the
tip of the tools. Measuring the dimensions of the thick iron rod and the
distance X.
2. Locking the drive arm at point C to set a fixed-supported condition and
pulling out the key at point D to set a pinned-supported condition.
3. Setting a hanger load and clamping it at the mid-span and preparing dial
gauges to measure the deflection at a point load application. Checking that
the end support of point D is free to rotate as the beam deflects.
4. Positioning loads one by one from 1 N to 10 N (variation of load can be
determined by the laboratory assistant). Recording gauge readings at point A
(mid-span) and D (pinned-supported end).

B. 2nd Experiment: Point load application at mid-span of beam with two fixed-
supported ends.
1. Preparing two supports in 0.9 m length of span, inserting thick iron rod at the
tip of the tools. Measuring the dimensions of the thick iron rod and the
distance X.
2. Locking the drive arm at point C to set a fixed-supported.
3. Setting a hanger load and clamping it at the mid-span and preparing dial
gauges to measure the deflection at a point load application. Checking that
the end support of point C and D are not free to rotate as the beam deflects.
At some distances from each end to mid-span of beam, the deflection and
rotation of beam is visible.
4. Positioning loads one by one from 1 N to 10 N (variation of load can be
determined by the laboratory assistant). Recording gauge readings at point A
(mid-span).
 C. 3rd Experiment: Moment load application at mid-span of beam with fixed-
supported and pinned-supported end.
1. Preparing two supports in 0.9 m length of span, inserting thick iron rod at the
tip of the tools. Measuring the dimensions of the thick iron rod and the
distance X.
2. Locking the drive arm at point C to set a fixed-supported condition and
pulling out the key at point D to set a pinned-supported condition.
3. Positioning load in two load hanger therefore couple moment acts on beam.
4. Positioning loads one by one from 1 N to 10 N (variation of load can be
determined by the laboratory assistant). Recording gauge readings at point A
(mid-span) and D (pinned-supported end).

D. 4th Experiment: Moment load application at mid-span of beam with two fixed-
supported ends
1. Preparing two supports in 0.9 m length of span, inserting thick iron rod at the
tip of the tools. Measuring the dimensions of the thick iron rod and the
distance X.
2. Locking the drive arm at point C and D to set a fixed-supported condition.
3. Positioning load in two load hanger therefore couple moment acts on beam.
4. Positioning loads one by one from 1 N to 10 N (variation of load can be
determined by the laboratory assistant). Recording gauge readings at point A
(mid-span).

V. OBSERVATIONS
L = 900 mm
X = 82.4 mm
Bbeam = 25 mm
hbeam = 3.05 mm

A. 1st Experiment
Initial Dial A = 4 mm
Initial Dial D = 12 mm
 Table A1 Dial reading for experiment 1

P Dial A Dial D
No.
(N) (mm) (mm)
1 5 13.6
8.22
2 10 11.5 14.8
3 15 14.08 15.62
4 20 16.03 16.26
5 25 17.91 16.85

B. 2nd Experiment
Bbeam = 25 mm
hbeam = 3.05 mm
Initial Dial (A) = 8.6 mm

Table B.1 Dial reading for experiment 2

P Dial A
No.
(N) (mm)
1 5
9.91
2 10 11.9
3 15 13.57
4 20 14.11
5 25 16.48

C. 3rd Experiment
Initial Dial (A) = 17.17 mm
Initial Dial (D) = 12 mm

Table C.1 Dial reading for experiment 3

P Arm Moment Dial A Dial D

No.
(N) (mm) (mm) (mm)

1 5 11.85
150 17.27
2 10 18.55 11.7
 3 15 18.95 11.55
4 20 19.32 11.21
5 25 19.6 11.07

D. 4th Experiment
Initial Dial (A) = 16 mm

Table D.1 Dial reading for experiment 4

P Dial A
No.
(N) (mm)
1 5 17.19
2 10 17.5
3 15 17.83
4 20 18.15
5 25 18.47

VI. RESULTS
A. 1st Experiment

Table A.2 Experiment deflection for Mid-span

Dial A δ Experiment
(mm) (mm)
4.65 4.22
7.8 7.5

10.22 10.08

12.5 12.03

13.7 13.91

1 1
𝐼= 𝑏ℎ! = 25 × 3.05 !
= 59.12 𝑚𝑚!
12 12
7𝑃𝐿!
𝐸=
768×𝛿×𝐼
Table A.3 modulus of elasticity of 1st experiment (mid span)

P (N) δexp L (mm) I (mm4) E (N/mm2) E (Ei-E)2

 5 4.22 900 133187.5472 1201622340
10 7.5 149880.3865 322977883.5
15 10.08 59.109635 167277.217 167852 330343.1661
20 12.03 186883.2749 362190493.2
25 13.91 202031.4339 1168235625
∑ 3055356685
St. dev 27637.64048
Emax 195489.6124
Emin 140214.3314
RE 2.26%

𝐸!"#! − 𝐸!"#$%&#'%$ 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟒 − 200000

𝑅. 𝐸𝑟𝑟 % = ×100% = ×100%
𝐸!"#$%&#'%$ 200000
= 2.26%

Table A.4 Experiment deflection for pinned

Dial D
θ
(mm)
1.35 1.6
2.47 2.8

3.3 3.62

3.9 4.26

4.4 4.85

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷
𝜃=
𝑋

Table A.5 modulus of elasticity of 1st experiment (pinned)

P (N) teta L (mm) I (mm^4) E(N/mm^2) E (Ei-E)^2

5 0.015898 134679.8674 290810136.3
10 0.040049 106927.6523 114469861.6
15 0.060316 900 59.109635 106497.36 117626.7 123862459.8
20 0.066869 128080.3095 109277716.7
25 0.095631 111948.367 32243593.68
∑ 670663768.1
St. dev 12948.58842
Emax 130575.2997
Emin 104678.1228
RE 34.71%
 𝐸!"#! − 𝐸!"#$%&#'%$ 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟕𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟕 − 200000
𝑅. 𝐸𝑟𝑟 % = ×100% = ×100%
𝐸!"#$%&#'%$ 200000
= 34.71%

B. 2nd Experiment
Table B.2 Experiment deflection for mid span
Dial A δ Experiment
(mm) (mm)
0.4 1.31
0.59 3.3

0.89 4.97

0.98 5.51

1.12 7.88

𝑃𝐿!
𝐸=
192×𝛿×𝐼

Table B.3 Modules of elasticity for 2nd experiment

P (N) δexp L (mm) I (mm4) E (N/mm2) E (Ei-E)2

5 1.31 245169.662 963690626.2
10 3.3 194649.853 379331800.6
15 4.97 900 59.10963542 193866.553 214126.295 410457121.6
20 5.51 233155.903 362125999.3
25 7.88 203789.503 106849263.9
∑ 2222454812
St. dev 23571.4595
Emax 237697.7542
Emin 190554.8352
RE 4.72%

𝐸!"#! − 𝐸!"#$%&#'%$ 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟒. 𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟐 − 200000

𝑅. 𝐸𝑟𝑟 % = ×100% = ×100%
𝐸!"#$%&#'%$ 200000
= 4.72%
 C. 3rd Experiment
Table C.2 Experiment deflection angle for mid span
Dial A M
θ P (N)
(mm) (Nmm)
0.1 0.001213592 5 750
1.38 0.016747573 10 1500
1.78 0.021601942 15 2250
2.15 0.026092233 20 3000
2.43 0.029490291 25 3750

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐴
𝜃=
𝑋
𝑀𝐿
𝑘=
𝜃𝐸𝐼

Table C.3 Stiffness for 3rd experiment (mid span)

M (Nmm) θ L I K k avg (ki-kavg)2

750 0.001213592 900 59.10963542 47.048167 16.0460097 961.1337593
1500 0.016747573 6.81857493 85.14555229
2250 0.021601942 7.92946635 65.87827581
3000 0.026092233 8.75314735 53.18584111
3750 0.029490291 9.6806928 40.51725911
∑ 1205.860688
St. dev 17.36275243
Kmax 33.40876212
Kmin 1.316742735
RE 200.00%

𝐾!"#! − 𝐾!"# 33.40876212 − 1.316742735

𝑅. 𝐸𝑟𝑟 % = ×100% = ×100%
𝐾!"#$%&# 16.0460097

= 200%

Table C.4 Experiment deflection angle for pinned

Dial D M
θ P (N)
(mm) (Nmm)
0.15 0.001820388 5 750
0.3 0.003640777 10 1500
0.45 0.005461165 15 2250
0.79 0.009587379 20 3000
 0.93 0.011286408 25 3750

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷
𝜃=
𝑋

Table C.5. Stiffness for 3rd experiment (pinned)

M (Nmm) θ L I K k avg (ki-kavg)^2

750 0.001820388 31.3654447 7.413987482
1500 0.003640777 31.3654447 7.413987482
2250 0.005461165 900 59.10963542 31.3654447 28.6425808 7.413987482
3000 0.009587379 23.8218567 23.23938108
3750 0.011286408 25.2947135 11.20821607
∑ 56.68955959
St. dev 3.764623474
Kmax 32.40720432
Kmin 24.87795737
RE 26.29%

𝐾!"#! − 𝐾!"# 32.40720432 − 24.87795737

𝑅. 𝐸𝑟𝑟 % = ×100% = ×100%
𝐾!"#$%&# 28.6425808

= 26.29%

D. 4th Experiment
Table D.2 Experiment deflection for mid span
Dial A M
θ P (N)
(mm) (Nmm)
1.22 0.014805825 5 750
1.5 0.018203883 10 1500
1.82 0.022087379 15 2250
2.14 0.025970874 20 3000
2.45 0.02973301 25 3750

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐴
𝜃=
𝑋
𝑀𝐿
𝑘=
𝜃×𝐸×𝐼
Table D.3 Stiffness for 4th experiment
 M
θ
(Nmm) L I K k avg (ki-kavg)^2
750 0.014805825 3.856407 11.5577825
1500 0.018203883 6.273089 0.96627343
2250 0.022087379 900 59.10964 7.755192 7.256081 0.24911214
3000 0.025970874 8.79405 2.36534832
3750 0.02973301 9.601667 5.50177238
∑ 20.6402888
St. dev 2.27157923
Kmax 9.52766025
Kmin 4.98450179
RE 62.61%
𝐾!"#! − 𝐾!"# 9.52766025 − 4.98450179
𝑅. 𝐸𝑟𝑟 % = ×100% = ×100%
𝐾!"#$%&# 7.256081

= 39%

VII. ANALYSIS
A. Experimental Analysis
The main objective of this experiment is to check the accuracy of the simple
bending theory by comparing the experiment modulus of elasticity with the
theoretical modulus of elasticity. Also, it is to check the accuracy of moment
theorem using the value of stiffness at mid-span of a statically indeterminate beam.
There four experiments in this module, the first and second experiment of this
module will give us the value of the modulus of elasticity of the beam, while the
third and fourth experiment will give us the stiffness.

We can begin the first experiment by setting up the support at each end of the
beam. From this experiment, we get the dial reading which we will later calculate
using an equation to find the modulus of elasticity. The beams dimension is 900 mm
in length, 25 mm in width and 3,05 mm in height. For the first experiment, the
support is fixed end and pin. So, we need to lock the drive arm on the left of the
beam, and keep the right point unlocked so it stays pinned and will be able to rotate
freely. We begin to apply the load to the beam. This load is applied in the middle of
the beam and has the value of 5N until 25N with interval of 5N each, so we take five
data. After putting the load on the beam, we continue to read the dial, which is
located in the middle of the beam and later will be turned into deflection in the data
processing. The steps stated above are then repeated for the second experiment. The
difference between the first and second experiment is that we need to lock both
drive arms for this experiment. The rest of the experiment follows the steps of the
first experiment.

Next we can do the third and fourth experiment. Like the first and second
experiment, we get the dial reading and calculate it using an equation, but this time
we use the equation to calculate the stiffness of the beam. As for the third
experiment, the setup of the drive arms is the same with the first experiment, where
one drive arm is locked and the other one remains unlocked. For the fourth
experiment is the same with the second where both drive arms are locked. For both
of these experiments, the beam that is used is the same with the first and second
experiment, so the dimensions are still the same. We apply the load of 5N to 25N
onto two load hangers. To obtain the moment we can simply multiply the load with
the distance between the two load hangers, which is called the moment arm. We
then take note of the reading of the dial in the mid span and the right end of the
beam. For the fourth experiment, we just lock both drive arms to make both fixed
ends.

B. Result Analysis
Theoretically, the modulus of elasticity of steel is equal to 200000 Mpa. From
the first experiment, we will get the reading on the dial which later we use the
formula to get the modulus of elasticity. From the dial reading and the calculation,
we get the value of the modulus of elasticity for the mid span equal to 204895.867
Mpa and we get the value of the modulus of elasticity for the right end, which is the
pinned end, equal to 130575.2997 Mpa. As we can see from the modulus of
elasticity of the experiment, it is close to the modulus of elasticity of steel, so we can
conclude that the material being used is steel. We then calculate the relative error of
the experiment by subtracting the theoretical modulus of elasticity with the mid span
modulus of elasticity, dividing it with the theoretical modulus of elasticity and
multiplying it with 100%. We calculate the relative error for both the mid span and
the pinned end. After we average the value of the error, we get 18.48%.

As for the second experiment we get the value of 237697.7542 Mpa. This value
does not differ that much from the theoretical modulus of elasticity, which as stated
before is 200000 Mpa. By obtaining this value we can calculate the relative error of
the experiment, which equal to 18.85%. We can then average the result of modulus
of elasticity of the first experiment and the second experiment. We obtain the value
of 221296.8106 Mpa. This values shows that the beam is made from steel, thus
proving the modulus of elasticity of the beam used in the experiments.

For the third experiment, we get the value of stiffness for the mid span dial and
the dial at the right end of the beam, the pinned support. Modulus of elasticity is
needed to calculate the stiffness of the beam, as the equation states, the the stiffness
can be calculated by multiplying the moment with the length of the beam and then
dividing it with the deflection multiplied by the moment of inertia and the modulus
of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity used for this equation is steel, which is
200000 Mpa. For the mid-span we get the average value of 17.362 and for the right
end we get the average value of 28,642. Also, we can calculate the relative error by
subtracting the greater stiffness with the lower one, then dividing it with the average
stiffness and multiply it with 100%. We get the value of 200% for the mid span; this
means that there is an error occurring during the process of the experiment. As for
the pinned support we get the value of 26.29% for the error. We can compare the
result from the third experiment with the third experiment. In the fourth experiment
we get the average value 7.256 for the stiffness in the mid span. This value is
significantly smaller than the value of the third experiment. Theoretically, the value
of the stiffness in the third experiment should be smaller because there is a pinned
support at the end, but as it is already stated, there is a large error occurring on the
second experiment. This error will be discussed further in the error analysis of the
experiment.
 C. Error Analysis
From the experiment, there are multiple factors that can affect the accuracy of the data
that is obtained from the experiment.as we discussed in the result analysis, we get a
large error in the third experiment with a large value of 200%. This error can occur due
to the following factors:
• Parallax error:
This error occurs due to the eyesight of the lab participant. This error may occur
during the reading of the dial when doing the experiment. Different angle of
reading will result in the data being different. Due to the dial being positioned
not perpendicular to the beam, this may result in an error.
• Lab participant error:
This error occurs due to human error, or the lab participant themselves. This
error might be the one that affects the result of experiment 3 the most. This error
may occur during the setting up of the dial. The middle dial should be
perpendicular with the beam. This dial might not have been positioned well
enough resulting an error. Another possibility of this error is due to vibration of
the ground. The dial that are used is sensitive to vibrations, so when the lab
participant is walking or moving the load it might cause vibrations that affect the
data taken. The lab participant might also bump into the equipment causing a lot
of vibrations and affecting the reading on the dial.
VIII. CONCLUSION
1. From the first experiment, we get the value of modulus of elasticity to be
195489.612 Mpa at mid-point span and 130575.2997 Mpa for the pinned-
support both having an error of 2.26% and 34.71% respectively.
2. From the second experiment, we get the value of modulus of elasticity to be
190554.8352 Mpa having a relative error of 4.72%.
3. The average modulus of elasticity of the first and second experiment is equal to
193022.2238 Mpa which proves that the beam is made from steel which has a
modulus of elasticity of 200000 Mpa.
4. The upper limit and lower limit of stiffness of the mid-span point in third
experiment are 17.351 and 14.474 with an error of 18%, and at pinned-supported
point, the stiffness is 59.963 and 29.102 with relative error of 68%.
 5. From the third experiment, the value of the upper and lower limit of stiffness
equal to 33.40876212 and 1.316742735 respectively, results in an error of 200%
for mid-point.
6. As for the fixed end on the third experiment, it is equal to 32.40720432 for
upper limit and 24.87735737 for the lower limit, resulting in error of 26.29%.
7. From the fourth experiment the value of stiffness for the upper limit and the
lower limit is equal to 9.52766025 and 4.98450179, resulting in an error of
62.61%.
8. Stiffness is inversely proportionate to modulus of elasticity, which means that
the modulus of elasticity increases, the stiffness decreases.
9. The equation used for modulus of elasticity and stiffness changes for fixed end
and pinned supports but results in the same values.
IX. REFERENCES
1. Department of Civil Engineering. Solid Mechanics Experiment Module (2013).
Structure and Material Laboratory, Universitas Indonesia, Depok.
2. The Engineering Toolbox. Elastic Properties and Young Modulus for Some
Materials (2012). Retrieved 2017-04-21.
 X. APPENDIX

Fig.1 Dial reading for pinned Fig.2 Load for experiment 1 and 2