Chapter 1 proof

1.1 proof by contradiction I start by assuming a statement is not tnrei .

eg Prove by contradiction that there is no greatest odd integer

:
.

Assumption that there is a greatest odd integer n .

nth is odd and greatest than n .

So the
assumption does not exist
greatest odd integer
50 . . -

that it
eg Prove by contradiction than
'
: n is even . n must be even .

Assumption for n
'
even there exist n which is odd . A- 21<+1

Ñ= 1212+15=41144141--2144214+1 Which is odd .

Assumption doesn't hold .

So _ - -

eg
: Prove
by contradiction that Tz is an irrational number -

Jz =
G- .
a. b. have no common factors
2- _

¥ .

=
Zab
¥2 442=2bi

A rational number be written has 8 where and b integer

.

can a are

An irrational number cannot

E. ¥EFk¥
" ' " " " .

eg prove by contradiction
: that there are
infinitely many prime numbers
P ,
-

Pn .

P =P, Pz -
. . .
-

Pn -11 .

Assumption P is not dividable by Pi Pz Pn

'

. .
.
.
.

So P is prime
① 553 irrational

Assumption .

% is a rational -

.
% =
-5 . .
a. b have no common factors .

3=-¥ b' 9k£

'

a =3 b. 271<5--365
'
'

at =3 b =

doesn't hold He irrational

So assumption .
is .

② In -1112-2 is never divisible by 4 .

Assumption a -1112 -2 is divisible by 4. there exist A- 4k 4141

.
.

4k -12.4k -13.41<+4

IN -11 )
2-
2=1412+112-2,144+212 -
2 .

=
16448k . 161<716-12 . .

=
4141<444 4141<2+41-12 .
.
are can divisible by 4 .

So assumption hold .

② K 4+412 not
. I -13k .
geometric sequence
.

Assumption k -1+34.4+44 is geometric squehce

.

.
.

4+3142=1441-414 .

1+6149112=411 -14k
' '

'
tk -12k -11=0 '

b 2- 4 a
'

CLO -

so assumption is not hold geometric sequence. is not .

④ Prove that there are infinitely many prime number .

P =P, Pz Pn -11 .
" -

Assumption P is not divisible by

Pnp
B. pz . -

is prime .

So assumption is hold .
 Chapter 2 partial factions .

11×414×+5 B C
2- 1 Partial factions
.

1×+11212×+1 ,
=
¥1 -11×+112+2×+1
5 A B Alk-11112×-111-11312×+11 -111×-1112
+
.

→
± =
1×-1171×-41 1×+1 ) -
1×-41 1×-111212×-111
t AIX -411+131×-111 11×414×-15 -_ AIX-11112×-111-11312×-111 -111×-11122 .

=
1×-1111×-4 , ( ✗ till-44
É ( =3
.

✗ = -

.
.

d- At -41+131×+11
'
=

✗ = -1 .
13=-2
,

✗ =4 13=1
A=4
.

✗ = -
I .

✗= 1. A= I
Improper fractions
- -

2.3 .

¥3T ¥
2
6×-2 ✗
-1¥ ¥1
.

= =D ,
+
1×+1,1×-1 ,
.

1×-311×+1 )
Attila -

1) +131×-11+11×+11
=

Alf-31 -1131ft ) (✗ + 111×-11

=
1×-311×-111
✗
2
= Attila -

1) +131×-11-111×-111
6×-2 = AIX -371-131×+11
✗ =/ 0=1-2 .

✗ =3 13=2
✗ = -1.13=-1-2
.

✗ = -

I A- 4 . 2

✗ . D= 't
7
¥
B 3
1×-211×+611×-131
= + + ✗
2) 1×+61 } ,
1×+111×-1 ,
I
A✗tB+¥+ ¥ , ,

ALX -1611×+31 -1131×-211×+3 ) -14×-211×+61

=
= AXLX -1111×-11 -1131×-1111×-11 -111×-111-01×+1 )
(X -
d) 1×-1611×+31
1×+111×-11
.

7 = AIX-1611×+31 -1131×-211×+31 -111×-41×+61 ✗

3 = AXLX -1111×-11 -1131×-1111×-11 -14×-111-131×+11

✗ -6 = .
13=-47 .
✗ =L .
D= -12

✗ =-3 .
Li -

¥ ✗ = -
I C=É

✗ = 2 .
A- ¥ F- 0 0=-13 LTD -
13=0 '

3
✗ A- I
6×4-5×-2 = +
% +
2Ñ+i
-1nF
✗ ☒
✗ 1×-1112×+1 ) = A
AIX -1112×-11 ) -113×12×+11 -10*-11
☒ ,

= AIX -11 ) -113

✗ (✗ -1112×+1 ) =

✗-11

6×48×-2 : Alf-1112×-111413×12×+11 -11×1×-11 2✗= Alf -1111-13

✗ =L 13--3
13=-2
.

✗ = -1 .
.

✗ = -

É C= -4 .

-2 =
-
A 11=0 . 0 = A -2 .
A=2
✗ =
0 .

A=2
3×3
=A✗+B -1¥ , + ¥2
Repeated factors
-

2- 2 .
ex -11*-2 , .

= CAX -11311×-111×-21 -14×-211-131×-11 .

2×+9 A B C - 1×-111×-2 ,

[✗ -511×+31
±
f- T
+
1×+31+1×+37 3×3=1*-13111*-2144×-21 -1171×-11
AIX -1312-1131×-511×-131 -111×-51
=
.

✗ =L . ( =-3
1×-511×+312
.

✗ =3 D= 24
2×+9 =
AIX-13.14131×-511×+3 ) -111×-51 .

A- 0 -13=9
# 9- 9A 11-13-52
.

✗ =t 0=-8-3 ✗ =
-

3. D= -

3
A §
.

✗
-

¥
_

✗ =-3 B= -
① B
C) I 11 ) .
=
↑ ,
+
( ,
1-
{, ,

②
( yr
= ↑ ,
+

①
1) [
q2
,
=
At (B) { +
, ,

②
, ¥, = At (B) +
Y ,
+ xD , ≥

3
D
①
4) ( )
=
AXTB -1 (c) +
( ,

¥
3 >
②
z( , , ,
,
=
AMB +
( % +
it ,
+
, , .

③
(D) ¥
'

4) , ,
=
✗ 413×+1-1 +
) .
Chapter 3 Parametric equations . #¥+18 #¥

3.1 Parametric equations .

Cartesian coordinates IX.

y) .

equation 9=1-1×1 .

Parametric coordinates 117-11.91+11 equation A- PHI -9=91-11 .

domain
"
:
range of pit ) IE ,
one to
-

many ✓
range range of 9th !
:

✗ = 2T ,
9=-12 -3<-123 .
✗ =
In 1-11-31 .
Y= t > -2 .

① 1-1×1 .
① 11=1--1×1
② domain .
range .
② range .

sketch
③ .
①
Y=-3µs =
¥ ;=é+É ,
× > 0

① Y .
I
'
=
#
② 0 <
talk
② b- ✗- < 6
'
0<1-1×1-9 >

g-
*

ii
- -

'
,

3.2
using trigonometril identiteslin radians )
sinzx-asinxaosx.egix-sint-2.y-aost-3-l.GR
.

y=sin2t É≤t≤ É .
✗ =
Sint , ,
-

① Show that 1×-212-119+312=1 ① y=fW .

② Sketch ②
range
-

.
.
.

①
① Sint :X -2 . lost -_
y -13 .

-9=2×17×2 .

-14<1

Sint-4 cos -12--1 .

② -1<9 ≤ 1 .

A -212-119-1312=1 .

② µ

+ -12 -31
.
1+6+2+1=6 See 't
'

✗ =
@¥ -4-12 9=6582*-2 ,
02-12-12 '

① tin wheat ≥ I
-

② sketch .

① lot -1=11-2 .

9=(11-1×-25) -2
=
It ✗ 2-2×+4-2 .

= ✗ 2-4×+3 ✗ c- R
A

② A
,
 3.3 Curve sketching
Draw Draw ✗ =L -1,11=-12
eg ✗ =3 cost -14,11=251 'ne 0≤ THE -1 +
'

:
.
,
≤ ≤ 5

0 . -141T ÉTL .TL. .

3-2-12 .
22 .
I :-| ,
0 , I ,
2 . } ,
4 . 5
'

× .
7 6.12 .

4 I 6 .
" 7 .

✗ : -2,0 2 4 6 8 lie .

ñ 2 Fa °
-

O
y 9
'

o
Y 4 16
. . .

:
1,0 I 25
1-
"
i. Y=É
'

-2*40
> 1×5412+1%12=1 ; .
>

✗ =3-1
'
-4-1.11=-13-12-1 .

8- ✗ ¥☒É¥r ,

-13+2-1=0 .

-1=52 -52,0 ,

✗ = 6-452.6+452 0
'

Lt 1-2-1
✗= 3--1.4=-31+-11 ,
-1<3 . ✗=
-

+3 4=3+-1 it > 0 .

-1=3 /y -
h :
3×-7×-21-1 É=X -3 .

-213-1-4.1-7
✗ =
2314-11 =

9×-10
2
3-1=9*2 .
2-1=1×-3 .
"

31--1
ziyy
-

3- ,

¥
,
-1=1×-6
,

" +1
1
=

Y=¥✗t- × > -2
.

1- ¥ + ≥:
8¥ ✗
.
_ _ .

= +1 =

3+1×-6 I:}
.
,

=
-92×1--4 .

=
2×-8 '

-
✗ > 3
.

6×-11

range -2<1-1×12-31
'

:
1- 25in 't
.

gosh
=

cos 2-1=1 -25in 't .

+
✗ =
3652-1 y-nbsint.io ≤ + ≤ É 11=4 -135in-1,11=6 -1632J -
E- ≤ +≤ E

sin -1=-46 .
35in -1=11 -4 .
.

"
✗ =
311-21×6-1
'
Sint -_
%
t
=
311 -
2. ¥) Y =

6+11-21*551
311 ¥1
.

=
_
-

g-
=

¥ 7- 2×1×-3-4,2
'

× =3 .
-

45
¥ =3 -

× .
=
63-21×-45 /≤ ✗≤ 7
>
y =
18 -6A .
-

Y=Ñ .
-

3≤ ✗ ≤ 3
?⃝
A- 41-tant.y-s-se.it -
E- ≤ t≤ ¥
.

lttan 't .

tant -_ ✗ -4 .

4=511-11×-412 ) .

=tll -1×2-8×+161 .

g- ✗ 2-40×+85
'

=
.

51×2 -8×1+85
'
=

51×2-8×+161 -185
'

TIX 4) 2+5 4-Js≤ ✗ ≤t

-

=
-

10 ≤ fix)≤ 20
r
Chapter 4 binomial expansion .

4.1 Expanding 11 -1mn

-

¥
"
natural 1 number latb )
"
Cran rbritininte number of terms
-

n : = .

her including traction and negative n numbers .

↳ "
11-1×1 / + nxt n
11 ;" ✗ 2-1 Mn 1) In-4×3-1 mn " " "+ "
pr.in/-inte of
-
=
number
- " '

. . . -1 terms
3 ? r!

¥
-12¥ ✗ 2+-1-141-31
' >
11-1×1-1 1- ✗ × -11-211-31141×4
'

= = +
-

+
/ +✗
.

3 ! 4!
✗ + ✗ 2- ✗ 3-1×4
'

1×1<1
'

= I
'
-

It -

✗ 1¥ = [1+1411]-31=1--3×+3-1 "
x
-
+
3-113+-1115--4 1- ✗ 13 .

3 !
= I -

5- ✗ -

-4×2--81×3 1×1.4
→"
I "

-2¥
-11
-3111-2-2114×1
-

11+4×1<=11+4×1 I -8×-1 14×12-1

'

I -8ft 48ft 256×3 1×1<-4

'

= -
.

± ± " it 1) 1-1-21
1-2×13
I -2 ✗ it
_ -
.

I 1- 2X =
11-2×1 =
It -21-22×-1 3

d- ✗
'

= l -

f -
-

IN *< ± .

It -2×0.01 =
I 0.01 f- 10.0112--210,0113=0.98995
'

- -

1%5=0.98995
☒ 9.899T
'

752=9.8995
'

II = 1.4142 .

↳✗ -
÷
= 12-1×111 f- × , -

dttx
= 12-1×711+1 & ) g- ✗
- -
+
1- ¥! ljpjz
-

2 !
¥ A. 2- ¥ ✗
2 .

¥ 1×1<-4
'

2
⇐ ✗

-4
114km -4k¥ " lkxs
"
= I -4kt -1

412=20
Ki t
'
-

22
250 ✗
.
 "
4.2
Expand latbxi
'

"
anti-tax ,
"
±

latbx )
_

.
=

1411+-4×1=211+-4×1 -1=211+-18×-1%-4 -111%2+-4 i' -1%3 :|

'
1¥
d4t✗
=

211 *✗ #2--1*-4×31
=
-

=
2-1-14 ✗ #
-
it ✗ 1×1<4
3

I
12-13×12=12+3×1 -2=[211+-32×1] -2=2-2111--4×5 ] -4111+1-2,13=111+-24731-3×14
-21-2411-2-2 '
'
=
3 !
1--3*3

=
-41--43×+1%7 ✗
2-
% ✗ 31×1<-3
4.3 Using partial fractions .

4-TX
11-1×112×1
=
1¥ +
2¥
4-d- ✗ =
Ak ✗ 1+1311-1×1 -

✗ = 2 . B = -2 .

✗ =
-1 A =3
3 -
2
11 -1×1 12 ✗ ) -
.

' '
=
311-1×5 -212 -
✗5
' "
=
311 Xi -2-1211--1×11
-
'

311 ✗ 1- ✗ 2- ✗ 31-11-11 %? -1%471--1×53

-

"
= -
-

1) 1--1×1-1 -1--1×1 -1
.

=3 -3×+3×2 -3×3-1 -

Ex -

-4×2--2×3
2--7-2×-1 -4×2 ¥-113
'

= _
1×1<1

It 112×1<1
'

l
-81×-1 AX -113×3i l t
11-4×2 /✗
.

' -
,

① K -
A . B =/ 1-4×41-2=1-4×2.1--1 1-4×4.4
③ £ "
1-4×43
1- 2×3-2×4-4×6
.

" ± ±
"
'Éi"±
"
11 -1km It # ✗ + 1km2 1km3 ② ✗ -4 Is 4 dip
'

=
-1 =
.

-11<=-8
11-41-14,2 =
1-21-141 -21-1414-41-1416
' '

=
#
1<=-41 1×1<4
-

Ésx "
! 1=0.8660 .

4
.

. , >

HKX = 1. IT .

53=1.7321
It -4111=1-15 '

#✗ =
0-15
✗ =
¥
lt-x-3-iisl-3-i-ioi.cl -3+13--1.0
Chapter 5 Differentiation .

5- I Parametic differentiation
=
%a¥
dt

✗ =
-13+-1 y -141 =

dy =
2-1

dx 3-12-11

Y Tasso normal at P where 0=-8

-

✗ =3 Sino
-
. -

-5%78 Elano .

= -

✗ =-3
.

✗= #
¥10 = -

¥
y -
¥ -5¥ = If -3=1 .

5.2 Implicit differentiation .

ddxltwn-t.LY ) % ,

d
dx 144 nyn -1% =
.

da '
% Y = ✗ +

2
✗ y
=
Y
'
+ ✗ .
zy .

% ,

✗
3
-1×-1×3+311=6 .

3×2+1 -13yd .

% +31%1=0
.
.

3×41+(342+3) :O
-

dy -3×2-1
=
DX 3443 .

4×1/4 ¥ =
to .

¥ at ii. it e
"
/ ny = ✗ + Y -2 ¥ at 1h11
'

12×4--6×2
% day
"
MY test I
.

41144k .LY + ◦
.

=
ze
.

+
-

≥
×
-

.
.

4+8*1×+12 -6%4=0
.

?¥=H%
'

.
e .

= -8 '

= ! i.
e _

.
s:3 Rates of whangee
A-- Tur
≥
dare =T .

IF when r =3

dak % % = -

DA
2Ir
'

dr

ᵈd%=2TLr .

5
'

= /OTL r -

=
30Th

V= } Tlr }
.
5=3 Er
2 '

% = b-

¥
% da ! %
'
bar # -6
'

=
- -

=
.
=

In the de¥ᵈ¥ot radioactive particles ,

the rate at which particles deecqy is

proportional to the number of particles ramaining write down a differential equation

for the rate of change of the number of particles
N
ᵈd¥ = -
KN
O EE#
the rate of loss of temperature of a body is proportional to the excess
temperature of the body over its surroundings 'o◦ .

= -

KIO -

001

dv
dt
=
-

KA % =
4%12
"

V = § TLR
}

A 4-1122
=

% % % = -

=
4¥12 -

KA
 •

-
.

d. h
(a)
de
= -

Kh .
ddhe = 0.1571h .

du = 0-6%-0-15 ah
de
v. 16Th
-

=
% d% . =
10.6-a -0.1517h) × '%h
16
=
1%31
lb )
V = 12111-521×3 .

2-
A = ↳✗
A 0.1cm %
increasing at aconstant rate of .

du
DA '

du
da
=
d"
DX ,
.
dx
da .
=
3611-11-21 ✗
' '

4£ ✗ > .

=%"¥
=
f- 4-21-11 ✗ .

=
0.1

ddfg ddtty -92152

.
= 1- 1) ✗ 10 1)
. -

DA
LAI 0.5
'

=
dy 3×3 IT .

D= A . .

dx
dt
=
ddt HA .
=
0.5 .

six .
.
= -
IT

Ibi .

% =
dd¥ -

¥ = -

t % .
-

9✗
'
% =
-9 .
I

volume decreasing at the rate of 0.2cm 31s .

DA
I
'
/
ix.
de -
=
¥
t

☒ A =
% ✗ 2<2+312×4
§ ✗ 2+6×2
'

daff =
Fox -112K .
-

¥
≥ _
µ
'
O' 2 -

6%-3
.

= _

'

-
 Chapter 6
Integration .

b- 1 Finding the area under a curve defined! parametrically .

A- yd✗+✗=tHi
4=91-1 ,
A≤t≤ b 9=-112
1- 3
:b
Aft =n9HH*idt
+ I }tx%d✗ .

✗ =tY=3t2
-

✗ = -1 A- lost ⇐
[-1-3×3] ?
4=3+2 Y=
12,13-17.1
'

cost
¥ dti
-

= -

-1--1-1=2
t :# -1=-8
-

.
.

173-1 ? Idt
'

1¥
'

=9Tdt4dt
-

ws-l.i.sn nude
-

- .

=
[ +3 ] } ¥ .

=
,
=É¥sin "
= [ ¥+51T
= # cosset
]¥÷ =
¥9K '

=
-1g
b. 2 Volumes of revolution around the x-axis
11=2×+1
.

If } 12×-11 )2d✗
vii. Pay -
dx
-1434×2+4×+1 DX
.

¥.it#,td7Eiik*EB*tiEiiE=-u-Lz4g'3+2×4×33
%'t:¥☒s
.

✗ titi =t7I
/ bag Hit 'Mde
=
-

>
a≤t≤ b.
.

V=E .

y=gµ ,
11=442-1
+
2 F- set
4=9 -
✗
% 4=-12 .

4=-12--1
'
,
g- ✗ 2=0 .

¥2b -1=4
✗ =3 ✗ → AB
Vijay dx
.
>
.

I} 19 ✗ 4- dx 9=0 .
-1=0-1 .

¥=z .

Ñ¥=8t
-
.

dx=zdt .

= -113181-18×4×4 )d✗ .
d✗=8tdt .
V=Ñ! -442.2dL
'

= -1181×-6×3 -1¥] ! V=ñffH!tk8¥dt .

=
2711 t.4.de
=b¥ñ .

=qj 1-15-274++3)dt .
=2I[ É -151¥

8-at-j.tk#--E--4t4)j-- ¥41T
'
=

=
¥ -1
6.3 Integration by substitution

1×12×+5 DX
① U=2✗ -15
.
② U=d2XtT '

✗ =
¥ ⇐ 2×+5
.

2h =L .

✗
.

=3 .

d✗=±du F-¥ "

.

1M¥ /
u.udu-ti-uu-i-tu-iidu.HU
I Tu -idu
.

"

Eridu -

-5¥
☆

=/¥u÷Éu±du =

=
,!
UÉ 8- title (2×+5)-5 _
.

_
512×+5)¥
(2×-151%512×+5)=3 10 6
10 6

taosxsinxlltsinxidx
HsinX=U .

du
dx=wsx .

lsihltl )3=u3
sins - U -1 .

=/ In -
1) U
>
du .

"
±
/ In -
u
}
) du
,

=
# ¥ -

Hint -1115 lsinxtl / 4 -

4
_

t.XIX-li.de I cosxditsinxdx .

u=✗ -11 A- It sins .

% ,
=L .
ᵈdY=ws✗ .

1,3in du % u÷du
>
-
1) u .
.

=
-1¥ ¥ ] ? - :[ Eu-342

=
'
¥ .
= 1,22<-3/1252 -

1)

6.4 Integration by parts

tukxdx-iuv-tvd kdxd xluvl-ud k-ivd ftd xluh-t.ir ᵈdkd✗+tvᵈdYd✗ .

luddkctx-lddxluvidx-lvddY.dk .

I
 / ✗ cosxdx tx4n✗d✗ .

/ ✗ kids 1? lnxdx .

uix.ddyu.wsxu-lnx.dk ¥ "
u=x?%=e
=
"
"

u=1nx 4 .

V=e×
'

"
✓ sins ✓ =p
# lnx -1¥ 'Éd✗
= .
.

jsinxdx -4nF ×]! IX. xldx

'
xsinx e' tézxdx
'
=
= - .
= ✗ -

.
= - -

= ✗ sinxtcosxtl = Ink -

I If = Met -

z✗e✗+2e
"
-1L .
= 21h2 Int
-
-
[✗ ] ?
=
-531nA Ftc -

=
21h2 -1 .

tésinxdx 1×4 / nxdx

/# DX
.

u=e×dd¥=sin✗ "
.

v. toss
U=h✗ ×
=µnHd✗
. .

V=-¥-
.

ex.ws't / cosy .e✗d✗

lnx.EE?-t-ix-4dl1nxi=-et.wsx+exsinx.-1exsinxdr---Elnx-
= -

=/
.

1¥ # dx
lnxk-ix-3-11-i-x-%Edx-k-exwsx-et.int
I
:( -
.
=

i. = - e' aosxtessinx
=
Ink -
dx .

¥
'

I-n-iexwsxt-isi.mx -1L :
=
Int -1L
.

- .

6.5 Partial fractions

1×-5
1×-1111×-2 ,
DX .

sins .

b. 6 Solving differential equations

tease .

184=1-1×191×1 .

= e.
✗
sink / cfinxiédp .

/ gly ,dY= / finds His

=e✗sinx- exaosx-fex.com )dx
11-1×4 = ✗ tang

exsinx-exasx.tt/dY=tiFxadxtYYnydy--l + Fvdx
efsinx-etosx.to
. .
*

g. =

lnlsinYH-i-lnlHXY-c.tn/sinYl=-lnlHx4tlnk 2
lsinyl-k.tl -1×2 '

dy -314-21
= 11141)
DX 12×-1111×+2 ) .

-3
DX
/ ytz dY= / (2×+111×+2)
'

3- AIX -1214131.2×-111
-
_

✗ = -2 . 13=-1 .

✗ =
-
I D= -2
' 2

zdiy-t -z-zx-adx tn/Y-2I=ln1xt21- lnkxt1lt nk y-z=klEiYi-H

/ y _

1<=2
.­
r­