Wave Resistance Prediction of Hard-Chine Catamarans through

Regression Analysis
Xuan P. Pham
Research Student
Dept. of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering
Australian Maritime College
PO Box 986, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia.
Tel: +61-3-6335 4822
Fax: +61-3-6335 4720
E-mail: [email protected]
Kishore Kantimahanthi
Research Scholar
Dept. of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering
Australian Maritime College
PO Box 986, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia.
Tel: +61-3-6335 4884
Fax: +61-3-6335 4720
E-mail: [email protected]
Prasanta K. Sahoo
Lecturer (Hydrodynamics),
Dept. of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering
Australian Maritime College
PO Box 986, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia.
Tel: +61-3-6335 4822
Fax: +61-3-6335 4720
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
This paper establishes a regression equation to estimate the wave resistance of a systematic series of
high-speed, hard-chine catamarans based on the data attained by using SHIPFLOW, a CFD software
package. The primary aim of this investigation is to determine wave resistance characteristics of
slender hard-chine configurations of catamaran hull forms in the high-speed range corresponding to
Froude numbers up to 1.5. A systematic series of 18 hard-chine demi-hulls were generated, and their
wave resistance in calm water determined using SHIPFLOW. Nature and degree of reliability of
SHIPFLOW software package have been briefly examined. Relevant technical papers have been
reviewed and the significant variables identified for the regression equation. The recorded data were
then statistically analysed to determine an accurate regression equation. The achieved regression
equation has been compared with three empirical methods that have commonly been used so far.
The accuracy of the established regression equation has been seen to deviate appreciably by various
sources of uncertainties. Verification of the equation with experimental database is also lacking.
Further research is therefore needed to refine the accuracy as well as to complete the selection of
crucial parameters employed. However, the results obtained have shown considerable promise, and a
regression equation for predicting wave resistance of catamarans in calm water can be seen as
achievable.
1.

Introduction

Catamarans account for 43% of the fleet by vessel numbers as given by the report of Drewry Shipping
Consultants (1997). Slender hull forms and higher speed capabilities provoked the need of
technological evolution in predicting their preliminary characteristics of resistance. Calm water
resistance of catamarans is in general attributed to two major components namely, frictional resistance
and calm water wave resistance. The former has been acceptably determined from ITTC-1957 line
whilst the latter still remains to be a stimulating question to the researchers. It is understood that the
solutions cannot be generalised by one simple formula but varied in accordance with specific
configurations of catamarans.
With the advent of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), there is hope for further development. In
this paper a computational package, SHIPFLOW, is used to generate data of wave making resistance
of hard chine hull forms, and the regression equations were developed based on the data. In the end
credibility of these equations have been compared with several other theoretical methods presently
available. The present length of catamarans is limited to 120-130 m and this paper concentrates on
single hard-chine hull forms with transom stern. The model parameters have been based on data of
modern catamarans found from the literature survey and on the suggestions given by Doctors et al.
(1996).
2.

Prediction Of Total Resistance - Background

The background of the work has been based on some of the important modern methods in application
so far. These methods have been briefly explained below.
a) Insel & Mollands method (1991)
This method was developed based on linearised wave resistance theory and experimentally compared
with test data from a Wigley hull form and a series of three round bilge hull forms at different values
of separation ratios. This method is applicable to catamarans possessing parameter ranges as shown in
table 1. The total resistance of the catamarans is given by:
CTcat

= (1 + k) CF + CW

(1)

Where, is introduced to take account of pressure field change around the demi-hull and takes
account of the velocity augmentation between the hulls and would be calculated from an integration
of local frictional resistance over the wetted surface and (1+k) is the form factor for the demi-hull in
isolation. For practical purposes, and can be combined into a viscous interference factor , where
(1 + k) = (1 + k)
CTcat = (1 + k) CF + CW
Where is wave resistance interference factor and is given by:
C W cat
[C (1+ k )C F ]cat
=
= t
C W mono
[C t (1+ k )C F ]mono

(2)
(3)

(4)

For demihull in isolation, = 1, = 1.

In addition to this report of Molland et al. (1994) gives the experimental data of a systematic series of
high-speed displacement catamaran forms in which the viscous form factors are shown as in table 2.
b) VWS Hard Chine 89 Series Regression Methodology (1995)
This method was proposed by Zips (1995) using multiple regression analysis of test data intended to
predict the resistance of hard chine catamarans with hull parameters in the scope of the VWS Hard
Chine Catamaran Hull Series 89. This series is valid for the ranges shown in table 3.
The total resistance is given by:
(5)
RT = [R F + ( R g )]
Where, RF, the frictional resistance and the residual drag-to-weight ratio, R are given by Zips (1995).
c) Millwards Method (1992)
In his investigation Millward (1992) has reported his test results on a series of catamarans
characterised by hull length-to-beam ratio (L/B) of 10 and a beam-to-draft ratio (B/T) of 2. Millward
(1991) in fact intended to adhere to the common parameter range as suggested by Insel and Molland
(1991).
He introduced a new wave resistance coefficient ,
CW* =

where,

R* =

RW

8
B 2T 2
g
2
L

R*
Fn 2

(6)

and RW is the wave resistance.

The frictional resistance is calculated using ITTC 1957 line. From this, the total resistance (RT) of
catamaran can be found by:
RT = 2[(1 + k ) R F + RW ]

3.

(7)

Series Generation

The result of the literature survey on 50 contemporary catamaran configurations when integrated with
the results shown by Doctors et al. (1994) have led to the parameters shown in table 4. A parent hull
form was developed with CB= 0.55, L/B=15 and B/T=2.0. Basing on this hull form, a total of 18
models were developed (total including the parent hull form). The details of the models are shown in
the table 5. Only the demi-hulls were considered during hull form generation which were later

extended to twin hulls, with demi-hulls being symmetrical with respect to each other and with respect
to their individual centre-line planes.
4.

Computational Fluid Dynamics program SHIPFLOW

SHIPFLOW was developed as a pioneering effort to address the complication of fluid flow
characteristics around moving objects both in fully submerged situation and in free surface situation.
Even though SHIPFLOW is intended specially for marine applications, it has also been extended to
sufficiently solve closely related problems such as highly turbulent flow around automobiles.
Major areas in which SHIPFLOW has been found to be highly applicable include calculation of ship
hull resistance both viscous and wave-related, development of wave profiles and sequential matters
consisting of trim and sinkage characteristics, changes in velocities and pressure field around objects
such as propellers. Some of these problems remain a challenge to researchers in order to produce
more sophisticated CFD program to handle the complex phenomenon of fluid and object interactions.
According to Larsson (1993), the development of SHIPFLOW is based on three major methods
each applied in its most efficient zone of fluid condition:
(i)
Zone1: Potential flow method.
(ii)
Zone2: Boundary layer method.
(iii)
Zone3: Navier-Stokes method.
Potential flow method is used to analyze the fluid-flow in the outermost area of the free surface
designated as Zone 1 in Figure 4. In this zone the fluid-flow is treated as continuous streamlines
starting from fore end of the ship, and extending up to the aft end. The region of free surface that
describes the thin boundary layers along the ship hull is defined as Zone 2. The nature of fluid-flow
change as the fluid moves along the hull in this region. The boundary layer theory is used to compute
the fluid characteristics in zone 2. The laminar flow starts from the stagnation point, diverge gradually
as it moves downstream, and when they reach the transition point where the viscous force is
insufficiently strong to bond the streamlines, it breaks down and become turbulent.

The remaining region of the free surface is fully turbulent and will have wakes. It is specified as zone
3 and extending far aft from the transition point which is usually about amidships. Navier- Stokes
theory is applied in this zone to calculate the energy and hence the corresponding resistance incurred.
5.

Outputs of SHIPFLOW

SHIPFLOW takes the offset table of half a demi-hull as the input data. Even though SHIPFLOW is
capable of computing both frictional and wave resistance coefficients, only the latter is analysed since
the purpose of this paper is to predict the wave-making resistance and the frictional resistance
coefficient can be adequately estimated using ITTC-1957 line. Figures 4 to 7 illustrate wave profiles
for model M17 at Froude number of 1.0 and different hull separation-to length ratios.
6.

Regression Analysis of Cw Data

(a) Independent variables

In conducting the regression analysis of the data, it is worthy to know the dependent and independent
variables. In ascertaining the independent variables, this paper followed the guidelines given by
Fairlie (1975). Fung (1993) has proposed the advantages and disadvantages of the speed dependent
against speed independent regression analysis. The later has been utilized to develop the mathematical
models.

(b) Selection of variables

A speed independent regression model has been chosen to develop the regression equations for
Froude numbers from 0.4 to 1.5 in increments of 0.1. The computation of frictional resistance
coefficients (CF ) complies with the ITTC 1957 line. The choice of CW as the dependent variable was
determined instead of total resistance coefficient since it is very ambitious to assign a form factor for
an individual model without tank tests. Furthermore, other literature studies have also used CWFn to
illustrate the results from speed-independent regression analysis.
Clarke (1975) proposed a regression equation format for resistance coefficient in which block
coefficient CB has been used as a useful independent variable. According to Clarke (1975), when we
look at the variables that effect wave resistance, the initial selection needs to be more general and may
look like this:
CW = f{ L, B, T, LCG, CB, CP, CM, L/B, B/T,L/1/3, S/L,Fn }
(8)
Carmock (1999) reduced the number of variables to be evaluated basing on the following arguments:
Length, beam and draught are covered by the ratio functions and therefore can justifiably
removed due to duplication.

CB = CP CM =

and therefore it can be argued that CB would cover variations in L/1/3, CP,
LBT

and CM. Hence, L/1/3, CP, and CM can be discounted.

Hence wave resistance coefficient can be represented as shown in equation 9.
CW = f{ L/B, B/T, CB, S/L, Fn }

(9)

As this analysis is speed-independent, Fn can be discounted. Therefore the final selection of four
independent variables S/L, B/T, L/B and CB results to:
CW = f(L/B ,B/T,CB, S/L)

(10)

(c) Generalised Form of Regression Equation

With CW as the dependent variable, and the target vessel type being catamaran where S/L could be a
significant parameter, the following expression has been assumed for wave resistance coefficient:
CW = Const.( L / B) 1 ( B / T ) 2 C B 3 ( S / L) 4

(11)

By taking natural logarithms of both sides, the above expression can be written as:
ln(CW) = + 1ln(L/B) + 2ln(B/T) + 3ln(CB) +4ln(S/L)

(12)

The input dependent variables have now become natural logarithms of S/L, B/T, L/B and CB, and the
dependent variable is the natural logarithm of wave resistance coefficient CW. The analysis was then
carried out using Statistica99 software package. The measured data from SHIPFLOW is shown in
table 6 to table 9. The data was then transformed into natural logarithms to form the feeding
independent variables for the regression analysis software Statistica99.
(d) Analysis results
Regression analysis was conducted for all Froude numbers, table 10 briefly presents the partial
outputs of the regression analysis at Fn = 1.0. The overall observation is that a high accuracy for the
regression curve to fit in the data is achieved ( R2 generally greater than 99.5%). Table 11 gives the
summary of regression coefficients. Substituting the values of , 1,2,3,4 from table 11 in equation
and taking inverse logarithms, we obtain:

CW = exp(.911271)(L/B)-2.279982(B/T)-1.317368(CB)0.979194(S/L)0.004593

(13)

It should be emphasized again at this stage that the regression equation derived from the data may
only be used to predict the performance of a new design that closely matches the character of the
following points:
The principal hull form parameters must fall within the range of values covered by the data.
All other parameters must fall within the range of values covered by the data. This includes any
predicted values of the dependant variables.
When the data ships have a particular character the proposed ships must have the same character.
This refers to factors such as the bow and stern profiles, hard-chine or round-bilge hull
configuration, etc.
7.

Comparison of Results

The report by Molland et al. (1994) contains the total resistance coefficients for 13 test models, of
which model 6c is selected for comparison. Wave resistance coefficients, CW are shown in table 12.
Frictional resistance coefficients are calculated using ITTC-1957 formula. Then CW and CF are
substituted into equation (1) to find out the total resistance coefficient (CT) for the model at the
required Fn and demi-hull separation-length ratio. These CT values are tabulated and can be compared
with those of real test models recorded in the report. Figures 8 to 11 shows the graphical comparison
of these two sets of data. It can be seen that both follow similar trends and good agreement is
achieved between the two sets of results. There is still some noticeable margin of error, which may be
attributed to the difference in hull form ie. chine-hull (research models) against round-bilge (test
models), the possible deviation caused by the block coefficient of test models (CB = 0.397) being well
below the specified ranges for the application range of regression equations (0.5 < CB < 0.6).
Collectively, the regression equations predict relatively well the total resistance coefficients for
catamaran having similar characteristics with the systematic series.
8.

9.

Conclusions and Recommendations

It is very useful to re-conduct the regression analysis on experimental data so as to achieve better
regression equations.
The validation of developed regression equations using hard-chine model test data is much
appreciated. Corrections may be needed to account for trim effects and interference effects, which
can only be better analysed by using towing tank test data.
Integrating new geometric parameters such as deadrise angle and half angle of entrance into the
regression analysis to observe their influences.
Developing regression equations for lower range of Froude number (below 0.4) and at smaller
Froude number increment (e.g. 0.05).
Acknowledgments

The authors are greatly indebted to their friends and colleagues for constructive criticisms. Our
gratefulness to the authorities for making available the resources for carrying out this research without
which this paper would not have materialised.
10.

Nomenclature

L
B
BWL
T
CW

Length between perpendiculars

Catamaran demi-hull beam
Demi-hull beam at waterline
Draught
Wave resistance coefficient

CT
LWL
LOA
LCG

Total Resistance Coefficient

Length at waterline
Overall length
Longitudinal Centre of Gravity
Volume displacement

WSA

Beam-to-draught ratio
Length-to-beam ratio
Slenderness ratio
Block coefficient
Coefficient of frictional resistance
Midship section coefficient
Prismatic coefficient
Froude number
Reynolds number
Catamaran demi-hull separation
Demi-hull separation-to-length
ratio
Wetted surface area

11.

References

B/T
L/B
L/1/3
CB
CF
CM
CP
Fn
Rn
S
S/L

WSA/L2 Dimensionless wetted surface area

(1+k) Form factor for the demi-hull in
isolation.

Wave resistance interference factor

Viscous resistance interference factor

M
Angle of deadrise amidships
g
Acceleration due to gravity (= 9.81
m/s2)
i
Regression coefficients

Intercept in regression equation

R
Residual drag to weight ratio

Bhattacharyya, R., Doctors, L.J., Armstrong, N.A., Smith, W.F., Chowdhury, M., Pal, P.K., &
Timms, R. (1996), Design of High-Speed Marine Vehicles Catamarans. Australian Maritime
Engineering Corporate Research Centre (AMECRE) Workshop, Lecture 8, 1214 June, Sydney,
Australia.
Carmock, A.M. (1999), Calm Water Resistance Prediction of Catamarans through Regression
Analysis. 4th year thesis (unpublished), Faculty of Maritime Transport and Engineering, Australian
Maritime College, Launceston.
Drewry Shipping Consultants (1997), FAST FERRIES: Shaping the Ferry Market for the 21st Century.
Drewry Shipping Consultants Ltd., London.
Fairlie-Clarke, A.C. (1975), Regression Analysis of Ship Data. International Shipbuilding Progress 22
(251), pp. 227-250.
Fung, S.C. & Leibman, L. (1993), Statistically-Based Speed-Dependent Powering Predictions for
High-Speed Transom Stern Hull Forms. NAVSEA 051-05H3-TN-0100.
Insel, M. & Molland, A.F. (1992) An Investigation into Resistance Components of High-Speed
Displacement Catamarans, Transactions of Royal Institute of Naval Architects, 134, pp.1-20.
Larson, L. (1993), Resistance and Flow Predictions Using SHIPFLOW Code 19th WEGEMNT
School, Nantes, France.
Millward A., (1992), The Effect of Hull Separation and Restricted Water Depth on Catamaran
Resistance, Transactions of Royal Institute of Naval Architects, 134, pp. 341-349.
Molland, A.F., Wellicome, J.F., & Couser, P.R., (1994), Resistance Experiments on a Systematic
Series of High Speed Displacement Catamaran Forms: Variation of Length-Displacement Ratio and
Breadth-Draught Ratio, Ship Science Report No. 71, University of Southampton, Southampton,
United Kingdom.
Zips, J.M., (1995), Numerical Resistance Prediction based on the Results of the VWS Hard Chine
Catamaran Hull Series 89, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Fast Sea
Transportation (Fast 95), September 25-27: Lubeck Travemunde, Germany, Session 1-1B, 1, pp.
67-74.

Parameter

Range

S/L =

S/L =

S/L =

S/L =

L/B

6 to 12

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

B/T

1 to 3

CB

0.33 to 0.45

S/L

0.2, 0.3, 0.4 & 0.5

Fn

0.2 to 1.0

B/T 1 + k 1 + k 1 + k 1 + k

L/1/3
8.5

1.5

1.44

1.43

1.44

1.47

8.5

2.0

1.41

1.45

1.40

1.38

8.5

2.5

1.41

1.43

1.42

1.44

1.42

1.44

1.42

1.43

Average

Table 1. Parameter Range as per Insel &

Molland (1991)

9.5

1.5

1.48

1.44

1.46

1.48

9.5

2.0

1.42

1.40

1.47

1.44

9.5

2.5

1.40

1.40

1.45

1.44

1.43

1.41

1.46

1.45

Average

Table 2. Form factors of catamarans (Molland

et al. 1994).
Parameter

Range

Geometric

Length

20 to 80 m

Parameters

Displacement

25 to 1000 tonnes

L/B

10 to 20

Fn

0.8 to 1.4

B/T

1.5 to 2.5

LWL/BXDH

7.55 to 13.55

CB

0.5 to 0.6

16o to 38 o

L/1/3

6.6 to 12.6

0 o to 12 o

Range

Table 4. Range of Catamaran geometric

parameters

Table 3. Parameter Range as per Muller-Graf

(1993)
Models

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

M8

M9

M 10 M 11 M 12 M 13 M 14 M 15 M 16 M17

M18

CB

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.55

0.59

L/B

10.40 10.40 15.60 20.80 20.80 10.40 15.60 15.60 15.60 20.60 10.40 10.40 15.60 15.60 20.80 20.80 13.00 17.20

B/T

1.50

2.50

2.00

2.00

1.50

2.00

2.00

1.50

2.50

1.50

2.00

1.50

1.86

1.60

L/
1/3

6.69

7.93

9.67 10.62 12.58 7.13

8.49

9.35 10.08 11.33

6.30

7.47

8.24

9.09

9.98 11.86 8.07

9.12

0.16

0.12

0.09

0.11

0.09

0.17

0.13

0.11

0.09

0.08

0.10

WSA/L

1.50

0.08

2.50

0.06

0.14

2.50

0.08

0.07

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60
2.50

0.06

0.55

0.11

M (deg) 23.14 23.20 26.68 22.96 23.25 23.80 26.43 23.80 19.15 23.80 24.53 16.21 24.02 20.58 24.02 16.21 24.53 24.66

Table 5. Model details

M 1

M 6

M 11

M 17

M 2

M 3

M 7

M 8

M 12

M 14

M 18

M4

M 9

M 15

M 5

M 10

M 16

M 13

F ig u re 1 . B o d y P la n s o f th e M o d e ls

Figure 3. The Zonal approach in SHIPFLOW (SHIPFLOW 2.3, 1997)

Figure 5. M17 (S/L=0.4, Fn = 1.0)

Figure 4. M17 (S/L=0.2, Fn = 1.0)

Figure 7. M17 (S/L=0.5, Fn = 1.0)

Figure 6. M17 (S/L=0.3, Fn = 1.0)

Fn Values

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

M1

0.016

0.0182

0.0129

0.0086

0.006

0.0045

0.0036

0.0029

0.0025

0.0022

0.0019

0.0017

M2

0.0064

0.0086

0.0062

0.0042

0.0029

0.0022

0.0018

0.0015

0.0013

0.0012

0.0011

0.001

M3

0.004

0.0044

0.0031

0.0021

0.0015

0.0012

0.001

0.0008

0.0007

0.0006

0.0006

0.0005

M4

0.0034

0.0033

0.0023

0.0016

0.0012

0.0009

0.0008

0.0006

0.0006

0.0005

0.0004

0.0004

M5

0.0013

0.0015

0.001

0.0007

0.0005

0.0004

0.0003

0.0003

0.0003

0.0002

0.0002

0.0002

M6

0.0107

0.0129

0.0094

0.0064

0.0045

0.0033

0.0026

0.0022

0.0019

0.0016

0.0015

0.0013

M7

0.0074

0.0073

0.0051

0.0035

0.0025

0.0019

0.0015

0.0013

0.0011

0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

M8

0.0043

0.0048

0.0034

0.0023

0.0017

0.0013

0.001

0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

0.0006

0.0005

Model Number

M9

0.0027

0.0032

0.0024

0.0016

0.0012

0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

0.0006

0.0006

0.0005

0.0005

M 10

0.0023

0.0024

0.0017

0.0011

0.0008

0.0007

0.0005

0.0005

0.0004

0.0004

0.0003

0.0003

M 11

0.0191

0.0202

0.0148

0.0101

0.0071

0.0053

0.0041

0.0034

0.0028

0.0023

0.0019

0.0016

M 12

0.0072

0.0094

0.0073

0.005

0.0035

0.0027

0.0022

0.0019

0.0017

0.0016

0.0015

0.0017

M 13

0.0044

0.005

0.0037

0.0025

0.0018

0.0014

0.0012

0.001

0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

0.0007

M 14

0.0042

0.004

0.0028

0.0019

0.0014

0.0011

0.0009

0.0008

0.0006

0.0006

0.0005

0.0004

M 15

0.0015

0.0017

0.0012

0.0009

0.0007

0.0005

0.0004

0.0004

0.0003

0.0003

0.0003

0.0003

M 16

0.0076

0.0084

0.006

0.0041

0.0029

0.0022

0.0018

0.0015

0.0013

0.0011

0.001

0.0009

M 17

0.0048

0.0049

0.0035

0.0024

0.0017

0.0013

0.0011

0.0009

0.0008

0.0007

0.0006

0.0005

M 18

0.0079

0.0078

0.0056

0.0038

0.0028

0.0021

0.0017

0.0014

0.0012

0.001

0.0009

0.0008

Table 6. Wave Resistance Coefficient (Cw) from SHIPFLOW at S/L ratio of 0.2

Fn Values
Model Number
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
M 10
M 11
M 12
M 13
M 14
M 15
M 16
M 17
M 18

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

0.0159
0.0068
0.0042
0.0034
0.0013
0.011
0.0075
0.0045
0.0029
0.0024
0.0192
0.0075
0.0046
0.0043
0.0016
0.0078
0.005
0.008

0.0156
0.0073
0.0038
0.0029
0.0013
0.0113
0.0066
0.0042
0.0028
0.0021
0.0182
0.0085
0.0045
0.0036
0.0015
0.0075
0.0044
0.0071

0.0109
0.0051
0.0027
0.0021
0.0009
0.0079
0.0046
0.003
0.002
0.0015
0.0129
0.0061
0.0032
0.0025
0.0011
0.0052
0.0031
0.005

0.0075
0.0036
0.0019
0.0015
0.0006
0.0055
0.0032
0.0021
0.0015
0.0011
0.0089
0.0043
0.0023
0.0018
0.0008
0.0036
0.0022
0.0035

0.0056
0.0027
0.0015
0.0011
0.0005
0.0041
0.0024
0.0016
0.0011
0.0008
0.0065
0.0032
0.0017
0.0014
0.0006
0.0027
0.0017
0.0026

0.0044
0.0021
0.0012
0.0009
0.0004
0.0032
0.0019
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.005
0.0026
0.0014
0.0011
0.0005
0.0022
0.0013
0.0021

0.0036
0.0018
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0026
0.0015
0.0011
0.0008
0.0006
0.0041
0.0022
0.0012
0.0009
0.0004
0.0018
0.0011
0.0017

0.003
0.0015
0.0008
0.0007
0.0003
0.0022
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.0005
0.0034
0.0019
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0015
0.0009
0.0014

0.0026
0.0014
0.0007
0.0006
0.0003
0.0019
0.0011
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0028
0.0017
0.0009
0.0007
0.0003
0.0013
0.0008
0.0012

0.0022
0.0012
0.0006
0.0005
0.0002
0.0017
0.0009
0.0007
0.0006
0.0004
0.0023
0.0016
0.0008
0.0006
0.0003
0.0011
0.0007
0.001

0.0019
0.0011
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0015
0.0008
0.0006
0.0005
0.0003
0.002
0.0015
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.001
0.0006
0.0009

0.0017
0.001
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0013
0.0007
0.0005
0.0005
0.0003
0.0016
0.0017
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0009
0.0005
0.0008

Table 7. Wave Resistance Coefficient (Cw) from SHIPFLOW at S/L ratio of 0.3

Fn Values
Model Number
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
M 10
M 11
M 12
M 13
M 14
M 15
M 16
M 17
M 18

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

0.0153
0.0066
0.004
0.0033
0.0013
0.0108
0.0074
0.0044
0.0028
0.0023
0.0189
0.0076
0.0046
0.0042
0.0016
0.0078
0.0049
0.0079

0.0141
0.0065
0.0035
0.0027
0.0012
0.0102
0.0061
0.0039
0.0026
0.0019
0.0167
0.0076
0.0041
0.0034
0.0014
0.0075
0.0041
0.0066

0.0102
0.0048
0.0026
0.002
0.0009
0.0074
0.0044
0.0028
0.0019
0.0014
0.0121
0.0056
0.003
0.0025
0.001
0.0052
0.003
0.0048

0.0074
0.0035
0.0019
0.0015
0.0006
0.0053
0.0032
0.0021
0.0014
0.0011
0.0086
0.0042
0.0022
0.0018
0.0008
0.0036
0.0022
0.0035

0.0056
0.0027
0.0015
0.0012
0.0005
0.0041
0.0024
0.0016
0.0011
0.0008
0.0064
0.0032
0.0017
0.0014
0.0006
0.0027
0.0017
0.0026

0.0044
0.0022
0.0012
0.0009
0.0004
0.0032
0.0019
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.005
0.0027
0.0014
0.0011
0.0005
0.0022
0.0013
0.0021

0.0036
0.0018
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0027
0.0015
0.0011
0.0008
0.0006
0.0041
0.0022
0.0012
0.0009
0.0004
0.0018
0.0011
0.0017

0.003
0.0015
0.0008
0.0006
0.0003
0.0022
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.0005
0.0034
0.0019
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0015
0.0009
0.0014

0.0025
0.0013
0.0007
0.0006
0.0003
0.0019
0.0011
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0028
0.0017
0.0009
0.0006
0.0003
0.0013
0.0008
0.0012

0.0022
0.0012
0.0006
0.0005
0.0002
0.0016
0.0009
0.0007
0.0006
0.0004
0.0023
0.0016
0.0008
0.0006
0.0003
0.0011
0.0007
0.001

0.0019
0.0011
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0014
0.0008
0.0006
0.0005
0.0003
0.0019
0.0016
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.001
0.0006
0.0009

0.0016
0.001
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0013
0.0007
0.0005
0.0005
0.0003
0.0016
0.0019
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0009
0.0005
0.0008

Table 8. Wave Resistance Coefficient (Cw) from SHIPFLOW at S/L ratio of 0.4

Fn Values
Model Number
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
M9
M 10
M 11
M 12
M 13
M 14
M 15
M 16
M 17
M 18

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

0.0145
0.0062
0.0039
0.0032
0.0012
0.0103
0.0072
0.0042
0.0027
0.0022
0.0183
0.0073
0.0045
0.0041
0.0015
0.0074
0.0047
0.0077

0.0134
0.0061
0.0034
0.0027
0.0011
0.0096
0.0059
0.0037
0.0025
0.0019
0.0159
0.0071
0.0039
0.0033
0.0014
0.0065
0.004
0.0064

0.01
0.0047
0.0025
0.002
0.0009
0.0072
0.0043
0.0028
0.0019
0.0014
0.0118
0.0055
0.003
0.0024
0.001
0.0049
0.0029
0.0047

0.0073
0.0035
0.0019
0.0015
0.0006
0.0053
0.0032
0.0021
0.0014
0.0011
0.0086
0.0042
0.0022
0.0018
0.0008
0.0036
0.0022
0.0035

0.0056
0.0027
0.0015
0.0012
0.0005
0.0041
0.0024
0.0016
0.0011
0.0008
0.0065
0.0033
0.0017
0.0014
0.0006
0.0027
0.0017
0.0026

0.0044
0.0022
0.0012
0.0009
0.0004
0.0032
0.0019
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.005
0.0027
0.0014
0.0011
0.0005
0.0022
0.0013
0.0021

0.0035
0.0018
0.001
0.0008
0.0003
0.0026
0.0015
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.004
0.0022
0.0012
0.0009
0.0004
0.0018
0.0011
0.0017

0.0029
0.0015
0.0008
0.0006
0.0003
0.0022
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.0005
0.0033
0.0019
0.001
0.0008
0.0004
0.0015
0.0009
0.0014

0.0025
0.0013
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0019
0.0011
0.0007
0.0006
0.0004
0.0028
0.0017
0.0009
0.0006
0.0003
0.0013
0.0008
0.0012

0.0021
0.0012
0.0006
0.0005
0.0002
0.0016
0.0009
0.0006
0.0006
0.0004
0.0023
0.0016
0.0008
0.0005
0.0003
0.0011
0.0007
0.001

0.0018
0.0011
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0014
0.0008
0.0006
0.0005
0.0003
0.0019
0.0016
0.0007
0.0005
0.0003
0.0009
0.0006
0.0009

0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0.0004
0.0002
0.0013
0.0007
0.0005
0.0005
0.0003
0.0016
0.0019
0.0006
0.0004
0.0003
0.0008
0.0005
0.0007

Table 9. Wave Resistance Coefficient (Cw) from SHIPFLOW at S/L ratio of 0.5

Regression Summary for Dependent Variable: ln(Cw) at Fn = 1.0

R= .99865017
R= .99730217
Adjusted R= .99714110
F(4,67)=6191.9

p<0.0000

Std.Error of estimate: 0.03540

BETA

St. Err. of BETA

St. Err.of B

t(67)

Ln(S/L)

0.002393

0.006346

0.911271

0.058404

15.60276

5.37E-24

0.004593

0.012178

0.377187

0.707226

Ln(L/B)

-0.913372

Ln(B/T)

-0.410460

0.006352

-2.279982

0.015856

-143.7930

0.000000

0.006408

-1.317368

0.020567

-64.05308

Ln(CB)

0.107555

0.000000

0.006410

0.979194

0.058359

16.77888

1.1E-25

Intercept

Table 10. Outputs of Regression Analysis for Fn = 1.0

Fn

0.4

2.507751

-2.255878

-1.819332

0.921796

-0.026670

0.5

2.448887

-2.424720

-1.582805

0.861936

-0.278595

0.6

2.231476

-2.442478

-1.528469

0.931836

-0.232555

0.7

1.898569

-2.402987

-1.489982

0.961013

-0.129839

0.8

1.543052

-2.351095

-1.442334

0.965683

-0.046904

0.9

1.208420

-2.308691

-1.384697

0.966650

-0.004858

0.911271

-2.279982

-1.317368

0.979194

0.004593

1.1

0.063404

-2.257688

-1.240560

0.995197

-0.004378

1.2

0.391235

-2.242743

-1.155136

1.021166

-0.017454

1.3

0.162273

-2.233282

-1.050167

1.036256

-0.027712

1.4

0.002700

-2.235047

-0.908676

1.119485

-0.031137

1.5

-0.028588

-2.268397

-0.692935

1.326583

-0.035505

Table 11. Summary of Regression Coefficients

p-level

S/L=0.2
Fn

S/L=0.3

S/L=0.4

S/L=0.5

S/L=0.2

S/L=0.3

S/L=0.4

S/L=0.5

Test

Test

Test

Test

Regression Regression Regression Regression

0.40

0.008052

0.008371

0.008234

0.008086

0.007653

0.007743

0.007782

0.007598

0.50

0.009561

0.008476

0.008013

0.00785

0.007952

0.007517

0.007325

0.007244

0.60

0.00769

0.007151

0.006896

0.006802

0.006747

0.006521

0.006532

0.006517

0.70

0.006516

0.006516

0.00624

0.006171

0.006064

0.005998

0.005992

0.006047

0.80

0.005937

0.005986

0.005825

0.005816

0.005637

0.005671

0.005703

0.005769

0.90

0.005679

0.005724

0.005556

0.005555

0.005505

0.005517

0.00557

0.005623

1.00

0.005422

0.005492

0.00546

0.00535

0.005398

0.005466

0.005488

0.005524

Table 12. Comparison of Model Test data of Molland et al. [1994] against Regression Method.
0 .0 1

R e g r e s s io n

M o de l T est

0 .0 0 9

0 .0 0 8

0 .0 0 7

0 .0 0 6

0 .0 0 5
0 .3

0 .4

0 .5

0 .6

0 .7

0 .8

0 .9

F n [a t S /L = 0 .2 ]

Figure 8. Comparison between Experimental and regression results for Model 6C (S/L=0.2)

0 .0 1

R e g re s s io n

M o d e l Te st

0 .0 0 9

CT

0 .0 0 8

0 .0 0 7

0 .0 0 6

0 .0 0 5
0 .3

0 .4

0 .5

0 .6

0 .7

0 .8

0 .9

F n [a t S /L = 0 .3 ]

Figure 9. Comparison between Experimental and regression results for Model 6C (S/L=0.3)

0.01

R e g re s s io n

M odel Test

0.009

CT

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005
0 .3

0.4

0 .5

0 .6

0.7

0 .8

0 .9

F n [ a t S /L = 0 .4 ]

Figure 10. Comparison between Experimental and regression results for Model 6C (S/L=0.4)
0.01

R e g re s s i o n

M o d e l Te s t

0.009

CT

0.008

0.007

0.006

0.005
0.3

0 .4

0.5

0.6

0 .7

0.8

0 .9

F n [a t S / L = 0 . 5 ]

Figure 11. Comparison between Experimental and regression results for Model 6C (S/L=0.5)