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MTL101-Tutorial Sheet 3

This document contains 16 problems related to inner product spaces. The problems cover topics like defining an inner product, proving certain sets form inner product spaces, finding orthonormal bases, and properties of inner products like Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and Bessel's inequality. The document provides tutorial problems for a linear algebra and differential equations course.

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Mohammad Ansar
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50 views2 pages

MTL101-Tutorial Sheet 3

This document contains 16 problems related to inner product spaces. The problems cover topics like defining an inner product, proving certain sets form inner product spaces, finding orthonormal bases, and properties of inner products like Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and Bessel's inequality. The document provides tutorial problems for a linear algebra and differential equations course.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Ansar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI
MTL101 (LINEAR ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS)
2023-24 SECOND SEMESTER TUTORIAL SHEET-III

1. If x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ), y = (y1 , y2 , y3 ), show that


< x, y >= 10x1 y1 +3x1 y2 +3x2 y1 +2x2 y2 +x2 y3 +x3 y2 +x3 y3 defines an inner product in R3 (R).

2. Let V (C) be the vector space of all complex valued functions on the unit interval, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
If f (t), g(t) ∈ V, define ∫ 1
< f, g >= f (t)g(t)dt.
−1
C
Prove that this is an inner product.

3. Prove that the set of all n × n matrices forms an inner product space over F where F is
either real or complex, the inner product being defined as

< A, B >= trace (AB ∗ ),

where B ∗ is conjugate transpose of B.

4. Let <, > be the standard inner product on R2 .


(a) Let x = (1, 2), y = (−1, 1). If z is a vector such that < x, z >= −1 and < y, z >= 3, find
z.
(b) Show that for any x in R2 we have x =< x, e1 > e1 +< x, e2 > e2 .

5. In Rn (R), prove the following:


(a) < x, y >= 0 ⇐⇒ ∥x − y∥2 = ∥x∥2 + ∥y∥2
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(b) ∥x + y∥2 + ∥x − y∥2 = 2∥x∥2 + 2∥y∥2


(c) ∥x∥ = ∥y∥ ⇐⇒< x + y, x − y >= 0
Are the results valid in C n (C)?

6. In C n (C) prove that


(a) 4 < x, y >= ∥x + y∥2 − ∥x − y∥2 + i∥x + iy∥2 − i∥x − iy∥2
(b) If x ̸= 0, then ∥x + ix∥2 = ∥x∥2 + ∥ix∥2 , but < x, ix ≯= 0
(c) If ∥x + y∥2 = ∥x∥2 + ∥y∥2 and ∥x + iy∥2 = ∥x∥2 + ∥iy∥2 then < x, y >= 0

7. Let V be an inner product space. The distance between two vectors x and y in V is de-
fined by
d(x, y) = ∥x − y∥.
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Show that
(a) d(x, y) ≥ 0;
(b) d(x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y;
(c) d(x, y) = d(y, x);
d(x, y) ≤ d(x, z) + d(z, y).
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(d)
2
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8. Consider C 3 , with standard inner product. Find an orthonormal basis for the subspace spanned
by x1 = (1, 0, i) and x2 = (2, 1, 1 + i).

9. Suppose {v1 , v2 , v3 , . . . . . . , vn } is an orthonormal basis of an inner product space V. Show


that for each u ∈ V, the numbers < u, vi >, i = 1, 2, . . . , n are coordinates of u with respect to
the basis.

10. Let M be a subspace of Rn and dim M = m. A vector x ∈ Rn is said to be orthogo-


nal to M if < x, y >= 0, ∀y ∈ M. How many vectors can be orthogonal to M ?
If M = {(x1 , x2 , x3 ) : x1 + x2 + x3 = 0}, determine a maximal set of linearly independent vectors
orthogonal to M.

11. If V is a finite dimensional inner product space and W is a subspace of V, then V = W ⊕ W ⊥ .


C
12. Let V be the real inner product space consisting of the space of real-valued continuous
functions on the interval, −1 ≤ t ≤ 1, with the inner product
∫ 1
< f, g >= f (t)g(t)dt.
−1

Let W be the subspace of odd functions, i.e., functions satisfying f (−t) = −f (t). Find the or-
thogonal complement of W.

13. If W is a subspace of an inner product space V and v ∈ V satisfies


< v, w > + < w, v > ≤ < w, w > ∀w ∈ W, then prove that < v, w >= 0 for all w ∈ W.

14. Let x and y be two vectors in an inner product space V. Prove that Cauchy- Schwarz inequality
( i.e. |< x, y >|= ∥x∥∥y∥) becomes equality if and only if x and y are linearly dependent.
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15. Suppose B = {x1 , . . . . . . , xn } be any othonormal set of the vectors in an inner product
space V. Let Y be any vector in V. Prove that Bessel’s inequality becomes equality if and only if
Y ∈ L(B).

16. Let an inner product in P 2 over the real field be defined as


∫ 1
< p(x), q(x) >= p(t)g(t)dt.
0

Starting from the basis {1, x, x2 } of P 2 obtain an orthonormal basis.


Ra
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