PYTHON SHORT NOTES

String: Sequence of characters, enclosed –“ ”/’ ’/””” “””, ordered, immutable, duplicates allowed
Accessing Items: Indexing ,slicing and for loop
Functions: capitalize(), title(), upper(), lower(), lstrip() ,rstrip() ,strip(), swapcase(), replace(), find(),
split(), join() ,endswith(), startswith(), del, index(), count(), isalnum(), isalpha(), isdecimal(), isdigit(),
isnumeric(), islower() ,isupper(), istitle(), isspace(), zfill(),center().
List: collection of heterogeneous datatype, enclosed –[ ], ordered, mutable duplicates allowed
Accessing Items: Indexing ,slicing and for loop
Functions: append(), extend(), insert(), remove(), pop(), clear(), del, sort(), reverse(), index(), count()
Tuple: collection of heterogeneous datatype, enclosed –( ), ordered, immutable, duplicates allow
Accessing Items: Indexing ,slicing and for loop
Functions: Index(), count()
Set: collection of immutable items, enclosed in –{ }.,unordered, mutable, duplicates not allows
Accessing Items:for loop
Functions:remove(), discard(), pop(), clear(), del, add(), update(), union(), intersection(),
intersection_update, difference() ,difference_update() ,symmetric_difference,
symmetric_difference_update(), issubset(), issuperset(), isdisjoint(),
Frozen set: collection of immutable items, enclosed in –{()}.,unordered, immutable, duplicates not
allow.
Accessing Items:for loop
Functions: Union(), intersection(), difference(), symmetric_difference.
Dictionary: collection of key and value pairs, enclosed in –{ }., ordered, mutable, duplicates allows
Keys:immutable,Values:mutables
Accessing Items: Indexing ,slicing and for loop
Functions:Dict_name[keyname], update(), pop(), popitems(), clear(), del, fromkeys(),setdefault().
Bool: True and False

Key Features: Easy to learn and use,Expressive,Interpreted,cross platform,free and open source,OOp
lang,vast library support,GUI support,Embeddable ,Dynamic
Applications:Web,software development, Business, Enterprise, Image processing, Game ,Audio & Video
based,Console-based,Desktop GUI.

Arithmatic (+) Addition,(-)Substraction,(*)Multiplication,(/)Division,(%)Modulas,(**)Exponents, (//)Floor Division

Assignment (=) equal to,(+=) plus equal to,(-=) minus equal to,(*=) multiplication equal to , (/=) division equal, (//=)
floor division equal to ,(**=) exponent equal to ,(%=) modulas equal to
Comparision (==) equal to,(!=) not equal to,(<) less than,(>) greater than,(<=) less than equal to,
(>=) greater than equal,
Membership in:If present gives true otherwise false, not in: If not present gives true otherwise false
Logical and: T&T=T otherwise F, or: F or F=F otherwise T,not:Negation
Identity is:memory location same gives true, is not: memory location not same gives true
Bitwise (&)bitwise and,(|)Bitwise or,(^)Bitwise xor,(>>)Right shift,(<<)left shift,(~)Bitwise not
IF Else: if (condition): It is also called as decision making statement, condition is
Statements nessesary in if block.
else: Else block is optional
Statements
IF Elif else: if (condition): We can apply multiple conditions using number of times
Statements elif statements
elif(condition):
Statements
else:
Nested IF else: if (condition): We can use if inside if number of times and also we can
if(condition): apply condition inside conditions number of times
...
else:
Statements
else:
Short hand if: if (condition) : (statement) Use to avoid long code for single condtiton and satement
in if block
Short hand if else: (State) if (condi) else (State) Use to avoid long code for single condtiton and when
there is only one statement in if and else block

For loop: for var_name in (sequence): iterate,which means when we know how many times a
(conditions) statement has to be executed
(statements)
…………………
Nested for loop: for var_name1 in (sequence): We can use number of times for loops inside a for loop
for var_name2 in (sequence2):
(conditions)
(statements)
…………………
While loop: While condition: Use to iterations but we have to initialize and increment
(Statements) value manually
…….
Nested while loop: While condition: We can use number of times While loops inside a for loop
While condition:
(Statements)
…….
For else: for var_name1 in (sequence): After for/while block else block is executed
While else: or
While condition: (Statements)
else:
states

List comprehension: [expression for loop if condition] It provides a short syntax for creating a new list based
on the values of an existing list.

Loop control state: Break:It is use in only loop,it stop further lines of code and iterations
Continue:Its stop current iterations and it continue with next iteratio

Pass statement There is no statement in loops or condition it use to avoid errors

Buildin Exceptions AttributeError,IndexError,ValueError,NameError,IndentationError,
TypeError,KeyError,ZerodivisionError,OsError,Unicodeerror
try-except try:
Code
except:
statements
Try:Test the block of code
Except:It will handle the error
try-except-else try:
Code
except:
statements
else:
statements
else:If there is no error in try block then else block get execute
try-except-finally try:
Code
except:
statements
finally:
statements
Finally: It get execute at every time after the execution of try or except block
traceback It is library,it give detail information of error in else block
raise We can pass our own massage to the error we can use in if else block
Function It is a block of statements performing some specific task.
Built-in-function --: The function which is already define in python
User define function --: The function which is define by user
Function arguments i)positional:When we are passing constants while calling function
ii)Keyword: When we are passing variables with constants while calling function
iii)Arbitary Positional:When we don’t know how many argument as contants we are
calling
iv)Arbitary Keyword: When we don’t know how many argument as variables with
contants we are calling
return When function find out return statement,it will exit the function scope
Lambda Function It is anonymous function defining with lambda reserved keyword,We can
perform small operation and expression should be one and we can pass
number of arguments ,no need to use return,

zip()
filter()

map()

all()
any()
chr()
Ord()
bin()
bool()
enumerate()
range()
print()
input()
eval()
abs()
dir()
round()
iter()
pow()
divmod()
open()
Object:It is physical entity,Every thing in python is an object.
Method:It is function in say as method in class.
Self:It is keyword and it is mandatory as first parameter in method, also use to access
variable and methods inside the class.
__init__ method: It is reserved method in python,it will get automatically executed when
we create an object ,we can access parameters of the class in __init__method
calling__init__ method in child class:We can call parent’s __init__ method in child class by
two ways 1)By Parent class name, 2)By super()
1.Inheritance:Inheritance allows a class to inherit the properties from other class
i)Single Inheritance Child class is derived from only one parent class called single inheritance
ii)Multilevel Inheritance The inheritance of a derived class from another derived class is called as
multilevel inheritance
iii)Multiple Inheritance When a class is derived from more than one base class it is called multiple
Inheritance.
iv)Hierachical Inheritanve When more than one classes are derived from one base class it is called
Hierachical Inheritance
v)Hybrid Inheritance It may be contain more than one type of inheritance
2.Polymorphism: We can use same function but with different signature into multiple classes
3.Encapsulation: Provide protection for data modification with the help of private
modifiers.
Name mangling: We can modify private method with the help of name mangling
Hence we can say that python is not 100% OOPs lang.
4.Abstraction: First we need to inmport library ,Use to hide the internal functionality and we
can also say that it can hide complexity of program with the help of @abstractmethod
Overriding: when parent and child class contain same function name then parent class get
overridden by child class .
Overloading:when many classes contain same function but different parameters called as
overloading.

Module Python file with extension .py is called module,it contains

functions,variables and classes
Important Keywords
1.import:use to import modules,libraries packages
2.from:We can import specific names from a module
3.as:Used to rename the module
4.(__name__=__main__):if in same module
Package It is simply directory having collection of modules and __init__.py
file
File Handling It allows to user handle files.
Modes:”w”-use to create file if not exist,if exist it overwrite,”r”-use to
read file if exist ,if not gives error,”a”-use to create file if not exist ,if
exist it add text,”x”-use to write file if exist it gives error.
:use to remove file
:use to check file exist or not
:use to create a directory
:use to create nested directory
:use to remove directory,
:use to get current directory path
:use to get list of files in directory
:use to join two paths
:return element wise addition of two array
:return element wise multi of two array
:return dot product of two array
:return element wise substaction of two array
:return element wise division of two array

:Return mean of array and use when no outliers

:Return median of array and use when outliers
:Return standard deviation of array
:Return varience of array .

:Return solution of linear equation of array

:Return inverse of array
:Return determinant of array

:Return solution of natural log

:Return solution of base 2 log
:Return solution of base 10 log

:covert degree to radian value

:covert radian to degree value
:return trigonometric angle of sin
:return trigonometric angle of cos
:return trigonometric angle of tan
:return value of pi.