CHAPTER # 4

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

TOPICS:
1) APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES IN DIFFERENT FIELDS
2) INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES
➢ Definition, General form, Order of a matrix
3) TYPES OF MATRICES
➢ Square, Rectangular, Row, Column, Transpose, Equal, Null matrix
➢ Diagonal, Scalar, Unit matrix
➢ Submatrix, Symmetric, Skew-symmetric matrix
➢ Triangular – Upper and Lower, Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian matrix
➢ Singleton, Horizontal, Vertical, Singular, Non-singular matrix
➢ Orthogonal, Idempotent, Involutory, Nilpotent, Periodic matrix
4) PROPERTIES OF SYMMETRIC & SKEW-SYMMETRIC
MATRICES
5) MATRIX OPERATIONS
➢ Addition, Subtraction, Negative of a matrix, Scalar and Matrix Multiplication,
Division
6) PROPERTIES OF MATRIX OPERATIONS
➢ Closure, Associative, Identity, Inverse, Commutative, Distributive
7) DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
➢ Definition, Minor and Cofactors, Laplacian expansion, Sarus Rule
8) ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
➢ Definition, Shortcut Trick
9) INVERSE OF A SQAURE MATRIX
➢ Definition, Invertible & Non-invertible square matrix
10) PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS, ADJOINT & INVERSE OF A
SQUARE MATRIX
11) ELEMENTARY ROW AND COLUMN OPERATIONS ON MATRIX
12) ROW ECHELON & REDUCED ROW ECHELON FORM OF A
MATRIX
13) RANK OF A MATRIX
➢ Definition, Trick
14) SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
➢ Homogenous and Non-Homogenous
➢ Types of solutions – Consistent & Inconsistent
15) CRITERIA TO CHECK CONSISTENCY OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS
➢ Rouche – Capelli theorem
16) SOLUTION OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
➢ Matrix method, Cramer’s Rule, Gaussian Elimination, Gauss – Jordan Elimination
MCQs:
i 2 0 
1) If A = 
2
2
, then I 2 A is equal to
0 i 
A) A B) I 2
C) A + I 2 D) None
1 −1 2 3
then ( B −1 A−1 ) =
−1
2) If A =   and B =  
2 3  −1 −2 
3 5  2 −3
A)   B)  
1 0  −1 −2
 −2 −3  0 −3
C)   D)  
 −1 −2   −1 −2
3) Consider the statements
I) If A is symmetric, then A2 is also symmetric
II) If A is skew-symmetric, then A3 is also skew-symmetric
III) If A is skew-symmetric, then A2 is also skew-symmetric
Then which of the following is true.
A) Only I and II are true B) Only I and III are true
C) Only II and III are true D) All are true
4) If A is a square matrix of order 4 and A = 2 , then AdjA =
A) 2 B) 4
C) 8 D) 16
5) If A is a matrix of order 10 and k is a scalar then ( k A ) =
t

A) k t At B) k At
1 t 1
C) t A D)
k k
1 a a2
6) 1 b b 2 =
1 c c2
A) (a − b)(b − c)(a − c) B) −(a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
C) (a − b)(b − c)(c − a) D) None
7) The transpose of a matrix of cofactors is said to be
A) Matrix of cofactors B) Adjoint of matrix
C) Rectangular matrix D) None
1 0 2 
 
8) If A =  1 2 4  , then A =
1 2 4 
 
A) -1 B) 3
C) 0 D) 1
9) If A is a square matrix of order n then A. AdjA equals to
A) I B) A
C) A I n D) None
10) Rank of identity matrix of order 3 is
A) 0 B) 1
C) 2 D) 3
 ln 2 4 
11) If   is a singular matrix then a =
 6 a
23 29
A) B)
ln 2 ln 2
21 24
C) D)
ln 2 ln 2
1 0 0 
12) Inverse of 0 1 0  is
0 0 1 
 −1 0 0  0 0 1 
A)  0 −1 0  B) 0 1 0 
 0 0 −1 1 0 0
1 0 0 
C) 0 1 0  D) None
0 0 1 
13) If C and D are two matrices of order p  q and q  p respectively then DC is a matrix of
order
A) p  q B) q  p
C) p  p D) q  q
4 0 0 0
6 8 0 0
14) Value of the determinant =
7 4 1 0
9 2 6 10
A) 0 B) 50
C) -50 D) 320
15) If A is a square matrix of order 4, and A = 5 then −2 A =
A) 10 B) 20
C) 40 D) 80
16) Which one is generally not true if A, B and C are matrices?
A) A + B = B + A B) A ( BC ) = ( AB ) C
C) A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B ) + C D) AB = BA
1 a b+c
17) 1 b c + a =
1 c a+b
A) 0 B) (a − b)(b − c)(c − a)
C) abc D) 1
 −1 6 
18) If B =   , then adjoint of B is
 0 3
1 0  3 −6 
A)   B)  
 6 −3  0 −1 
1 6 3 0
C)   D)  
 0 3 6 1
 1 0 2   4 0 2 
19) 3 X +  2 1 3  =  −1 −2 0  , then X =
1 1 5   0 1 7 
1 0 0 1 0 0 
A)  −1 −1 −1 B)
1 −1 1 
 
 3 0 4  3 0 4 
 1 0 0 
 
C)  −1 −1 −1  D) None
 
 −1 3 0 2 3 
1 0 2 
20) If X = 0 2 1  , then X −1 =
1 −1 1 
 −3 2 4  3 2 4
A)  −1 1 1  B)  −1 1 0 
 2 −1 −2   2 −1 −2 
3 2 4   0 12 5 
 
C)  1 1 0  D)  −1 1 0 
 2 −1 −2   2 −1 −2 
5 8 2
21) If 
A = 0 −112 2  is a singular matrix then what is the value of a =
9 −2a a 
A) 2 B) 4
C)-4 D) 6
1 4 7
22) 2 5 8=
1 6 9
A) 1 B) 2
C) 6 D) 4
 a11 a12 a13 
 
23) If A =  a21 a22 a23  , then A =
a 
 31 a32 a33 
A) a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 B) −a12 A12 + a22 A22 − a32 A32
C) a13 A31 + a23 A32 + a13 A33 D) None
5 2   −1 5
24) If X  = , then X =
 −2 1  12 3
2 4 1 3
A) 
3 
B) 
3 2 −1
1 0  2 2
C)   D) 
0 1   22 2 
 1 0 0  2 1 4
25) For the matrices, A = 0 1 0 , B = 1 4 0  . Which one is true?
0 0 1   4 3 8 
A) A + B = B B) AB = A
C) B + A = B D) BA = B

x + 2 y + 3z = 0
26) The system 2 x + 5 y + 3z = 0 has ____ solution
x + 8z = 0
A) Trivial B) Non-Trivial
C) Consistent D) Inconsistent
27) For any two matrices, conformable for multiplication, ( AB −1 ) =
−1

A) BA−1 B) A−1B
C) BA D) AB−1
28) The condition for the system of linear homogenous equation to have a trivial solution is
A) A = 0 B) A  0
C) A  0 D) A  0
29) If any two rows in a square matrix are identical then A =
A) 0 B) 1
C) -1 D) Can be any value
30) The sum of the product of the elements of a row (or column) by the cofactors of the
corresponding elements of different row (or column) is
A) 0 B) 1
C) -1 D) Equal to matrix
 1 −1 2 −3 
 
31) The rank of the matrix  2 0 7 −7  is
 3 1 12 −11
 
A) 4 B) 3
C) 1 D) 2
1 1 9
32) Solution set of the system 4 x − 3 y + 2 z − 3 = 0, x + y − 3z = 0, x + y + z − = 0 is
2 4 2
 15 12 
A) (1, − 1, 0) B)  ,3, 
7 7
C) ( −3, 0,5 ) D) ( 2,10, 43)
33) If A, B, C are three matrix such that AB = C , then which is true?
C
I) B = II) B = CA−1 III) B = A−1C
A
A) I and II B) II and III
C) III only D) I only
 a 16 
34) If   is singular, then
b 4 
A) a = 16, b = 4 B) a = −16, b = 4
C) a = −4, b = −16 D) a = 16, b = −4
 −1 1 0
35) 2 3 −1 =
2 1 2
3 3 0 0 1 0
A) 5 3 −1 B) 5 3 −1
3 1 2 3 1 2
3 3 7
C) 5 3 −1 D) None
3 1 5
2 0 0
36) If A =  0 3 0  , then A5 =
 0 0 1 
8 5 1 6 0 0
A)  25 34 0  B) 0 6 0
 0 0 8  0 0 6
32 0 0 5 0 0 
C)  0 243 0  D)  0 25 0 
 0 0 1   0 0 125
1 0 0
37) 2 cos x sin x =
3 sin x cos x
A) 1 B) 0
C) cos 2x D) sin 2x

x + 2 y = 11
38) The system of the equation
−3x − 6 y = 33
A) Only one solution B) Finite many solution
C) No solution D) Infinite many solution
39) If A and B are square matrices of same order then ( A + B ) = A2 + 2 AB + B 2 if
2

A) AB = BA B) A = − B
C) A = B−1 D) A−1 = B

x+ y+z =6
40) Value of  for which the system of equation 4 x +  y −  z = 0 does not have a solution
3x + 2 y − 4 z = −5

A) 3 B) -3
C) 0 D) 1

41) Let A be a non-singular matrix, which of the following is true?

A) ( At ) = ( A−1 )
−1 t −1
B) A−1 = A

C) ( A2 ) = A−1
−1
D) None
 7 2 −3 1 9
2 3 −2 0 2
42) Value of the determinant 6 4 5 3 3
6 7 1 2 4
7 2 −3 1 9
A) 1 B) 0
C) 50 D) -50
43) If A = 12 and a matrix B is equal to transpose of matrix A then B =
A) 1 B) 12
1 1
C) D) −
12 12
1 3 2   x 
44) If 1 x 1 0 5 1   1  is null matrix then x equals to
0 3 2  −2
−1 1
A) B)
2 2
C) 1 D) −1
45) If A is 3  4 and B is a matrix such that At B and BA are both defined, then B is of order
A) 3  4 B) 3  3
C) 4  4 D) 4  3
46) If A is any square matrix, then ( A + At ) is
t

A) 2A B) 2 At
C) −( A + At ) D) A + At
1 
47) If A = 1 2 3 , B =  2 then AB =
 3
A) 1 2 3 B) 1 4 9
C) 14 D)  −2 −1 4
48) If A, B and C are non-singular matrices, then (CBA)−1 =
A) A−1B−1C −1 B) C −1B−1 A−1
C) ( ABC )−1 D) ABC
 0 −1 0 2 
 −5 −6 0 −3
49) If M =   , then M =
 4 5 −2 6 
 
 0 3 0 −4 
A) 0 B) -10
C) -20 D) 20
50) Sum of two skew symmetric matrices is always ____ matrix
A) Symmetric B) Skew symmetric
C) Hermitian D) Skew Hermitian
 1 2 3
51) 4 5 6 =
7 8 9
A) 231 B) 256
C) 100 D) 0
 a 2 −3 
52) If the matrix  b c 5  is a skew symmetric matrix, then a + b + c + d + e + f =
 d e f 
A) 1 B) 0
C) -4 D) 10
5 5 x x 
53) If A = 0 x 5 x  and A2 = 25 , then x =
0 0 5 
A) 5 B) 4
1 1
C)  D) 
5 4
54) ( CD ) =
t

A) C t Dt B) Dt C t
C) ( DC )
t
D) None
55) If each element in any row of a square matrix is 0, then the value of its determinant is
A) 1 B) 2
C) 0 D) -1
56) If B is a non-singular matrix and A is a square matrix then B −1 AB =
A) A−1 B) A
C) B −1 D) B
42 1 6
57) 28 7 4 =
14 3 2
A) 2 B) -2
C) 0 D) 1
1 3 5 
58) If A =  2 4 7  , then the cofactor A31 is equal to:
 9 8 6 
A) 1 B) -1
C) 0 D) 2
2 3
59) Find the value of y if = 2y + 9
−4 1
A) 1.5 B) 1.3
C) 2.5 D) None
sec x 1
60) =
1 sec x
A) − tan x B) tan 2 x
C) 1 − tan 2 x D) None
 t
1 2  1 1
61)  2 0  1 1 =
 0 1  0 1
3 3 3 1 0
A)  2 3  B)  3 0 2
 2 2   2 2 2
 3 3 2 2 3 0
C)  2 2 0  D) 1 2 0 
1 1 1   2 1 2
a 2 − b2 b2 − c2 a2 − c2 
 
62) The value of the determinant of the matrix  b 2 − c 2 c2 − a2 b 2 − a 2  is
c2 − a2 a 2 − b2 c 2 − b 2 

A) 1 B) 2
C) 3 D) 0
1 1 −1
63) If A =  2 1 3  then M 21 =
1 1 2 
A) -1 B) 3
C) 1 D) 2
64) A constant number which is associated with a square matrix is called
A) Minor B) Row
C) Column D) Determinant
65) The evaluation of determinants with the help of minors and cofactors is known as ____
expansion.
A) Cramer’s B) Lagrange
C) Newton D) Laplacian
1 2  6 
66) If A =   and B =   , then we can find
3 −4  5 
A) A + B B) A − B
C) AB D) BA
67) Which of the following is a diagonal matrix?
1 0 0  −1 0 0  1 0 0
     
I)  0 2 0  II)  0 2 0 III)  0 0 0 
0 0 3 0 0 0  0 0 0
    
A) I only B) II and III only
C) III only D) All
− 2 0 0 
 
68)  0 − 2 0  is
 
 0 0 − 2 
 
A) Identity matrix B) Scalar matrix
C) Diagonal matrix D) None
69) The transpose of a rectangular matrix is a
A) Square matrix B) Rectangular matrix
C) Row matrix D) Column matrix
70) If A =  aij  is n  m , then transpose of A is of the order
A) m  m B) n  m
C) m  n D) n  n
71) A square matrix C =  cij  is called a ______ matrix if cij = 0 for all i  j and at least
one cij  0 for all i = j
A) Identity matrix B) Diagonal matrix
C) Rectangular matrix D) Null
72) ( −1 −3 4 5 ) is a
A) Row matrix B) Column matrix
C) Null matrix D) Diagonal matrix
0 0 0
 
73)  0 2 0  is
0 0 0 

A) Scalar matrix B) Diagonal matrix
C) Identity matrix D) Rectangular matrix
74) A matrix of order n1 is called
A) Row matrix B) Column matrix
C) Null matrix D) Diagonal matrix
75) A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is called:
A) Null matrix B) Unit matrix
C) Zero matrix D) Scalar matrix
76) A square matrix A =  aij  , aij = 0, i  j and a11 = a22 = a33 = ann = 1 , then A is called
A) Identity matrix B) Scalar matrix
C) Skew-symmetric matrix D) Singular matrix
 1 2 0 0
77) If A =  −1  and A2 =   then A is called
 2 −1 0 0
A) Idempotent B) Symmetric
C) Nilpotent D) Involutory
78) If A is symmetric as well as skew-symmetric matrix then A is
A) Diagonal B) Triangular
C) Null D) None
79) Which matrix is symmetric?
1 2 3 1 2 3
   
A)  2 5 4  B)  5 5 4 
3 4 6 3 4 6
   
1 2 3
 
C)  5 5 4  D) None
7 4 6
 
80) ______ matrix is both upper triangular and lower triangular.
A) Square B) Diagonal
C) Null D) None
81) For a square matrix A, if A = A then A is called
2

A) Symmetric matrix B) Periodic matrix

C) Idempotent matrix D) Nilpotent matrix
82) For a square matrix A, if A = A−1 is called
A) Involutory matrix B) Transpose matrix
C) Non-symmetric matrix D) Singular matrix
83) A matrix A is said to be a skew symmetric matrix if At is equal to
A) A B) − A
C) A 2
D) − A2
 1 x + 3
84) If A =   is symmetric matrix then x =
 2 x + 1 x − 1
A) 1 B) 2
C) 3 D) 4
85) If a matrix has 28 elements, what is the number of possible orders it can have?
A) 3 B) 6
C) 28 D) 1
86) A square matrix is called an _______ matrix if all elements above the principal diagonal
are zero.
A) Upper triangular B) Lower triangular
C) Vertical triangular D) Horizontal triangular
87) If A is non-singular matrix of order 3 such that AAt = At A and B = A−1 At , then BBt =
A) I + B B) I
D) ( B −1 )
t
C) B−1
2x + y = 5
88) The system of equation x + 3 y = 5 have
x − 2y = 0
A) No solution B) One solution
C) Two solutions D) Infinite many solutions
1 1 1
89) 1 −1 −  2  2 =
1 2 4
A) 3 B) 3 ( −1)
C) 3 2 D) 3 (1 − )
2 −1 4
x 5
90) The value of x for which 3 0 5 = is
5 x
4 1 6
A)  4 B)  5
C)  6 D)  7
1 x 3
91) If P =  1 3 3  is the adjoint of a square matrix A of order 3 and A = 4 , then x =
 2 4 4 
A) 4 B) 5
C) 11 D) 0
92) Let A and B be matrices of order 3 with A = 5 and B = 4 then AB −1 =
4
A) 20 B)
5
1 5
C) D)
4 4
93) If A is any orthogonal matrix, then A =
A) 1 B)  2
C) 0 D) Cannot be determined
94) If A is a square matrix, then (A− A )
t t
=
A) 0 B) 1
C) Can be 0 or Perfect square D) Cannot be determined
0 2   0 3a 
95) If A =   and kA =   , then the value of k , a, b are respectively
3 4  2b 24 
A) −6, −12, −18 B) −6, 4,9
C) 6, 4,9 D) −6,12,18
3 1  −1
96) If A =   and A + A = k I then the values of p and k will be
 5 p 
A) p = 5, k = 2 B) p = 2, k = 5
C) p = 4, k = 9 D) None of these
2bc 2ac 2ab
2 2 2
97) =
a b c
a2 b2 c2
A) 2abc B) 0
C) 1 D) Not possible
1 3  1 0 
98) If A =   and AB = C , where C =   , then B =
 2 −1 0 1 
 −1 3   1 −3 
 7 7 7 7
A)   B)  
 2 1  −2 −1 
 7 7   7 7 
 −1 −3  1 3 
7 7  7 7 
C)   D)  
 −2 1   2 −1 
 7 7   7 7 
99) Let A be a matrix of order 3 and suppose that the matrix B is obtained from A by the
following row operations R1  R2 ; R3 → 5R2 + R3 . If A = 12 the determinant of matrix B is
A) -60 B) -12
C) 12 D) 60
 5 5 + i
100) The matrix   is
5 − i −5 
A) Symmetric B) Skew symmetric
C) Hermitian D) None
 1   2    2 1   1 
   
101)     2 1  +  2 1        =
  2 1     2 1    2 
  
A) 1 0 0 B) 1 0 1
t t

C)  0 0 1 D)  0 0 0
t t
102) If A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew symmetric matrix of same order, then
A2 + B2 is a
A) Symmetric matrix B) Skew symmetric matrix
C) Unit matrix D) None of these
2 0 6 
103) A =  0 1 −2  , the matrix type is
 3 4 1 
A) Scalar matrix B) Diagonal matrix
C) Singular matrix D) Non-singular matrix
 2 3  1 y   2 5 
104) If     =  then the value of x + y is
 2 2  x −1  2 6
A) 0 B) -2
C) -1 D) 4
1 1 1
105) For x  0, y  0; then D = 1 1 + x 1 is
1 1 1+ y
A) Divisible by neither x nor y B) Divisible by both x and y
C) Divisible by x but not y D) Divisible by y but not x
0
0 1
106) If B =  0
1 0  , then adjoint of matrix B is
1
0 0 
0 0 −1  0 0 1
A)  0 1 0  B)  0 −1 0 
 −1
0 0   −1 0 0 
1 0 1  0 0 −1
C)  0−1 0   D)  0 −1 0 
 −10 0   −1 0 0 
 −3
 −2 3  1 x 5   
1  =  2 −14 then the value of x will be
t
107) If     
 4 −1  2 4 x   0 
 
A) 3 B) 2
C) 1 D) -1
108) If A and B are invertible matrices then which of the following is not correct?
−1
A) adjA = A A−1 B) A−1 = A
C) ( AB ) = B −1 A−1 D) ( A + B ) = B −1 + A−1
−1 −1

 −2 3 
109) Additive inverse of the matrix   is
 4 −5
 −2 3   2 3
A)   B)  
 4 −5  4 5
 2 −3
C)   D) None of these
 −4 5 
  2 −2   x   0 
110)     =   can be written as,
 3 −1  y  7 
2x − 2 y = 0 3x − 2 y = 0
A) B)
3x − y = 7 3x − y = 7
2x − 2 y = 0 2x + 3y = 0
C) D)
3x + y = 7 3x − y = 7
ANSWER KEY:

1 B 26 A 51 D 76 A 101 D
2 A 27 A 52 C 77 C 102 A
3 A 28 B 53 C 78 C 103 C
4 C 29 A 54 B 79 A 104 D
5 B 30 A 55 C 80 B 105 B
6 C 31 D 56 B 81 C 106 B
7 B 32 B 57 C 82 A 107 D
8 C 33 C 58 A 83 B 108 D
9 C 34 A 59 C 84 B 109 C
10 D 35 B 60 B 85 B 110 A
11 D 36 C 61 C 86 B
12 C 37 C 62 D 87 B
13 D 38 C 63 B 88 B
14 D 39 A 64 D 89 B
15 D 40 A 65 D 90 B
16 D 41 A 66 C 91 C
17 A 42 B 67 D 92 D
18 B 43 B 68 B 93 A
19 C 44 B 69 B 94 C
20 A 45 B 70 C 95 C
21 B 46 D 71 B 96 B
22 C 47 C 72 A 97 B
23 A 48 A 73 B 98 D
24 B 49 D 74 B 99 B
25 D 50 B 75 D 100 C