CCTV Notes.

1. Ethernet and Coaxial cables.

2. Analogue vs IP cameras.
3. DVR and NVR.
4. Switch types.
5. IP camera installation.
6. Dahua NVR setup.
7. Camera installation with SD card.
8. PTZ camera setup.
9. Important terms.
10. Troubleshooting.
11. Camera related problems and solutions.
12.

Our building design.

1. Roof top to 2nd floor (14 cameras). B.W=42Mbps. 5 normal PoE switch
2. 1st floor (3 cameras) with a total reaching upto 17 cameras. B.W=51Mbps. 1 gigabit PoE
switch.
3. Two scenarios.
a. Ground floor (8 cameras outside). B.W= 24 Mbps. 8 port PoE switch.
b. Ground floor (3 cameras inside). B.W= 9 Mbps. 1 normal PoE switch.
4. Basement (4 cameras). B.W=12Mbps. 1 normal PoE switch. The cable goes from its
uplink port to the 4 port PoE on G.F.
5. Finally, the ground floor has 4 port gigabit PoE switch which has 2 uplink ports and it has
three in cables.
a. One from the 1st floor. B.W=51 Mbps.
b. One from ground 8 port PoE. B.W=24 Mbps.
c. One from ground 4 port PoE switch. B.W=9 Mbps.
Now, the uplink port of the 4 port gigabit PoE switch is connected to the router and
normal port to NVR.

Ethernet and Coaxial cables.

● Ethernet cable.
Ethernet cables refer to the most commonly used twisted-pair cables which connect multiple
devices in a Local Area Network (LAN). These cables feature 4 twisted pair conductors and
follow IEEE 802 standards and EIA/TIA 568A and B wiring protocol.

The performance of Ethernet cables varies from category to category. For instance, Cat6 Cables
can transmit data at speeds of up to 10 Gbps over 100 meters and bandwidth is also more than
CAT5. Similarly, Cat8 cables have a data transmission speed of 40 Gbps over 100 meters.
CAT5 cable can transmit data at 100 Mbps, and the maximum bandwidth can reach 100 MHz.
CAT5 (100Mbps), CAT5e (1Gbps), CAT6a (10Gbps) have a maximum distance limit of
100m (328 ft). Cat6 (10Gbps) has a limit of 55m (165ft).
The performance of Ethernet cables also varies within the same category. For example, all
Cat6a cables have the same data transfer rates and bandwidth capacities, but some cables can
be more efficient depending on the cable shielding.

RJ11 and RJ45 are both cable connectors, but RJ11 is only capable of transmitting analog data
(landline phones, fax machines). In layman's terms, the RJ11 is a telephone jack. RJ45 is meant
for digital ethernet traffic and has 8 pins instead of 4, making it larger than its RJ11 predecessor.

○ Video extenders.
They don't require power. They regenerate video signal and power to increase the transmission
distance of Ethernet cables.

● Coaxial cable.
Best coaxial cable is RG6 (1Gbps+) but RG59 is used most commonly for CCTV as it is
specifically designed for video signals transmission. RG6 wire has a thicker insulation and
braiding. Thus, it can be used to transmit signals to a much longer distance as compared to
RG59. RG59 is better suited for offices and interiors, whereas RG6 is better suited for complete
surveillance of a building or parts of cities. Coaxial cable can't be shared to drive video from two
or more cameras either in series or parallel connection.
RG6/U can go UpTo 309m (1000 ft) while RG59 UpTo 229m (750ft).

If you use local standard cables then you will see distortion in your view.
The expert recommendation for coaxial cables is to go with bare copper conductor cables
because they provide enhanced speed and are more reliable. They will last long too.

But generally, the speed of these cables is a meager 10 Mbps.

There is also Siamese cable that can transmit both video and power from two separate wires in
a single coax wire bundle. The power transmission also limits the data transmission in this case
to 250ft.
The most commonly used camera coaxial cable is the RG59 siamese cable.

High definition over coax is accomplished typically using RG6 or RG59 coaxial cables with a
nominal impedance of 75 ohms. The RG59 cable has an American wire gauge (AWG) of 20
AWG whereas the RG6 has a larger 18 AWG – the lower the gauge, the thicker the copper
conductor. The thicker RG6 offers a lower insertion loss than the RG59.

Since insertion loss is a parameter that measures the power lost through the transmission line
(coax), the RG6 can carry signals over a longer distance. The benefit of having a thinner center
conductor is that the cable can function up to higher frequencies. Where the RG6 generally
functions up to 1 GHz, the RG59 can go up to 5 GHz. This is not necessarily pertinent in video
surveillance applications but should be noted.

The term ‘RG’ stands for radio guide and is legacy terminology that comes from the military. It is
essentially just a standard form factor for coaxial cables that defines the inner conductor,
dielectric, and outer conductor diameters as well as the respective attenuations (a.k.a.: insertion
loss) to expect. Coaxial cables can also be referred to by the outside diameter – 75-1, 75-2,
75-3, 75-4 and 75-5 – which all denote the impedance of the cable followed by the nominal
outer diameter. For instance, the RG59 cable can often be referred to as 75-6; a 75 ohm cable
with an approximate 6 mm outside diameter.

The cable is often fitted with BNC connector heads. These connectors can handle pulse powers
up to 100 W and often function well into the C-band. The primary advantage of using these
particular RF connector heads comes from their ease of installation. The keying mechanism
allows for a simple twist to electrically mate connectors as well as maintains a mechanically
sound connection that does not come loose due to vibration.

Video baluns, or BNC-to-UTP adapters, enable coaxial cables to be replaced by category 5 or

category 6 Ethernet cables. Active video balun transceivers enable longer link distances,
upwards of 1,500 meters. This solution can be more cost-effective than running more coax,
depending on the mating interface of the camera.

● Differences.
1. Coaxial cables are costly but have better shielding.
2. The transmission rate of coaxial cable (10 mbps) is much lower as compared to
Ethernet.
3. Coaxial cable can transmit better quality video signals over long distances as
compared to ethernet. Ethernet has a length range of 100m (Cat 6) while coaxial has
500m. RG59 can cover the range UpTo 229m.
4. Siamese Cables are significantly more expensive than Ethernet Cables.
5. Some buildings have existing Ethernet cables that can be repurposed for CCTV without
spending extra money.
6. Siamese RG-59 cables are better at EMI and crosstalk protection than Ethernet cables.
7. Ethernet cables carry signals at a higher pace than Siamese RG-59 cables.
CAT6 remains the most popular ethernet cable. It is better than a coaxial regarding speed, ease
of installation, and bandwidth. However, Coaxial also has a better run length and is less
susceptible to interference.

(Today, coaxial cables are mostly used in Cable TV networks but that is also becoming less and
less popular because Cable TV signals are nowadays transmitted via fiber optic cables and
Ethernet cables. Ethernet is used from internet connections to audio/video signal transmissions.

Coaxial cable has a low signal loss rate; thus, even over long distances, the signal is strong.
As a result, it is perfect for usage in situations where signals must be sent over great
distances, such as cable TV networks.)

Analogue vs IP CCTV cameras.

If you’re considering switching to an IP camera security system, consider these 12 points.
An analogue camera is a traditional camera used in CCTV systems. It sends video over cable to
VCRs or DVRs. IP cameras are all digital cameras that can send signals over cable to be stored
in the network. Many security camera systems today are hybrid systems incorporating both
analogue and digital components.
The IP camera operates as an independent image-processing unit with resolutions as high as
5MP. This means that these cameras can be used as standalone entities, while all video
captures are uploaded to the cloud – where complex data processing can occur. Power over
Ethernet (PoE) also eliminates the power distribution box, as four of the eight Ethernet wires are
used to send power to the camera.
1. Video quality
IP cameras provide overall higher video quality than analogue cameras. They offer more video
site ranges, such as a wide or narrow field of view, and better zoom-in capabilities. And because
they transmit truly digital signals, they offer far greater video detail, which makes them much
better for facial recognition or detecting license plate numbers.

Analogue cameras have overall lower quality than IP cameras, but perform better in low light
conditions. Analogue cameras have more limited site ranges and don’t offer the zoom-in clarity
of IP cameras. If you zoom in on the analogue images, you’re going to get a grainier, degraded
picture. It’s not like what you see on TV cop shows. If you’re using an analogue camera, you’re
not going to recognise the perpetrators face by zooming in.

2. Resolution
Generally, digital cameras provide resolutions 6 to 20 times higher than analogue cameras.

Analogue cameras are limited to resolutions of the NTSC/PAL standard of 720 x 480 pixels
(NTSC)/575 (PAL) or 0.4 megapixels (4CIF). Analogue camera resolutions range rom 420 to
700; which at the high end can produce sharp images.

IP cameras offer resolutions that can range from 1.3 megapixels to 5 megapixels (2560 x 1920)
of compressed, encoded transmissions. This gives you the ability to cover a far wider viewing
area or to get far more detailed pictures in narrow, zoom-in viewing areas.

3. Transmission media
Traditional analogue cameras operate over coax cable. They can also work over twisted-pair
cable or with wireless connections, but that produces less resolution.

IP cameras also work over twisted-pair, coax cable, and with wireless connections.

4. PoE capabilities
One of the advantages of IP cameras is that they can be powered over the twisted-pair Ethernet
cable, thus eliminating worries over running electrical wire.

Older analogue cameras can not be PoE powered.

5. Wireless
Wireless IP camera network connections can be a very practical solution in areas where it’s too
difficult or expensive to run cable. Wireless can also be used in buildings where it’s impractical
or impossible to run cable, such as in historical buildings.

6. Distance
Analogue cameras can send video over twisted-pair cable up to 1.5 kilometers away and up to
300 meters away over coax cable. But analogue transmissions lose clarity with increased
distance and when the signal is converted from one format to another.
IP cameras can send digital video 100 meters over twisted-pair Ethernet cable and unlimited
distances over IP networks. Because the images are digital, they maintain 100% of their clarity
over long distances and when the signal is converted between different formats.

7. Intelligence and manageability

IP cameras offer network intelligence and remote manageability. They can stream images, and
different parts of images, to different recipients simultaneously. They can perform additional
tasks such as sending a message when they detect motion.

8. Ease of installation
Analogue cameras require more cabling than IP cameras. For instance, they require a separate
cable to control the pan, tilt, and zoom functions. If there is audio, another cable is required.
One analogue camera may require three separate cables: power, audio, video.

IP cameras can accept power, video, audio, PTZ control, and control signals over a single
cable.

9. Security
Analogue cameras are far more vulnerable to security breaches because the feeds can be
physically intercepted and tapes and recording devices can be stolen. Analogue video feeds are
also not encrypted.

IP cameras make data difficult to intercept. They encrypt and compress data before transporting
it over the Internet to your server and they have VPN support.

10. Reliability
Analogue security cameras have been around for more than half a century and have a long
history of reliability.

IP systems have built-in reliability due to the data encryption and compression. They are as
reliable as the network is, although backup systems can be put in place to minimize outages.

11. Expandability
IP cameras offer more expandability and scalability than analogue cameras because their
cabling requirements are less complex. But it is still possible to leverage your existing cabling
infrastructure when migrating to IP cameras with the use of converters and extenders.

12. Costs
IP camera systems are more expensive than analogue cameras, although the price of IP
cameras continues to drop.

Costs can also be mitigated by installing IP cameras with the existing cabling infrastructure
through the use of extenders and media converters.
 DVR and NVR.

● DVR
The DVR is intended to work with standard analog cameras, which can’t process video footage.
Instead, the analog cameras stream raw video footage to recorders via coaxial cables. From
there, the recorder processes the video footage.

All cameras should be connected to DVR via coaxial cable. Power supplies are also available in
different amperage for different amounts of cameras. There is also a LAN port available through
which system is connected to the PC etc. 1-5 MP cameras can be installed.

The reason why DVR security systems are typically priced lower compared to
NVR systems is due to the camera.

● NVR
The NVR is paired with IP cameras which record videos from the network directly using Cat5 or
Cat6 Ethernet cables with RJ45 plugs. There are two different kinds of network video recorders.
The first type is Non-PoE NVR that requires you connect your IP cameras to your router or
switch. The second type is PoE NVR which is built in PoE ports. This will allow you to connect
your IP cameras directly to the back of your NVR.

NVR can be connected both as a wired and wireless system.

● DVR vs NVR
 ● Pros and Cons

Both of them can be connected to the internet to view saved data online.

And all these are attributed to four advantages of NVR systems:

Higher-quality Videos: NVRs are paired with IP Cameras with resolutions ranging from 2MP to
12MP, which records higher quality videos than others.

Easy to Wire: NVR security system provides much easier cable usage even for a beginner. The
Non-PoE NVR connects cameras through the network wirelessly, so there is no need to run
wires. The PoE NVR only uses one single Ethernet cable for power, video and audio.

Easy to Use: NVR system can be set up with literally ZERO configuration. Just download the
network video recorder software and assess the camera to the client.

Flexible in Placement: NVR can be placed virtually anywhere as long as the network is
available.
 ● What is NVR system?
NVR camera systems are made up of three parts: cameras, a network, and the NVR. Here’s
how they work together:

NVR: The function is to receive video footage through a network data connection and store
footage for review. NVR contains corresponding Ethernet ports that you can connect to multiple
cameras on one side. Besides, it can hook up the router, monitor, or viewing station on the other
side to show what had happened.

Cameras: NVR is generally used in combination with IP cameras. IP cameras capture and
process video and audio data, while NVR helps to record videos and manage cameras.

Network connection: IP security cameras connect to the NVR using wired or wireless
connections. Typically, if it’s a wired connection, an Ethernet cable can be used to connect to
the NVR.

As for the number of channels, typically, NVR can be divided into 4 channel NVR, 8 channel
NVR, 16 channel NVR, and 32 channel NVR. The channel indicates the number of supported
cameras.

PoE NVR: Power over Ethernet models is used when cameras that also have the PoE
specification, need to be powered by being directly plugged into the NVR's PoE ports and do not
require a separate power adapter to work.

Non-PoE NVR: A non-PoE model has no ports for cameras to connect to on the back panel but
can add cameras with the built-in scan function that finds cameras connected to the same
network.

Switch types.

●
Normal switch for normal connection. 10/100 ports.

Ports support UpTo 1000 Mbps data speed.

●
 ●

PoE switch with uplink.

Now, the 32 Mbps output will be obtained from the uplink port and it can be connected to some
other giga switch or NVR.

All ports support Giga speed.

●
A switch with fiber optical cable connection.

IP camera installation.

Vandal-resistant cameras are designed to be rugged and tough so that they will continue
working when subjected to rough treatment. The best vandal-resistant cameras will withstand
direct blows to their housings and lens covers without breaking and without interrupting the
video.

● Small setup.
 ● Large setup.

How to get NVR and DVR online?

For this the IP of cameras and NVR should be of the same IP pool as that of router.
So,
1. Go to Network option and configuration.
2. Enable Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) option. The IP of the same pool as
the router will be assigned to NVR.
 3. Now if the cameras are off, then again go to network option and disable DHCP option
as the IP of the NVR should now be static even if the internet IP changes at some other
time due to any reason. So, select the static option. Now the new IP assigned to NVR
using the DHCP option will be the new IP of the NVR. (Very Important Point)
4. Now go to camera option and delete the already added cameras. Now go to the edit
option and manually change the IP of cameras.
5. The cameras will be available online.

In case of hikvision go to network and then to platform access option and enable it. Generate a
random code and then enable.

In case of dahua go to network option and then to TCP/ IP option and enable DHCP.

Dahua NVR setup.

● Hardware setup.
1. NVR should be connected to the router or switch to which the router is connected for
remote access. NVR and router should be connected to the normal port of the switch.
It means that the NVR can now access the cameras connected to the switch and also
the network.
2. If you want to access NVR through a browser on a laptop, PC etc., then they should be
hardwired to the same switch to which the NVR and router are connected or should be
connected to the same WiFi as NVR.
3. NVR should be connected to HDMI or VGA for setup. Once it is done then you can
connect both to different monitors for multiple views.
4. USB connection for external hard drive.
5. Mic connection is also present.
6. On the front they have network, power, hard drive and status LEDs and also USB for
mouse connection.

● Software setup.
a. Select PAL video format and not NTSC as it has better picture quality. PAL is
used in gulf and Asia and some more while NTSC also has some fixed regions.
b. Select region and set time and date.
c. Enter password and email for password recovery.
d. Select auto check for updates.
e. Give your NVR a name. This window also has some more settings so, see it
through.

f. Now select date format and select NTP so the NVR can automatically update the
time by going on the website.

g. You can add a holiday schedule.

h. You can also change IP for remote access.

i. P2P should be enabled if QR code is used for remote access and if remote view
is to be using port forwarding then disable this.
j. Then click next on all other windows and reboot NVR for new IP to be assigned
to NVR.
 k. Now check if IP has been assigned properly by going in Network option and then
TCP/IP option and test the IP.
l. Now the cameras might be added automatically or you have to add them
manually.
m. If cameras are directly connected in NVR then it will show port number of NVR
else it will show some number in port section.

n. If NVR automatically assigns username and password to cameras then it is okay

else you have to initialize the cameras.
o. If your camera password is different then you have to add that password for the
camera to start working properly.

In camera option,
1. Registration option is for adding cameras.
2. Image option will show a camera image with different settings.
3. In the overlay option, you can change the place of camera channels and time tags on
the screen etc.
4. In the encode option, you can adjust the settings of the mainstream and substream.
Here you can adjust resolution, bitrate, bitrate type, compression and FPS.
Higher the data rate in substream, more the buffering in remote view.
The settings of these things depend upon the throughput of the NVR.
 5. You can also set camera names.

In storage option,
1. You can set hard drive data to be overwritten or stop recording when full in the basic
option.
2. In the schedule option, you can select whether you want your NVR to store continuous
footage or when in motion. For that, you can select all days and click on the green line
and remove it by dragging the line across to the right.

Now, select the motion detection (MD) option and drag the line towards right and now
the cameras will only record when they detect some action.
You can also select an alarm function for certain days or times.

Copy option at the bottom can be selected to apply this setting to all the cameras.
3. DNS search.

In the AI option, you can have different settings for detecting images.

● IVS settings.
It has an AI search option to search for different IVS events by selecting the option which we
want to see and adding date and time and then click search.
Now to set IVS rules, first go to parameters option and then to smart plan option and select IVS
and click apply.

Now, go to the IVS option and click add option to add the IVS type like tripwire or intrusion.

Now click on draw and add the rule.

The whole object has to cross the trip wire line like if I draw a line on the floor then the head of a
person will not pass through the line but the object has to pass through it completely.
Here the second one will be good as the person now passes through the tripwire completely.

Now select a size target filter which has two squares and this says that the trip wire will activate
when the object greater than the smaller square and smaller than the larger square will pass
through it. There is also an AI target filter which includes human and vehicle options. We can
also select the direction of the tripwire. Now click apply.

This will open when we click on the size target filter.

Parameters option indicates what IVS rule will do once it is triggered.

1. Schedule for which it will be active can be adjusted.

2. Local alarms and also the output port at the back of NVR for external alarm activation.

3. We can link it to PTZ.

4. We can also report alarms, generate email, trigger a buzzer and also record a channel.
This is almost the same setting for other parameter options.
 5. Click apply after all settings and go to the camera screen. The trip wire can be seen on
the camera along with a red bell icon on the top right indicating that it is enabled and
armed.

6. Buzzer will be heard and the box will appear.

● Smart motion detection (SMD) settings.

It is done by recording a sudden change in camera pixels. Like it won't work when shadows
come and go as the sun moves throughout the day.
It saves space on HDD and helps see suspicious activity.

The small individual squares in the region are called the area.
There are three settings.
Sensitivity is the measure of how much or little change should happen in the individual area for
it to consider that area alone in motion. The lower the sensitivity, the more the motion is ignored.
Threshold is the percentage of the selected region. Like what number of areas of the region
should be experiencing the motion for it to be considered as a motion by the camera. If the
threshold is 50%, then 50% of the area squares should be in motion for it to be considered as a
motion.
The anti-dither setting is the time after which the motion will be logged in as motion after the
above mentioned criteria is met.
These settings help avoid false alarms.

Dahua DVR and NVR have almost the same SMD settings with slightly different options.
This shown below is a DVR setting.
1. Go to the alarm option and then to video detection and enable the motion detection. In
NVR this setting is done mostly in the AI option.

a. Then go to region settings to set the area for SMD. If you want to remove a
certain area from MD recording than click on that square.
 2. The following settings should be done: Show message, report alarm, send email, record
channel, PTZ linkage, Tour, Buzzer, Alarm tone, Warning light, Siren, Picture storage.

Then select copy to option on bottom to copy it to other cameras.

3. Go to record option and then schedule and click on settings symbol on right of each day
and select MD and copy to All.

● Dahua Face detection.

It is a very advanced option.
1. Go to the smart plan option in AI and select face detection.

2. Go to face detection and enable it and also the enhancement option.

3. Go to the database and create an empty face database by add option.

4. Now for face recognition, go to the face recognition option and enable it and select the
target database.

5. Now go to the database and select the database there.

 6. Select intelligent option in schedule option in storage.

How to access NVR through a browser on a laptop while both connected to the same
network?
Confirm that the laptop is connected to the same network by going to network properties in the
Wi-Fi symbol and verify the IP.
Enter the IP of NVR on the browser and the login page will appear. If the login page doesn't
appear, then use the ping command (ping IP of NVR) on command prompt and check whether
you are getting a reply from that NVR or not. If you don't receive a reply, then confirm that your
NVR and laptop are on the same network or below given problems should be the reason.

If everything is fine then after logging in the NVR will be shown.

This can also be done using smart PSS software for Windows. You have to go to devices and it
will automatically detect your NVR if it is on the same network else you have to add your NVR.
You can also use the auto search option to search for NVR IP or add it manually as shown
below by putting IP of your NVR. If the NVR is not online in case of auto search then click on the
edit option and put the password in the password field.

Camera installation with SD card.

● Hardware setup
1. Insert the SD card.

2. (2.1) Connect the camera to the PoE switch for power and also connect the router to the
switch and also to the laptop.
(2.2) Alternatively if the laptop is already connected to the WiFi and the camera is
powered by an adapter then you can connect the camera directly to the router
port.

● Software setup.
1. Write the IP of the camera on the web browser, the camera login page won't open. Now
first, go to the “network and internet settings” option and select Ethernet or WiFi
according to your connection. Now, in case of Ethernet go to change adapter option and
it will show all interfaces.

2. Use the “ip config” command in the command prompt to check the IP of the laptop.
 Select the ethernet and click on properties and then to Internet Protocol Version 4
(TCP/IPv4). Then write the IP of the same pool as the default IP of the camera as below
and if there is a problem then also change the gateway else don't disturb the gateway.

3. Now the internet will be disconnected from your device and you will again go to the
browser and it will direct you to configure the camera settings like given below. There will
be more windows, which you can do by yourself.
4. At last, the camera login page will be displayed and you have to login.

5. Now you can do settings like bit rates and also give camera names.

6. Go to events option and enable video detection else it won't record any video and one
can also select times when it is enabled.
7. Go to the storage option and select the schedule for which the recording will be done.

You can see and also download the footage in the playback option.
 Go to the alarm option and select the alarm type.

8. Now, go to Network option and then to TCP/IP option to change the camera IP address
as same as of the router. (Also change the gateway). Now, if the remote view doesn't
work then you also have to change the DNS to the gateway of the router. After this the
camera page will become unresponsive so you then have to change the IP of your
laptop and refresh the page after getting the internet connection.
 Now go to Access platform or P2P option and scan QR code on screen and add the
camera.
Your mobile should be on the same network as your laptop. After the remote view setting
is done then you can leave the network and it will show the camera on any other network
also.

PTZ camera setup.

1. Go to settings option on top right, then to PTZ option and go to function afterwards.

2. Set presets by going to the preset option.

The position controls are on the bottom of the picture by which you can move the
camera to different positions and set presets.
 3. Now, go to the tour option, create a tour and then add the presets to that tour.

4. Now, go to camera live view and select tour from bottom right and check the tour.

● Auto tracking.
Go to NVR and then to camera live view and set the preset by clicking on add.
1. Go to smart plans and select the preset, IVS and the camera channel.

2. Now, go to the IVS option and select the IVS rules and settings for the camera.
Now, for the zoom option select more than one preset.

● Analog PTZ connections.

1. You have to connect an extra twisted pair communication wire with analog PTZ to control
the camera.

2. Now, go to settings and match the parameters of the camera with the channel on which
you are going to link the camera.
 Go to camera option and then to PTZ and match the parameters of the camera with the
channel.

3. Now, go to the PTZ option on the camera screen and then on the top right to the menu
option.

Go to the dome option and then to the park action option. Go to park mode and set it to
tour 1.
 Now, go back and call the setting.

This is done because

when the power of a camera or DVR gets cut off, then the camera will get stuck in one position.
Now, after this setting, if the power fails then it will automatically call tour 1.

● Alarm input function.

It has two states, NO/NC. If we are connecting a NO device to an alarm input then we configure
it in the software as NO and if we connect a NC device then we configure that input as NC.

In this example the panic button is NO which will result in an alarm when pressed and become
NC. The opposite is true for the door switch.
1. Go to the alarm option, and then to alarm input. Here, you have different settings.
Select the port, enable it, name the alarm and then give the type NO or NC.

2. Now, you can also set a period for which this function will work. Like if you were using a
motion sensor instead of a panic switch, then the period should be the non-office hours.

3. You can select what the alarm input will do upon the alarm. Like, you can select an alarm
output relay and configure it.
For the alarm relay to work, you have to select auto in the alarm output option.
 Example.

4. Now, you can also select different outputs as a result of alarms like, buzzer, email,
record channel, show message etc. You can also link it with a PTZ camera or simply any
tour.

Anti dither 5sec means that if the button is pressed many times in 5 sec, the NVR will
only register it one time in these five seconds. The latch time is the amount of time the
relay stays latched. Relay close time is the sum of these both.
 5. You can also select an alarm if the camera or network goes offline.
6. Now, go to schedule and select alarm recording and apply it to the required channels.

7. If the button is pressed, it will record it for the post-record time set in the settings.
8. Now, the same settings will be done in case of the door switch. But the type field should
now be NC. Now, in this case if the door stays open, it will again register an alarm after
the anti dither and latch time is over.
Note.
The alarm relay has specifications like 1 A. So, if you are to connect a high load then you
are going to overload the relay. In that case, connect this relay output to the external
relay and then use it.

● PTZ features.
For pan(horizontally) angle is 360° and for tilt (vertically up and down) is 90°-120° depending
upon different models.

It can be operated via DVR/NVR, mobile and controller. It has a motor which can be controlled.
1. In analog PTZ cameras, one extra cable is used for controlling the PTZ
functions(communication). An extra RS 485 twisted pair cable should be connected
along with power and video wires to control analog PTZ.
DVR should also have connection points for RS 485.
 In an IP PTZ, only a single CAT6 cable is enough for all controls.

If the camera and NVR are of different brands, then they should support pelco P and
pelco D protocols to communicate.

2. There are two types of zoom, optical and digital. First you will zoom into the picture upto
32 times, it means the picture quality will still stay the same and after 32 times zoom
comes the digital zoom portion in which video quality will start to deteriorate.
● Optical.
 ● Digital.

3. It has two types.

1. Indoor.

2. Outdoor.
● Installation places.
● Usage.
 Important terms.

● Optical vs digital zoom.

The zoom effect can be achieved in two ways: optical zoom and digital zoom. Optical zoom
involves the actual movement of the camera lens to change the field of view, while digital zoom
is a post-production process where the video is cropped and then enlarged to create the illusion
of a zoom.

In short, optical zoom allows you to bring the object close before you capture it. With digital
zoom, your camera uses a part of the image and sizes it later. That's why the risk of losing
image quality is greater with digital zoom.

● Resolution.
Digital images are stored on computer hardware and the resolution is measured in columns of
pixels (the width of the image) and rows of pixels (the height of the image). The greater the
number of columns and rows of pixels, the higher the resolution and the more image detail you
will be able to observe.
 ● Bandwidth, Bit rates and throughput.
Bitrate: this is the number of bits that can be sent over a single telecommunications link in one
second. Its unit of measure is therefore b/s or bps. We indicate it as Rb.

Throughput: this is the highest achievable bitrate from the source to the destination, over all the
links. Of course, the unit of measure is the same as the bitrate. Here, we consider the
bottleneck link so the throughput is min{Rb1,...,Rbn}. We can never go faster than the slowest
link…

● Frames per second (FPS).

It is not related to the video quality but is related to the smooth motion.
It depends upon the region. If you are in the PAL standard region then it might be 25 FPS. 24 or
30 FPS in the NTSC region.
Low FPS means low disc space in NVR.
Encoded video is inherently quite different from raw video signals – it never had to take into
account any physical real world concerns like electron guns.

Consider encoding a signal without the use of compression. For example, a raw 1080p 60 fps
signal would end up having the following total bitrate:

Vertical resolution × horizontal resolution × frames per second × bits per pixel

= 1920 × 1080 × 60 × 24

= 2,985,984,000 bytes per second

… or roughly 356 megabytes per second.

This adds up quickly – one minute’s worth of uncompressed video would be almost 21
gigabytes! Obviously this wouldn’t be reasonable for any length of time and certainly wouldn’t be
feasible when streaming video out to the internet! With the use of encoding and compression
however, that same video would maintain fantastic quality at perhaps 1.5 megabytes per second
(~12000 kbps).

To enable such a reduction in data size, encoded video needs to allow for compression and
reduced colorspaces. (Encoding hardware or software is used to accomplish this feat, such as
Epiphan’s live production mixer, Pearl.) For example, changing the colorspace from RGB24 to
YUV420 trims the effective bits per pixel from 24 to 12.

After the encoding process is complete, the resulting data reduces both the size of recordings
on your hard drive and the bandwidth required when streaming.
So there you have it – frame rate and refresh rate; two terms that both refer to the number of
still images displayed per second but are fundamentally distinct from each other. Refresh rate
originates from the advent of the CRT monitor and refers to the images per second from raw
video signals, while frame rate specifically concerns encoded video signals and can be set to
different rates per second depending on the nature of the captured content.

1. Pixel.
Think of it as a logical -- rather than a physical -- unit.

Pixels are the smallest unit in a digital display. Up to millions of pixels make up an image or
video on a device's screen. Each pixel comprises a subpixel that emits a red, green and blue
(RGB) color, which displays at different intensities. The RGB color components make up the
gamut of different colors that appear on a display or computer monitor.

When referencing the resolution of a display, numbers like 1920 x 1080 refer to the number of
pixels.
The number of pixels determines the resolution of a computer monitor or TV screen, and
generally the more pixels, the clearer and sharper the image. The resolution of the newest 8K
full ultra-high-definition TVs on the market is approximately 33 million pixels -- or 7680 x 4320.

The number of pixels is calculated by multiplying the horizontal and vertical pixel
measurements. For example, HD has 1,920 horizontal pixels and 1,080 vertical pixels, which
totals 2,073,600. It's normally shown as 1920 x 1080 or just as 1080p. The p stands for
progressive scan. A 4K video resolution, for example, has four times more pixels than full high
definition (HD), and 8K has 16 times more pixels than 1080p.

Other common display resolutions include the following:

480p, which is standard definition, is 640 x 480 and is often used for small mobile devices;
720p, which is HD, is 1280 x 720;
1440p, which is 2550 x 1440 and considered quarter HD (QHD), is often used for PC gaming
monitors; and
4K video resolution, which is ultra HD, is 3840 x 2160 pixels. 720*480 is D1.
Resolution Chart
Resolution chart-2
The specific color information that a pixel describes is some blend of three components of the
color spectrum -- RGB. Up to three bytes of data are allocated to specify a pixel's color, one
byte for each major color component. A true color or 24-bit color system uses all three bytes.
However, many color display systems use only one byte, which limits the display to 256 different
colors.

● Dual Stream technology.

The recorder will send out two video streams when you are viewing on your computer,
smartphones, tablets, etc.

One is the mainstream - this uses 4-5 Mbps for 1080p 30FPS for each camera and around
6Mbps for a 4MP camera. The mainstream is the exact quality the NVR always records at. Due
to the high quality and high bitrates of mainstream some computer’s CPU will struggle to play all
available cameras at mainstream and most internet connection upload speed will be unable to
keep up.

Substream is a secondary stream coming from the recorder or cameras. This is customizable
but at most uses about 512Kbps and is standard definition quality. This is great for viewing on
some computers and most internet connections.

Note: Even when viewing substream, the system will still record on the full, mainstream quality.

Substream is the stream that we will see on our mobile phones etc.
Dual-stream can achieve two different bandwidth stream requirements for local and remote
transmission. The mainstream can be used for local transmission to obtain clearer storage
video. The substrate can be used for remote transmission to obtain smooth images and
recordings due to bandwidth limitations.
The recorder can encode mainstream and substream when one video is entered. Therefore, if it
is stuck when you are monitoring access remotely, you can try to reduce the substream to solve
the problem.
The mainstream is stored locally while the sub-stream is suitable for image transmission on
low-bandwidth networks.
The purpose is to improve the smoothness of the network browsing without changing the local
video effect when using the substream to preview under bad network conditions by reducing the
bit rate of the substream.

1. Settings.
Select H.265 and the second best option is H.264. If you want better image quality and
space is not the issue choose high resolution else adjust it. Adjust FPS to 25.
CBR and VBR.
 In CBR the bit rates stay the same as selected and it will provide high image quality at
the cost of large space but if VBR is selected then it will automatically change to lower bit
rates when image is still for some time and to higher bit rates when movement is
happening. This VBR is done also if you enable smart codec. You just have to select the
highest bit rate required in case of VBR as maximum bit rate.

● Image representation in mp.

1920 pixels multiplied by 1080 pixels equals 2,073,600 so that is a 2MP image. The height of
an image is used to symbolize the resolution; you can say 1080p resolution when
referencing an image with 2 megapixels.

● Common Intermediate Format (CIF).

CIF (Common Intermediate Format or Common Interchange Format), also known as FCIF (Full
Common Intermediate Format), is a standardized format for the picture resolution, frame rate,
color space, and color subsampling of digital video sequences used in video teleconferencing
systems.

● Incoming bandwidth.
The data coming from the camera to NVR constitutes the IB.
It depends upon camera resolution and compression ratio.
If compression ratio is H.265+ then the 2mp camera will have IB 2-2.5mbps.
If the compression ratio is H.264 then the 2mp camera will have IB 4-5mbps.

● Outgoing bandwidth.
The data going out of NVR for remote access is outgoing bandwidth.

● IVS.
Well IVS got its name because it is essentially a series of intelligent triggers that attempt to alert
the operator or user of the CCTV under specific conditions. These conditions are set by the user
of the system as they make various IVS rules for the various situations they might encounter.
What’s great about IVs is there are many different kinds of rules you can use for various
situations or circumstances. Ultimately, the concept of IVS was created for accurate alerting,
and reduction of false alerts as compared to other methods of alert trigger such as standard
motion detection.
To take it a step even further, IVS is now integrated into the Artificial Intelligence suite of our
Elite Series recorders. What this essentially means is that the already very efficient alert system
of IVS is now backed by AI-powered algorithms that can actively work to eliminate false alerts
even further. This is done by narrowing results to only people and/or vehicles capable of
triggering the IVs rule. Additionally, AI search can be used to locate exact moments when these
AI IVs rules were triggered for far faster, more refined footage playback and locating than ever
before.

These are the two most common trigger rules used, but you can also use other options such as:

1. Abandoned/Missing Object
2. Scene change
3. Thermal IVS
4. Face Detection (AI)
5. Face Recognition (AI) etc.

One of the most commonly requested features on any CCTV system is the ability to Auto track a
target using a PTZ- or pan-tilt-zoom- capable camera. What’s interesting to know is that this
PTZ feature is actually tied to IVS. In fact, one of the reactions that can be set in conjunction
with triggering an IVS rule is for the PTZ camera that is on that rule to begin tracking the target
that crossed it for up to an attempted 300 seconds.

● Playback/decoding capability.
This refers to the NVR's playback limit in regards to how many channels can be played
back at a specific resolution.

It will still record in full mp of camera but live view and playback will be limited.
A user with a large number of high clarity 4MP cameras that record to the NVR attempts to
playback footage from the night before across 9 channels at once. Maybe the first 3 play the
recorded footage, but the other 6 give an exception of Over Decode Ability. 4MP cameras have
a pixel density twice that of a 1080P camera and twice the information to process decode video
for the same 1 second of playback. Given the save the Queen mentality of the NVR, it first
allocates processor time to recording live footage. The rest of the available processor time is
used for playback, live view, remote monitoring, and other functions. The recording processor
time is reserved, and the NVR displays channels starting at the first selected until the cap is
reached. When the cap is reached the NVR will stop displaying video on the remaining channels
and display this exception instead.
Even though the NVR can display just one 4K Camera at a time, it can still record all four
4K cameras.

Decoding capability in simple terms is the ability for the NVR to display any given stream
or recording reliability at the same time. This spec is across the board, so it includes
computers and apps streaming.

So for example, on the 4 channel Admiral it’s

1 x 4K@30, 2 x 4MP@30, 4 x 1080p@30, 8 x 720p@30, 16 x D1

So that means the NVR can display one full sized 4K stream at a time, OR two 4MP, or four
1080p cameras across the board.

Almost every NVR on the market handles the decoding issue by automatically switching
between the full, recorded quality mainstream and the secondary standard definition
substream.
For example, on most NVRs a single (one) camera view will be the mainstream ­since this
is going to be a large view, it makes sense to show the fullest quality. On smaller views,
such as 2x2 (four cameras) or larger, it will switch to a substream.

In most cases ­this is indistinguishable to a user. In a limited image size a substream will look
nearly as good (and even better in some cases) than a full sized image that is attempting to be
squished down. This is an effect called aliasing.

So for most cases ­as long as you follow the software’s default settings you will not have to
worry about decoding capability.

● Focal length.
2.8mm
Offers a wider field of view, and is typically the broadest field of view for most standard CCTV
Cameras.

3.6mm
3.6mm is a legacy camera size, typically only available in TVI Cameras or Varifocal lenses. It
offers a relatively wide, but slightly more zoomed in field of vision.

● Uplink port.
It is faster than normal ports and is used to expand the network between switches or connected
to the router etc.
When you connect two devices, the uplink port on only one of them is used. If you connect two
uplink ports via straight-through cable, the result is the same as using two normal ports - makes
the devices fail to communicate. This is where the difference between switch stacking vs cascading
lies.
 ● Video balun.
It is used if the distance between DVR and camera is more than 60m and there are waves in
camera view. It boosts and filters the video quality and provides better video quality. It is used
outdoors.
Baluns are more easily understood as a way to make BNC cameras compatible for use with
Cat5e/Cat6 cable. The benefit of using Cat5e/Cat6 cable is its noticeably cheaper cost, and
ability to significantly stretch out the maximum length of your runs.

Video baluns, or BNC-to-UTP adapters, enable coaxial cables to be replaced by category

5 or category 6 Ethernet cables. Active video balun transceivers enable longer link
distances, upwards of 1,500 meters. This solution can be more cost-effective than
running more coax, depending on the mating interface of the camera.

RG59 Coax cable is more typically used for CCTV cabling, but in some cases, it makes
more sense to use Cat5 cable instead of RG59. One such case is when transmitting the
surveillance video signal over long distances. A UTP balun, aka video balun, converts a
75-ohm video signal to 100-ohm impedance for Cat5 cable. On the other end, the
receiving balun then converts the signal back to 75 ohms. In order to use baluns for
video transmission, the application needs 2 baluns (one on each end of the Cat5 cable
run).

Typically you have 4 pairs of 22 gauge wire in a cat-5e cable, so you can use one cable for
4 cameras.
For video transmission less than 1000 ft, passive balun is used.

For longer distances up to 3000 ft Active Video Baluns are used. They are powered from
DC source. LMH means distance can be adjusted.

You can not use video baluns to connect a network IP camera to the BNC video
input on a CCTV DVRs. Video baluns simply enable coax-type security cameras to
use CAT5 cable instead of coaxial cable. IP cameras communicate over an IP network
using CAT5.

1. Video Balun
For older analog cameras it is 1000 feet, and for HD security cameras over coax it is 800
ft.
 2. Video/Power Balun
These baluns will require you to crimp an RJ45 connector (shown in the video below) to
both ends of your cable run. Like the video balun, the maximum length of transmission
through Cat5e cable depends on the resolution and signal type of the BNC camera.

3. PTZ- Balun
The Video Power and Data Balun is specifically for use with Pan Tilt Zoom (PTZ)
cameras that require a RS485 data connection with the DVR. Like the video/power
baluns, they’ll require that you crimp RJ45 connectors to both ends of your Cat5e cable.
The difference is that there will be an extra connection on these baluns to connect the
RS485 data connection on the PTZ camera and on the back of your DVR. Without this,
you wouldn’t have any control over an analog PTZ camera, negating its purpose. Just
like our two previous options, maximum distance varies on camera signal type and
resolution.
Since PTZ cameras consume a lot of power we do not recommend powering them over a
CAT5e or CAT6 cable over 100ft.

4. Passive Balun transceiver

This is where things get a little more interesting. A passive balun transceiver works
similarly to the previous three options, but with units like these, you'll be able to
consolidate the number of video baluns needed.
 ● HD over coax.
High definition (HD) over coax has risen dramatically to serve as an economical alternative to IP
network video, delivering up to seven times more resolution than the standard 640 x 480 analog
camera.

HD CCTV equipment has a low price; it offers a much greater cable reach than early products;
recorders are now available that can record in multiple formats such as analog, IP and
competing HD CCTV formats; higher resolution cameras are being launched including 4K
cameras; and power over coax (PoC) is coming soon.

HD-over-Coax cables contain video, audio and data, transmitting them simultaneously over a
single coax cable that makes installation and repair far easier. They are also capable of
two-way data transmission, and since they are analog, signals are uncompressed and free from
crosstalk and signal interference. This means that one single cable can control camera
functions, such as pan-tilt-zoom, even on an analog system, and cuts down drastically on how
much wiring needs to be installed.

Analog CCTV applications that require an upgrade can leverage HD-over-coax as a

cost-effective backbone that enables a simple installation without the need to replace the analog
infrastructure, or to upgrade incrementally for an overall cheaper system.

The long transmission distance is a major benefit that HD-over-coax has vs. Ethernet.
In fact, using the proper cables (Rg59) HDoC can transmit over distances as long as 1800 feet.
Compare that to distances of about 1000 feet for a traditional analog coax cable and about 350
feet for an IP/megapixel standard.
Transmission distance will also vary depending on resolution and quality; 720p video on HDoC
will carry further than 1080p video, due to the lesser file size and bitrate. On a 75-5mm camera,
for example, a 720p video signal can go as far as 2132 feet; 1080p video, over the same gauge
cable, will only run about 1300 feet.
 ● Cons
Its biggest limitation right now is that it cannot support resolutions above 1080p. Second, HDoC
is not capable of supplying power.

High definition over coax is accomplished typically using RG6 or RG59 coaxial cables
with a nominal impedance of 75 ohms.

IP vs. Analog Cameras

Ethernet-based IP cameras are growing much more rapidly than HD-over-coax in a variety of
applications – including factory automation, and in smart cities where deep learning algorithms
are allowing for pattern analysis. Most new deployments are IP.

The IP camera operates as an independent image-processing unit with resolutions as high as

5MP. This means that these cameras can be used as standalone entities, while all video
captures are uploaded to the cloud – where complex data processing can occur. Power over
Ethernet (PoE) also eliminates the power distribution box, as four of the eight Ethernet wires are
used to send power to the camera.

● Comparing the HD CCTV Technologies.

There are four primary HD-over-coax technologies: Analog High Definition (AHD), High
Definition Composite Video Interface (HD-CVI), High Definition Serial Digital Interface (HD-SDI),
and High Definition Transport Video Interface (HD-TVI).

AHD (technology was originally developed by Nextchip, a Korean design firm that makes
chipsets for the video security market.)
It supports data transmission over both coax and unshielded twisted pair (UTP) over a
maximum distance of 500 meters through the use of equalizers.

AHD can transmit uncompressed real-time images at 30 frames per second (fps) over long
distances using advanced compression algorithms and signal filtering.

AHD does not support PTZ cameras, menu controls, and remote focus/zoom lens control,
making it arguably less desirable than other options.

HD-SDI: (Serial digital interface (SDI) was first standardized by the society of motion picture and
television engineers (SMPTE) in 1989. The high definition version was released in 2010 as
SMPTE 292M, where the 720P resolution is defined by SMPTE 296M and the 1080P resolution
is specified in SMPTE 274M.)

The original bit rate for standard definition SDI was around 300 Mbps while HD-SDI is around
1.5 Gbps.

(With chipsets from a number of major manufacturers including Semtech, Intersil and Texas
Instruments, HD-SDI has a high degree of vendor diversity. Similar to many HD-over-coax
technologies, the transmitter receives video data from the CMOS sensor as well as audio data
and serializes it into an SDI format. Different forms of compression algorithms can be used
along with equalizers in order to achieve longer cable reaches. Since SD-SDI’s release in 1989,
the technology has matured in the video surveillance industry.)

This means upgrading to HD-SDI is relatively simple to integrate, generating a true

plug-and-play system. On the negative side, the unidirectional signals for camera control do not
allow for changes in camera settings. This requires a separate connector to be built in for more
flexibility.

HD-CVI: Originally developed by Dahua Technology, HD-CVI can accomplish up to 500-meter

transmission distances and 1080P resolution. The technology supports up to 960H analog
cameras for standard definition as well as 1080P HD-SDI cameras for a wide range of
compatibility. HD-CVI also has bidirectional control signals and is able to transmit both
video/audio and camera control over one coaxial line. This technology is significantly more
cost-effective than HD-SDI but was proprietary and only sold by Dahua until recently.

HD-TVI is an open technology developed by Techpoint, a semiconductor company. The HD-TVI

2.0 technical specification was released in 2014 and was quickly adopted by tier one video
surveillance manufacturers, such as Hikvision, AVTech, IDIS, TVT and others.

The primary benefit of this technology over HD-SDI is associated with the ability to transmit over
500 meters with uncompressed HD video using cost-effective UTP coax. There is also
bidirectional transmission of the control signals, allowing for more camera control flexibility.

HD-TVI and HD-CVI are similar in cost and quality of image. The main difference between the
two is that HD-TVI is an open source technology open to third party vendors; while Dahua was
the sole manufacturer of HD-CVI digital signal processing (DSP) chips for a few years. However,
Dahua has now released the technology to select manufacturers.

Calculation tools.
Hikvision.
Dahua.

Selection based on features.

● How to choose a camera?

The things you need for camera selection are mentioned below.
1. High resolution and wide angle
2. Motion detection.
3. Night vision/low light camera.
4. Remote control.
5. Weather and vandal proof.
6. Audio recording.
Some other things are detection distance, area etc.

1. High resolution and wide viewing angle.

In most cases, a resolution of 1280×720 pixels is sufficient, but a full HD/1080p can
provide a clearer image with a minimal price increase.
The average viewing angle of stationary cameras ranges from 45° to 115°.
(while the PTZ camera from FAST CABLING can support horizontal rotation (panning) of
fully 360° and vertical rotation (tilting) of -90° to 1° above the horizon.)
 2. Motion detection with real-time alerts.
Motion-activated cameras are suitable for continuous monitoring in low-traffic areas.

3. Night vision/low-light camera.

But when choosing a night-vision camera, try to avoid dome-shaped cameras with a
highly reflective protective casing (glass), for they are more susceptible to IR reflection
causing blurry or foggy images.

4. Remote control.
In some cameras, you can also control the cameras to pan, tilt, zoom after a simple
configuration.

5. Weatherproof and vandal-proof.

The cameras should have a vandal-proof casing that is unable to open with regular tools
and they should be made from materials highly resistant to impact, covered with a thick
protective layer in a domed shape.

6. Audio recording.
Although there are restrictions around audio recording, it is totally legal where there is a
consensus or in public areas with warning signs.

● How to choose NVR?

The things you need for NVR selection are mentioned below.

1. Channel and recording resolution.

2. Interoperability.
3. Storage capacity and video compression.
4. Advanced functions.

1. Channels and recording resolution.

NVR can be classified by the number of channels (16/32/64) it supports.
Some advanced NVR systems can support high-resolution recording in all channels,
while others only have HD available in 1-2 channels.

2. Interoperability.
It is essential that the NVR is onvif-compliant or supports PSIA protocol, another
standard universally adopted by IP surveillance products to allow the NVR to work with
different-branded cameras. Most IP cameras are now onvif-compatible, but if you want to
stick to your existing cameras, it’s suggested to choose an NVR with high
interoperability.

3. Storage capacity and video compression.

To attain high-quality compressed files, you should pick one that supports the latest
video compression standard of H.265 (HEVC) to deliver the highest-quality images in
 lower bit rates (50% reduced) with greater coding efficiency, which drastically reduce the
storage and bandwidth requirements, making high-quality video compression more
affordable.

4. Advanced functions.
The NVR should have audio and alarm interfaces to help you incorporate the video
surveillance system with other security devices like detection sensors or security alarms.
Some recorders are greatly improved with multiple smart features like remote control,
real-time message alerts and dual-monitor display (HDMI & VGA). Furthermore, the
64-Ch Network Video Recorder from FAST CABLING also supports local management
with extra USB interfaces to operate with a USB mouse and keyboard.

● PoE NVR.
One of the advantageous aspects of PoE NVR is that fewer devices are needed to set
up the surveillance system. But the major drawback is its limitations in long-distance
applications since all the cameras have to be hardwired to the PoE NVR for power
supplies.

● PoE vs non-PoE NVR.

PoE is a revolutionary technology that provides both electrical power and data
connection to the terminal devices on twisted-pair Ethernet cabling at a maximum
distance of 100m/328ft. Every PoE switch has two uplink ports for the network (router)
and NVR connection. The PoE switch is equipped with intelligent power detection to
avoid power surges and improved reliability with redundant power supplies. On the
contrary, the normal/non-PoE switch doesn’t supply electrical power to the terminal
devices. Despite its limitations, it’s still a fair choice for non-PoE security cameras. And a
PoE injector can be installed between the switch and cameras to add PoE capacities to
the non-PoE switch.
(Additionally, since PoE only carries a relatively low voltage of 60V featuring a hot-swappable
plug-and-play design, it has greatly simplified the installation with decreased electrical hazards
and reduced costs of installation.)

Troubleshooting.

1. If the camera is blurry then adjust zoom settings or clean the camera.
2. If the camera is not working then replace it with a working camera and check whether
the problem is with the camera or not. If it works, then check the cable connection, which
is a rare fault. If it is alright, then check the port to which camera is connected by
changing the port. Now, if the port is faulty, then the camera will work in the new port.
Otherwise there is some other problem. If the port and camera are alright then there
might be a problem with the cable.

3. If the cameras don't show on screen and the monitor and DVR are alright, then check
power supply. Also, look for the red light in cameras. If it is not there then the power
supply is faulty.

● HD camera flickering.
Due to a BNC connector problem.
Due to channel HD type changed as that of the camera in the encode option.
Ground wire is broken somewhere.

Only two problems mostly come, BNC and power supply.

● Hikvision camera problem with Dahua DVR.

 If the camera doesn't show on the DVR, then go to the camera and change the encoding
from H.265 to H.264 and it will start working properly.

There are two types of fault.

1. Power related
2. Video related.

● The camera signal is absent,

1. Look at the power supply. If it is faulty, then change the fuse or connect it to another port.

Power is connected to the camera through a connector.

2. Look at the BNC terminals on both sides. (Camera+DVR)

● There is flickering on the screen. (Unstable video)

1. It might be due to loose termination connections.

Again terminate the wire properly.

2. Separate power and video connectors through insulation.

3. Ground problem.
 ● Ground loop. (Noise or hum in the form of transparent lines on camera)
If you have transparent lines and also black lines going across the video for your security
cameras, then you most likely have a ground loop problem.
Ground loop issues can be caused by different ground potentials between points, for example,
between the camera and DVR. These differences are typically caused by unbalanced power
line loads or faulty wiring in the electrical circuit where the camera power supply is plugged in.
Solutions:
1. This Ground Loop Isolator acts as a filter and gets rid of those pesky lines that you've
probably spent hours trying to get rid off. It is very easy to install and go at the camera
end between the camera and the video cable. It is a passive device and does not require
any power. If you have multiple cameras with ground loop problems, you will need one
isolator for each camera.

2. Use a single power supply for DVR and cameras.

3. The video lines should be isolated or at some distance from power lines.
4. Wire touches duct or any metallic thing.

5. Don't connect the camera directly to the metallic surface.

 ● Black lines on camera.
They are due to reflection from another surface like white floor or from walls. It is related to
camera shutter speed.

● Solution:
Reduce shutter speed of camera. In hikvision anti-bending option will come so switch it
on and the problem is resolved. Brightness will be increased but it will be adjustable.

For hikvision, go to menu and then to exposure and at last to anti-bending option.

● Remote access problem.

NVR/DVR is offline.
 ● Camera freeze problem.

Mostly the problem is with NVR settings. 5% of the time, the problem is with any hardware item.
Settings should be according to the bandwidth of NVR.
Bit rates should be 2048 for a 2mp camera and 4096 for 4mp camera.

Extended mode should be switched off in case cameras are not placed too far.

Uplink port should be in gigabit else if it is a normal port then data of both the switches will result
in congestion.
 1. PoE NVR connected cameras have a long distance. So, bitrate issues arise and NVR
can't properly receive the video.
2. Use of more normal switches without installing giga switches.
3. Hard drive problem. It is not properly receiving power or it is not a surveillance hard
disk.
4. Problem with cable or port.
5. Fps, bitrate or firmware problem.

Solution:

1. Remove the hard disk and check if the problem is resolved or not.
2. Change port or cable.
3. Increase fps and decrease bitrate.
4. Reset camera. If still present then update the camera and then NVR firmware.

Problems with,
● Analog system.
 ● Recording problems.

Hard Drive problem.

● If the hard drive doesn't receive enough voltage then it won't start. Sometimes the
current in the adapter reduces over time due to which less voltage will be received at the
DVR end. Consequently, the DVR will work but the HDD won't start. So change the
adapter.
● If the problem still persists then connect the HDD in some other DVR and if works there
then change the SATA and power ports in the faulty DVR.
 ● Digital system.

Camera related problems and solutions.

The five common mistakes.
1. Infrared beams are reflected back towards the camera by some surface,so the night
view will not be good.
2. If protection sheets on cameras are not removed. It results in blurry images.
3. Lens not adjusted right or camera faces obstruction.
4. Distance limits are ignored

● In hikvision NVR, you can go to port in PoE configuration and increase the distance to
300m.
● In hikvision switch, you can switch on the dip switch which also increases the length of
transmission.

● You can also add video extenders to increase the distance limits of the network.
5. Cables not properly water proofed. SD card slot not properly closed.
 Utp cable testing.
It has Rj 11 and Rj 45 connector connections.
Installation tips.
Tool bag.
CCTV maintenance checklist.
 Designing.

● Camera selection process.

It is selected based on the site like how much resolution is required based on the distance from
the objects, how much wide angle is required, which supportive protocols are required, night
vision, motion detection etc.
The total bandwidth of a camera is the sum of its mainstream and substream bitrate.
Camera bandwidth= (main stream bitrate)*M + (sub stream bitrate)*N
Here, M and N are the of cameras

● Bitrate.
Bandwidth is not fixed. It can only be calculated by adjusting it on NVR.

The bandwidth is different for different models like dahua, hikvision etc., it can be calculated with
their particular online tools.
Dahua bitrates.
 ● PoE switch selection process.
Imp note.
1. The actual bandwidth on switch ports is 60-70% of the theoretical value. (Wrong)
2. Non-blocking is a quality in switches that tells you that a switch doesn't lose frames
unless a destination/egress port reaches its maximum bandwidth. That knowledge
provides peace of mind and simplifies network design.
In a blocking switch there's a (sometimes unknown) total bandwidth that you cannot
exceed. The bad thing is that it's not very obvious and might be really hard to detect that
you're hitting the backplane forwarding limit and losing frames.
(Basically, a switch which does not have resources to support all its ports, concurrently, at full
rate, will "block" some traffic. For example, the Cisco 3750G series had a 32 Gb fabric, but
could provide 24 or 48 gig copper ports. For the fabric to not every block, it would need either
48 or 96 Gb fabric. (If you don't exceed 16 Gb, ingress, you wouldn't block, either. BTW, fabric
bandwidths, at least by Cisco, are provided as full duplex bandwidths.) The (about the same
time?) 4948, for comparison, with 48 gig copper ports, does have a 96 Gb fabric.)
3.

Example:
● For 1.3 million:
The bitstream per 960p camera usually is 4M. If a 100M switch is used, then 15 cameras can be
connected (15×4=60M);
With a Gigabit switch, you can connect 150 sets(150×4=600M)
 ● For 2 million:
The bitstream of a 1080P IP camera usually is 8M. With a 100M switch, you can connect 7 units
(7×8=56M);
With a Gigabit switch, you can connect 75 sets (75×8=600M)
These are all explained by taking the mainstream H.264 camera as an example, and the H.265
can be halved.

● One source.
● Second source.
● PoE switch bandwidth.
 ● PoE supply working process.
PoE power supply process.
● PoE types.

● Managed vs unmanaged PoE switch.

The managed switch opens up great opportunities for authorized users to prioritize and
monitor the traffic to achieve the optimization of network performance. You can regulate the
voltage coming out of each port on the switch (within the power budget) and allocate more
power to more power-hungry devices like Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) cameras. If a regular camera
only requires 2-4 watts while the PTZ cameras will need 7-9 watts, the switch will send just
enough power to each device accordingly. Moreover, it can provide security settings that can be
configured in accordance with your specifications.
On the other hand, the unmanaged switch is more straightforward, featuring a simple
plug-and-play design with no configuration required. And it’s relatively more affordable for its
limited capacities (no traffic monitor or security settings). Generally speaking, the managed
switch is more suitable for applications that require high security and reliability (enterprise-level
businesses), while the unmanaged switch is appropriate for home or small-to-medium-sized
businesses.

● Active vs passive PoE switch.

From the above content, we can say that for safety concerns, active PoE switches should
always be our top choice for powering up remote IP phones, IP cameras, wireless access
points, and other PD devices. However, you may also consider passive PoE switches if there is
a tight budget. But remember that the passive PoE switch has no power detection function. So it
is important to make sure the passive PoE switch you buy matches the power specifications
exactly to the PD device you are trying to power on. Otherwise, you can easily burn up your PD
device. In addition, you should never connect computers and other non-PoE devices to the
passive PoE switch.
 ● Passive PoE example.
If the camera is of 12 V and you power it using 24 V passive PoE, then it will get damaged.

Full and half duplex.

When a switch is connected to an IP device, information is transferred in both directions. The
switch sends information to the endpoint device and vice versa. Full duplex (FDX) switches
allow for the simultaneous transmission of information between the switch and the endpoint. In a
half duplex (HDX) system, communication flows in one direction at a time.

For example, half duplex is like talking on a walkie talkie while full duplex is like talking on a
telephone.

Symmetrical and asymmetrical bandwidth.

A switch that can deliver 100 Mbps symmetrical, full duplex can transmit and receive at a rate of
100Mbps. Even if it is full duplex, a network switch with asymmetrical bandwidth cannot send
AND receive at 100Mbps. Asymmetrical switches will use an uneven split to transmit at 70Mbps
and receive at 30Mbps, for example.
For example, two 150Mb files, a 100 Mbps symmetrical, full duplex switch will deliver both files
in 1.5 seconds. A 100Mbps asymmetrical half duplex switch with a 70/30 split will take 7.14
seconds to deliver both files. Even though both devices can be marketed as a 100Mbps switch,
real-world performance is significantly different.
 ● Switch bandwidth explained.
Standard 8 port gig switch. If you read the specifications carefully, you will see that this switch
can handle a bandwidth of 16Gbps. That means there's 2Gbps for every port. (This part I'm a
little fuzzy on, but should be close enough to explain things): Since it's full duplex, that's 1Gb for
each direction. Hence, a Gb switch that can handle 16Gbps of simultaneous data.

1. Switching capacity.
It is also referred to as backplane width and it refers to the maximum value of data, which can
be transmitted between a data bus or interface card. This is indicated in bps.
Switching capacity of a network switch = total number of ports * rate of the port * 2 (for
full-duplex).

2. Forwarding rate.
This indicates the packet forwarding capabilities of the switches. It is measured in packets per
second or PPS. It shows the number of data packets forwarded by the switch in a second.
Forwarding Rate = Port Numbers x Port Speed/1000 x 1.488 Mpps.

3. Switching bandwidth and forwarding bandwidth.

Here, the switching bandwidth refers to the total amount of data, which can be transmitted
through the switching plane. Forwarding bandwidth refers to the amount of data that can be
forwarded to the interfaces. The calculation of these will be based on the optimal conditions.

● Switching capacity ≤Nominal switching capacity, then the switch is wire-speed, also
called non-blocking.
 ● Forwarding rate ≤ Nominal forwarding rate, the switch is wire-speed, or called
non-blocking.

Note.
We add a gigabit switch in CCTV after the data transmission on a single port exceeds the
100 Mbps transmission speed.

● NVR selection process.

Look for,
1. Channels
2. Hard drive capacity (double SATA)
3. Incoming bandwidth and outgoing bandwidth
4. Decoding capability
5. Compression type
6. Special features

● Incoming and outgoing bandwidth.

Incoming bandwidth is the sum of main stream and sub stream while outgoing is only the sub
stream.
● NVR bandwidth ranges.