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Control System

The document summarizes the key components of a control system including the process, measuring element, controller, and final control element. It describes how a control system can be represented using a block diagram showing the set point, load variable, comparator, controller, and controlled variable. The control system aims to minimize the error between the measured controlled variable and the set point through negative feedback.

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Medha Arun
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views

Control System

The document summarizes the key components of a control system including the process, measuring element, controller, and final control element. It describes how a control system can be represented using a block diagram showing the set point, load variable, comparator, controller, and controlled variable. The control system aims to minimize the error between the measured controlled variable and the set point through negative feedback.

Uploaded by

Medha Arun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control System

Control System
Components of a Control System
•The system shown in Figure, may be divided into the following
components:
1. Process (stirred-tank heater).
2. Measuring element (thermometer).
3. Controller
4. Final control element (variable transformer or control valve).
Block Diagram
• For computational purposes, it is convenient to represent the
control system of Fig. by means of the block diagram.
Block Diagram
• Set Point: The set point is a synonym for the desired value of
the controlled variable.
• Load Variable: The load refers to a change in any variable
that may cause the controlled variable of the process to
change.
• In this example, the inlet temperature is a load variable. Other
possible loads for this system are changes in ow rate and
heat loss from the tank.
• Closed-loop system: The control system shown in Fig. is
called a closed-loop system or a feedback system because
the measured value of the controlled variable is returned or
“fed back” to a device called the comparator.
Block Diagram
• In the comparator, the controlled variable is compared with
the desired value or set point.
• If there is any di erence between the measured variable and
the set point, an error is generated.
• This error enters a controller, which in turn adjusts the nal
control element in order to return the controlled variable to the
set point.
Block Diagram
Negative Feedback versus Positive Feedback:
Negative
by Fig., feedback:
involves theThe feedback
use of the principle,
controlledwhich is illustrated
variable “T” to
maintain itself at a desired
described as Negative Feedback system. value T R. This arrangement is
Negative
Ttom,reduce feedback
is usedtheto error. ensures that the di erence between
adjust the control element so that the tendency is T R and

Positive
obtained Feedback:
by adding If
T the signal to the comparator were
R and T, we would have a positive
feedback system.
regenerative feedback. The positive feedback is also called a
Inapplications
practical control systems, the
than positive feedback. negative feedback has more
Block Diagram
The control system can be considered from the
its ability to handle either of two types of situations. point of view of
Servomechanism-type
there is no change in (or
load servo)
T problem: We assume that
i and that we are interested in
changing the
function of time.bath temperature according to some prescribed
For this problem, the set point T R would be changed in
accordance with the desired variation in bath temperature.
Servomechanisms change an output variable.
Typical servomechanisms
or steering. are those used for missile guidance
Asetpoint.
servo control
The loop
setpoint is
mayonebewhich responds
changed as a to a change
function of in
time
and therefore the controlled variable must follow the setpoint.
Block Diagram
Regulator Problem: In this case, the desired value (set point) is
to remain xed and the purpose of the control system is to
maintain the controlled variable at desired value in spite of
changes in load variable.
A regulatory control loop is one which responds to a change in
some input value, bringing the system back to steady state.
Regulatory control is by far more common than servo control
in the process industries.
Standard block diagram symbols
Standard block diagram symbols
• The series of blocks between the comparator and controlled
variable which consist of Gc, G1, and G2, is referred to as the
forward path.
• The block H between the controlled variable and the
comparator is called the feedback path.
• The use of G for a transfer function in the forward path and H
for one in the feedback path is a common convention.
• The product GH, which is the product of all transfer functions
(GcG1G2H) in the loop, is called the open-loop transfer function.
• GH is known as the open-loop transfer function because it
relates the measured variable B to the set point R if the
feedback loop is disconnected (i.e., opened) from the
comparator.
Overall Transfer Function
• Transfer function is de ned as
C/U or C/R
• Referred as overall transfer functions because they apply to
the entire system.
• Useful in determining the response of Controlled variable to
any change in setpoint and load variable.
• The response to a change in set point R, obtained by se ing
U = 0, represents the solution to the servo problem.
• The response to a change in load variable U, obtained by
se ing R = 0, is the solution to the regulator problem

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