~

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THBORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL 44, NO 12, DECEMBER 1996 2099

lings of Microstrip Square

II

Open-Loop Resonators tor

Cross-Coupled Planar Microwave Filters
Jia-Sheng Hong, Member, IEEE, and Michael J. Lancaster, Member, IEEE

Abstract- A new type of cross-coupled planar microwave

filter using coupled microstrip square open-loop 1,esonators is P
proposed. A method for the rigorous calculation of the coupling
coefficients of three basic coupling structures encmountered in
this type of filters is developed. Simple empirical models are
derived for estimation of the coupling coefficients. Experiments
are performed to verify the theory. A four-pole elliptic function
filter of this type is designed and fabricated. Both the theoretical
and experimental performance is presented.

I. INTRODUCTION

M ODERN microwave communication systf ms require,

especially in satellite and mobile communications,
high-performance narrow-band bandpass filters having low
insertion loss and high selectivity together with linear phase
or flat group delay in the passband. According to the early
work on filter synthesis 111, it has been knowri that when
frequency selectivity and bandpass loss are cons:dered to be
the important filtering properties, then the optimum filters
are those exhibiting ripple in both passbands and stopbands. Frght-pule
Such a filter response can be realized using filter5 with cross
couplings between nonadjacent resonators 121. 'These cross Fig. 1, Some cross-coupled planar microwave handpass filters comprised of
coupled microstrip square open-loop resonators on substrate (not shown) with
couplings give a number of alternative paths which a signal a relative dielectric constant E~ and a thickness h.
may take between the input and output ports. Depending
on the phasing of the signals, the multipath effect may
resonators. Several new cross-coupled planar filter structures
cause attenuation poles at finite frequencies or group delay
have been proposed recently, including the microstrip dual-
flattening, or even both simultaneously. Usually, the cross-
mode filters [3], [9], the dual-plane multicouple line filters
coupled resonator filters are realized using waveguide cavities
[IO] and the microstrip square open-loop resonator filters
or dielectric resonator loaded cavities because of their low
[13]. Shown in Fig. 1 are some typical cross-coupled planar
loss. However, in order to reduce size, weight, and cost, there
filters comprised of microstrip square open-loop resonators.
has been a growing interest in planar structures [3]-[14].
Compared with the microstrip dual-mode filters the microstrip
The disadvantage of high conductor loss of the planar filters
square open-loop resonator filters can have a smaller size. For
using conventional conducting thin films can be cwercome by
instance a four-pole dual-mode ring filter requires a circuit
replacing them with high-temperature superconducting (HTS)
size amounting to 2A,,/n- x &,IT, where ,A, is the guided
thin films. These can have a very low conductor loss [3]-[6].
wavelength at the midband frequency. Whilst the circuit size
An alternative is by combining with active MMIC devices to
for a four-pole open-loop resonator filter as shown in Fig. 1,
compensate the loss [141.
only amounts to A,/4 x X,,/4, giving more than 50% size
One difficulty in realizing the cross-coupled microwave
reduction. Compared with the dual-plane multicoupled line
filters in the planar structures is to identify and control the
filters, the microstrip open-loop resonator filters are much
required electric and magnetic couplings for the nonadjacent
simpler in structure, they require no grounding and coupling
Manuscript received April 18, 1996; revised July 22, 15'96. This work apertures. It would also seem that the coupled square open-
was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council loop resonators are more flexible to construct a variety of
(EPSRC), U.K. cross-coupled planar filters which have the similar coupling
The authors are with the School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B IS 2T7, U.K. configurations as those of waveguide cavity cross-coupled
Publisher Item Identifier S 001 8-9480(96)07906-9. filters.

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 2100 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 44, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1996

derives the relationships that are necessary for extracting

a Y the coupling coefficients of the three basic coupling struc-
tures from the information of resonant mode splitting. In
Section IV we present numerical results and deduce simple
empirical models for estimation of the coupling coefficients.
Experimental results are also presented to verify the theory.
Section V demonstrates the filter application. A four-pole
cross-coupled microstrip filter comprised of coupled square
open-loop resonators is designed and fabricated. Theoretical
and measured performance of the filter is presented. Conclu-
sions are followed in Section VI.

a- + 11. COUPLING
STRUCTURES
Shown in Fig. 2 are the three basic coupling structures
encountered in the type of cross-coupled filters in Fig. 1. The
coupled structures result from different orientations of a pair
of identical square open-loop resonators which are separated
by a spacing s and may or may not be subject to an offset d. It
is obvious that any coupling in those coupling structures is that
of the proximity coupling, which is, basically, through fringe
fields. The nature and the extent of the fringe fields determine
the nature and the strength of the coupling. It can be shown
that at resonance, each of the open-loop resonators has the
maximum electric field density at the side with an open-gap,
and the maximum magnetic field density at the opposite side.
Because the fringe field exhibits an exponentially decaying
character outside the region, the electric fringe field is stronger
near the side having the maximum electric field distribution,
while the magnetic fringe field is stronger near the side having
the maximum magnetic field distribution. It follows that the
electric coupling can be obtained if the open sides of two
coupled resonators are proximately placed as Fig. 2(a) shows,
while the magnetic coupling can be obtained if the sides
with the maximum magnetic field of two coupled resonators
(c) are proximately placed as Fig. 2(b) shows. For the coupling
Fig. 2. Basic coupling structures of coupled microstrip square open-loop structure in Fig. 2(c), the electric and magnetic fringe fields at
resonators on substrate (not shown) having a relative dielectric constant E~ and the coupled sides may have comparative distributions so that
a thickness h. (a) Electric coupling structure. (b) Magnetic coupling structure. both the electric and the magnetic couplings occur. In this case
(c) Mixed coupling structure.
the coupling may be referred to as the mixed coupling.

For the waveguide cavity cross-coupled filters, the design

method, which is based on deriving a coupling matrix from 111. FORMULATION
FOR COUPLING COEFFICIENTS
the transfer function and realizing the coupling matrix in terms The physical mechanism underlying the resonant mode
of intercavity couplings, is widely used for its simplicity and splitting is that the coupling effect can both enhance and
accuracy [15] and [16]. It is thus desirable to adopt this reduce the stored energy. It has been pointed out that two
synthesis technique to design cross-coupled microstrip square resonant peaks in association with the mode splitting can be
open-loop resonator filters. However, the application of such a observed if the coupled resonator circuit are over-coupled,
design approach requires the knowledge of mutual couplings which occurs when the corresponding coupling coefficient is
between coupled microstrip square open-loop resonators. This larger than a critical value amounting to l / Q , with Q the
paper derives this information on mutual coupling. quality factor of the resonator circuit [17]. It is quite easy to
Three basic coupling structures encountered in the type of identify in the full-wave EM simulation the two split resonant
cross-filters such as those in Fig. 1 are described in Section frequencies, which are related to the coupling coefficient.
11. Because the semi-open configuration and inhomogeneous Hence the coupling coefficient can easily be determined if the
dielectric medium of the coupling structures make the as- relationships between the coupling coefficient and the resonant
sociated boundary value problem complicated, a full-wave mode splitting are found. In what follows we present the
electromagnetic (EM) simulator is used to characterize the formulation of such relationships for the coupled structures
couplings in terms of resonant mode splitting. Section I11 in Fig. 2.

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 HONG AND LANCASTER: COUPLINGS OF MICROSTRIP SQUARE OPEN-LOOP RESONATORS 2101

A . Electric Coupling
For the fundamental mode near its resonance, an equivalent
lumped-element circuit model for the coupling structure in
Fig. 2(a) is given in Fig. 3(a), where L and C are the self-
inductance and self-capacitance so that (LC)-'/' equals the
angular resonant frequency of uncoupled resonators, and C,
represents the mutual capacitance. At this stage it should be
make clear that the coupled structure considered is inher-
ently distributed element so that the lumped-element circuit
equivalence is valid on a narrow-band basis, namely, near
its resonance as we have emphasized at the beginning. The
same comment is applicable for the other coupled structures
discussed later, Now, if we look into reference planes TI - Ti
and T2 - Ti, we can see a two-port network which may be
described by the following set of equations
I1 =jwcv,- jwc,v, (14
I2 =jwCV, - jwC,Vl (1b)
T'i
y,, : ___------
L t ' l1 T',
in which a sinusoidal waveform is assumed. It might be well
to mention that (la) and (lb) imply that the self-capacitance J=wC,
C is the capacitance seen in one resonant loop of Fig. 3(a) (b)
when the capacitance in the adjacent loop is shorted out. Thus, Fig 3 (a) Equivalent circuit of the coupled open-loop resonators exhibiting
the second terms on the right-hand side of (la) and (lb) are the electric coupling (b) An alternative form of the equivalent circuit with an
admittance inverter J = wC,,, to represent the coupling
the induced currents resulted from the increasing voltage in
resonant loop 2 and loop 1, respectively. From (la) and (Ib)
four Y-parameters Equations (3) and (4) can be used to find the electric
coupling coefficient ICE
y11 = y 2 2
=j w c (24
Yl2 =El
= -JWC, (2b) (5)
can easily be found by definitions. which is identical with the definition of ratio of the coupled
According to the network theory [ 181 an alternztive form of electric energy to the stored energy of uncoupled single
the equivalent circuit in Fig. 3(a) can be obtained and is shown resonator.
in Fig. 3(b). This form yields the same two-porl parameters
with those of the circuit of Fig. 3(a), but it is more convenient B. Magnetic Coupling
for our discussions. Actually, it can be shown that the electric Shown in Fig. 4(a) is an equivalent lumped-element circuit
coupling between the two resonant loops is repreliented by an model for the coupling structure in Fig. 2(b) near its resonance,
admittance inverter J = wC,. If the symmetry plane T - T' where L and C are the self-inductance and self-capacitance,
in Fig. 3(b) is replaced by an electric wall (or a silort-circuit), and L , represents the mutual inductance. In this case the
the resultant circuit has a resonant frequency coupling equations described the two-port network at reference
1 planes TI - Ti and Tz - Ti are
(3)
fe = 2 7 l 4 7 c T z J '
VI =jwLI1 + jwL,I2, (64
This resonant frequency is lower than that of uncoupled v, =jwLI, + jWLmII. (6b)
single resonator, which has also been confirmed by the full-
wave simulations. A physical explanation is that the coupling Equations (6a) and (6b) also imply that the self-inductance
effect enhances the capability of storing charge of the single L is the inductance seen in one resonant loop of Fig. 4(a)
resonator when the electric wall is inserted in the symmetrical when the adjacent loop is open-circuited. Thus, the second
plane of the coupled structure. Similarly, replacing the symme- terms on the right-hand side of (6a) and (6b) are the induced
try plane in Fig. 3(b) by a magnetic wall (or an open-circuit) voltage resulted from the increasing current in loops 2 and
results in a single resonant circuit having a resonant frequency 1, respectively. From (6a) and (6b) we can find four Z -
1 parameters
(4)
=2 n J m
In this case the coupling effect reduces the capabill ty of storing
charge so that the resonant frequency is increased.

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 2102 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 44, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1996

coupled magnetic energy to the stored energy of uncoupled

single resonator. One might also notice that the magnetic
coupling defined by (10) and the electric coupling defined by
( 5 ) are in phase opposition. This type of coupling is what we
really need for the realization of cross-coupled filters.

C. Mixed Coupling
For the coupling structure of Fig. 2(c), the electric and
magnetic field distributions on the coupled arms of two
resonators are comparative so that neither the electric coupling
nor the magnetic coupling can be ignored. Hence, in this case
the coupling may be referred to as the mixed coupling. For the
fundamental mode of this coupling structure near its resonance,
a network representation is shown in Fig. 5(a). Notice that
the Y-parameters are the parameters of a two-port network
looked into the left of reference plane TI - Ti and the right
of reference plane T2 - Ti,while the 2-parameters are the
parameters of the other two-port network looked into the right
of reference plane TI - T{ and the left of reference plane
T2 - Ti. The Y - and 2-parameters are defined by

y11 = y 2 2
Fig. 4. (a) Equivalent circuit of the coupled open-loop resonators exhibiting
the magnetic coupling. (b) An alternative form of the equivalent circuit with =j w c ,
an impedance inverter K = w L h to represent the coupling.
y12 =Y21
=j w c k
211 =222
Shown in Fig. 4(b) is an alternative form of equivalent =j w L ,
circuits having the same network parameters as those of
212 =Z21
Fig. 4(a). Similarly, it can be shown that the magnetic coupling
between the two resonant loops is represented by an impedance =jwLL.
inverter K = wL,. If the symmetry plane T - T' in Fig. 4(b) where C , L, C i , and L A are the self-capacitance, the self-
is replaced by an electric wall (or a short-circuit), the resultant inductance, the mutual capacitance, and the mutual inductance
single resonant circuit has a resonant frequency of an associated equivalent lumped-element circuit shown in
Fig. 5(b). It should be explained that the minus sign assigned
to the mutual capacitance is based on two facts. The first
fact is that the electric and magnetic couplings enhance each
It can be shown that the increase in resonant frequency, other (add in phase). The second fact is that when the
which has also been observed in the full-wave simulations, symmetry plane of the equivalent circuit is shorted-circuit,
is because the coupling effect reduces the stored flux in the which may correspond to the excitation for the currents on
single resonator circuit when the electric wall is inserted in the coupled arms of Fig. 2(c) having the same magnitude but
the symmetric plane. If the symmetry plane in Fig. 4(b) is
the opposite direction, the resonant frequency is higher than
replaced by a magnetic wall (or an open-circuit), the resultant that of uncoupled single resonator. In Fig. 5(b), one can also
single resonant circuit has a resonant frequency
identify an impedance inverter K = w L i and an admittance
1 inverter J = WCLwhich represent the magnetic coupling and
(9)
.fm = 27rJ(L +Lm)C. the electric coupling, respectively.
By inserting an electric wall and a magnetic wall into
In this case it turns out that the coupling effect increases the the symmetry plane of the equivalent circuit in Fig. 5(b),
stored flux so that the resonant frequency is shifted down. respectively, we obtain
Similarly, (8) and (9) can be used to find the magnetic
coupling coefficient k~ 1
fe =
27r2/(L - L L ) ( C - CL) '
1
f m = 27rJ(L + L L ) ( C+ CL) .
As can be seen that both the magnetic and electric couplings
It should be emphasized that the magnetic coupling coefficient have the same effect on the resonant frequency shifting. In
defined by (10) corresponds to the definition of ratio of the other words, they reduce or enhance the stored fluxlcharge of

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 HONG AND LANCASTER: COUPLINGS OF MICROSTRIP SQUARE OPEN-LOOP RESONATORS 2103

Iv. NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS AND RESULTS

Before presenting any numerical results it should be re-
marked that for numerical computations, depending on the
particul'ar EM simulator used as well as the coupling structure
analyzed, it may sometimes be difficult to implement the
electric wall or the magnetic wall, or even the both in the
simulation. For instance, the mixed coupling structure in
Fig. 2(c) is actually symmetrical about a rotational axis rather
than a plane. In this case, the difficulty can be removed easily
by analyzing the whole coupling structure instead of the half,
and finding the natural resonant frequencies of two resonant
peaks observable from the resonant frequency response. It can
be shown (see the Appendix) that the two natural resonant
frequencies obtained in this way are f e and f m .
Shown in Fig. 6 are the typical resonant frequency responses
of the three types of coupled open-loop resonators, which are
obtained using a full-wave EM simulator based on the method
of moments [19]. The two resonant peaks which correspond
to the resonant frequencies f e and f m , defined above, are
clearly identified. It can be seen that as the coupling spacing
s decreases the two resonant peaks move outwards and the
trough in the middle deepens, which implies an increase in
the coupling. It would also seem that for the same coupling
spacing the magnetic coupling is the strongest whereas the
electric coupling is the weakest. From the information of
resonant mode splitting the coupling coefficients can then be
extracted using (9,(lo), and (15) derived in the last section.
The computed results give an insight into the characteristics
of couplings and indicate that the couplings depend not only
K=& L', on the spacing but also on the other parameters.
I
T' Shown in Fig. 7 are the computed coupling coefficients for
different dielectric constants of substrate. The electric coupling
(b)
k . shows
~ a dependence of dielectric constant. The lower the
Fig. 5 . (a) Network representation of the coupled open-loop resonators
exhibiting the mixed coupling. (b) An associated equivalent circuit with an dielectric constant, the stronger is the electric coupling. This
impedance inverter K = wLk and an admittance inverter J = w C k to is because the electric field is much confined in the substrate
represent the magnetic coupling and the electric coupling, reiipectively. closer to the microstrip line having a higher dielectric constant.
The numerical results also indicate that for low values of
the single resonant circuit at the same time when the electric dielectric constant the variation of electric coupling with E, is
wall or the magnetic wall is inserted. rapid while it is rather slow for high values of E ~ Again
. from
From (13) and (14) the mixed coupling coefficient k~ can Fig. 7 we can see that the magnetic coupling k~ clearly shows
be found to be an independence of dielectric constant as what should be
expected. While the mixed coupling k~ exhibits also a depen-
dence on dielectric constant because it involves electric cou-
pling. The width w of coupled open-loop arms (refer to Fig. 2)
is another parameter on which the couplings depend. Fig. 8
shows the computed couplings vary with respect to w . It would
seem that the couplings are stronger for a smaller w. The rea-
It is reasonable to assume that LAC:, << LG, and thus (15) son for this is because the fringe field is stronger for a narrow
becomes microstrip line. It is found that the couplings also depend on
the size a of open-loop resonator (refer to Fig. 2). One can
see in Fig. 9 that for the other parameters fixcd the couplings
increase as the size a increases. This phenomenon may also
attribute to the increase in fringe field when a is increased. AS
stated above the coupled open-loop resonators may or may not
which clearly indicates that the mixed couplin:; is resulted be subject to an offset. Fig. 10 shows the computed coupling
from the superposition of the magnetic and electric couplings, coefficients with and without the offset. As can be seen the
which are in phase, as would be expected. magnetic and the mixed couplings do not change much against

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 2104 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 44, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1996

10 c I 0.05
Electric Couplinq I s=2.0 mm XU
E 0.04
.a,
6 0.03
8a 0.02
-20
C
m
s
3 0.01
8
-40 0.00
2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Frequency lGHz Spacing Imm

0.08
10 z
Maqnetic Couplinq . .. .
s=l .O mm
s=2.0 mm ,s
.c1

0.06
2
C
s=3.0 mm
g
8 0.04
a
s9 0.02
8
0.00
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65 Spacing Imm
Frequency lGHz

.g-
d
10
s=l.O mm 0.06 ~ ~-
4. 4 0 . 8

-
Mixed Couplinq .. .-.. s=2.0"
m 0 F - - - A -~,=25.0
--

-
P ~ 3 . mm
0
0.04
-10 I/ :j
2
9 0.02
8
0.00
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Spacing Imm
2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65
Fig. 7. Coupling coefficients for resonators with a = 7.0 mm, w = 1.0
Frequency lGHz mm, and d = 0.0 mm on a substrate with a thickness h = 1.27 mm and
different relative dielectric constants.
Fig. 6 . Typical resonant mode splitting phenomena of the three types of
coupled microstrip square open-loop resonators.

the offset d of the coupled resonators, whereas the electric

coupling is more sensitive to the offset. For the filter realization
+$ . ($15

the offset in electric coupling structure can actually be avoided.

It may be convenient for the filter design to estimate the
couplings of coupled open-loop resonators using some closed
formulas. It is found that for a given substrate with a relative for the electric coupling coefficient
dielectric constant E, and a thickness h, the coupling coeffi- kM 7r . F,
=- . exp ( - A m ) . exp ( - B m ). exp ( - D l r L )
cients can be characterized in terms of normalized dimensions 16
s / h , w / h , and a / h . By fitting the numerical results obtained
above we find that the coupling coefficients may be fitted into
-0.068 34 + 0.141 42 h + 0.086 55
W
-

the following models

7r
B, = 1 . 2 . (;)s p m
,
k~ = - . F, exp (-A,) . exp (-Be)
. exp ( - D e )
16
A, = 0.2259 0.015 71e, + 0.1 . JET+I.20h p m = 0.8885 - 0.1751
6
I)?(
~

Be = 1.0678 + 0.266. In
[ .

+ 0.031 46 + 1.0051 ah
p e = 1.0886
(;I4
- Fm = - 0.5014 0.1557 (18)

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 HONG AND LANCASTER COUPLINGS OF MICROSTRIP SQUARE OPEN-LOOP RESONATORS 2105

0.05

0.04 - mm
a=7.00
4.
- - - A - - - a-12.75 mm
0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Spacing Imm Spacing Imm

0.08 0 10
3
-
9
008 -I
-A--
- a=7 00 mm
a=12 75 mm

8- 002
8 8
0.00 0 00
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 10 15 20 25 30
Spacing Imm Spacing Imm

a=7.00
4.- mm
.. A- a=12.75 m m

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Spacing Imm Spacing Imm
Fig. 8. Coupling coefficients for coupled resonators with (I = 7.0 mm, Fig. 9. Coupling coefficients for coupled resonators with w = 1.0 mm,
d = 0.0 mm and different w on a substrate of E ~ = 10.3 and thickness d = 0.0 mm and different size a on a substrate of E,-= 10.8 and thickness
h = 1.27 mm. h = 1.27 mm.

for the magnetic coupling coefficient, and the spacing is increased because the electric coupling decays
faster than the magnetic coupling against the spacing.
The full-wave EM simulator used has been proved to
be quite accurate in its prediction. Nevertheless, a set of
microstrip coupled open-loop resonators in Fig. 2 having a
spacing 2.0 mm on a RTDuroid substrate with E, = 10.8 and
a thickness h = 1.27 mm were fabricated and measured to
for the mixed coupling coefficient. Shown in Fig. 11 are the
verify the theory. The measured coupling coefficients together
coupling coefficients modeled by (17)-(19). Compared with
with those obtained from the full-wave simulations and the
the simulated ones obtained by the full-wave simulation, an
closed-formulas are listed in Table I for comparison. Good
accuracy better than 10% is achieved. The empirical formula
agreement are obtained.
of (19) is able to demonstrate quantitatively that the magnetic
coupling is predominant in the mixed couplirig case even
though both the electric and magnetic couplings occur. As an V. FILTERAPPLICATIONS
example Fig. 12 plots the ratio of the electric coupling to the A four-pole elliptic function bandpass filter is used to
magnetic coupling in a mixed coupling structure on a substrate demonstrate the filter applications of the coupled microstrip
with a relative dielectric constant E, = 10.8 and a thickness square open-loop resonators. The center frequency of the filter
h = 1.27 mm. As can be seen the electric coupling is less than is 2.46 GHz and the fractional bandwidth is 4%. The coupling
80% of the magnetic coupling, and the ratio is e\en smaller as matrix and input/output singly loaded Q = I / R to be realized

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 2106 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 44, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1996

0 06
?? 005
8
C
004
- - modelled (&,=IO 8)
-- modelled (~,=250)
0 full-wave
8 003 o full-wave
A full-wave
30, 002
001
8
0 00
10 15 20 25 30 0 75 1 00 125 1 5 0 1 75 2 00 2 25 2 50
Spacing lmm Normalized spacing slh

modelled (a/h=3.7402)
modelled (a/h=5.5118)
- - d=l Omm modelled (a/h=l0.0394)
full-wave
full-wave
full-wave

10 15 20 25 30 0 7 5 1 0 0 1 2 5 150 1 7 5 2 0 0 225 250

Spacing lmm Normalized spacing slh

0 08
- modelled (w/h=0.3937)
- - d=l Omm s 006
- - modelled (w/h=0.7874)
modelled (w/h=1.1811)

-
0 full-wave
full-wave
2 004 A full-wave

s3
0,

002
s
0.00
10 15 20 25 30 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50
Spacing lmm Normalized spacing slh
Fig. 10. Coupling coefficients of the three types of coupled microstrip square Fig. 11. Comparison of the coupling coefficients modeled using the closed
open- loop resonators with a = 7.0 mm, w = 1.0 mm and different offset d formulas to those simulated uying the full-wave EM simulator.
on a substrate of E ? = 10.8 and thickness h = 1 . 2 i mm.
1.0 L
are
w/h=0.7874

M= [ 0
0.026 1
0
-0.0029
0.0261
0
0.022
0
0
0.022
0
0.0261
-0.0029

0.0261
0
a/h-5.5118
e,=10.8

R = 0.035 01. (20)

The positive couplings = = = and

M23 = M32 are realized by the mixed and magnetic couplings,
0.0
respectively, while the negative coupling A414 = are 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50
realized by the electric coupling. The inputloutput loads are Normalized spacing slh
achieved via tapped feed lines [20]. Fig. 13(a) shows the
layout of the filter and the frequency responses computed by an Fig. 12. Ratio of the electric coupling to the magnetic coupling in the mixed
coupling structure, showing the magnetic coupling is predominant.
ideal circuit model. The filter was fabricated on a RTDuroid
substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 10.8 and a
VI. CONCLUSION
thickness of 1.27 mm. The measured filter performance is
given in Fig. 13(b). The passband insertion loss is about 2.2 We have proposed a new type of planar cross-coupled filters
dB. This is mainly due to the conductor loss for a measured using coupled microstrip square open-loop resonators. In order
resonator & ofI 200. to apply the design technique which is widely used for the

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 ~

HONG AND LANCASTER: COUPLINGS OF MICROSTRIP SQUARE OPEN-LOOP RESONATORS 2107

TABLE I APPENDIX
COEFFICIENTS
COUPLING OF COUPLED MICROSTRIPSQUARE OPEN-LOOP PROVE THAT f e AND f m ARE TWO
~ 10.8, h = 1.27 mm, w = 1.0 mm, 5 = 2.0 mm)
( E =
RESONATORS
NATURALRESONANTFREQUENCIES
ielled
It would seem that the best way to show that fe and
-
011
f,. are the two natural resonant frequencies of the coupling
-
034 structures in Fig. 2 is to prove that f e and fm are the two
eigen values of the eigen equation in association with the
individual coupling structure. For our purpose Fig. 14 shows
the modified equivalent circuits of the three coupling structures
0 0 of Fig. 2, where the resonators are all assumed tuned to the
-10
normalized center frequency w, = l/m = 1 and to have
-10 g normalized characteristic impedance z, = = 1. Thus
s-
h

-20
s... the mutual capacitance and inductance are normalized to C and
mm -20 m- L , respectively. By deriving the 2-matrix of each equivalent
*- Y-

-30 O circuit in Fig. 14 and imposing the boundary conditions VI =

a,
73 7J
Vz = 0 for natural resonance, the eigen equation can be found
3
I -30 2
‘e
0,
-40 C
l
n
to be
3 -50 -40

-60 -50
For the electric coupling circuit we have
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Frequency (GHz)
(a)

With the normalized frequencies w = 2n . f e = 1 / J m

and w = 2n . fm = l/J= of (3) and (4) defined
in Section 111, (21) is satisfied. This proves that fe and fm
are indeed the two eigen values or the two natural resonant
frequencies of the coupling structure of Fig. 2(a) regardless
whether or not the electric or the magnetic wall is inserted.
cain33 2.-c*b For the magnetic coupling circuit we have
9D(w 0.-m

(b) 211 = z 2 2
Fig. 13. (a) Filter layout and performance of the ideal model for the four-pole --
A
filter. (b) Measured filter performance. B’
221 =212

-- 1
waveguide cavity filters to the proposed type of microstrip -
filters, a method for the rigorous calculation of the coupling
B’
1
coefficients of the three basic coupling structures encountered (1 - L,) - -
A=l+ W2
has been developed. We have presented the numerical results
L,
of the coupling coefficients obtained using fiill-wave EM 1
simulations. The characteristics of the three types of couplings, B=-. (23)
namely the electric, magnetic and mixed couplirlgs have been
jWL,
investigated. We have also derived three simple empirical Similarly, the eigen equation of (21) is satisfied with the
modes for estimation of the coupling coefficients of these types normalized frequencies w = 271. . f C = 1/Jm and
of couplings. We have performed the experiments to verify w = 2n . f m = l / d m of (8) and (9) given in Section
the numerical results. To demonstrate the filter application, we 111, indicating that f e and fm are the two eigen values or the
have designed and fabricated a four-pole elliptic function filter two natural resonant frequencies of the coupling structure of
of this type. Both theoretical and experimental performances Fig. 2(b) despite if the electric/magnetic wall is implemented
of the filter have been presented. or not.

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 2 I08 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 44, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1996

REFERENCES
S. Darlington, “Synthesis of reactance four poles which produce pre-
scribed insertion loss characteristics,” J . Math. Phys., vol. 18, pp.
257-353, Sept. 1939.
R. Levy and S. B. Cohn, “A history of microwave filter research, design,
and development,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theoty Tech., vol. MTT-32,
pp. 1055-1067, Sept. 1984.
Electric Coupling J. A. Curits and S. J. Fiedziuszko, “Miniature dual mode microstrip
filters,” in IEEE MTT-S, Dig., 1991, pp. 4 4 3 4 4 6 .
-, “Multi-layered planar filters based on aperture coupled dual
mode microstrip or stripline resonators,” in IEEE MTT-S Dig., 1992,
pp. 1203-1206.
G. L. Matthaei and G. L. Hey-Shipton, “Novel staggered resonator array

v,=o
--It--fv
~ IF
-to
IF I v,=o
superconducting 2.3 GHr bandpass filter,” in IEEE MTT-S Dig.,June
1993, pp. 1269-1272.
S. J. Hedges and R. G. Humphreys, “An extracted pole microstrip elliptic
function filter using high temperature superconductors,” in Proc. Eur.
Microwave C o n f , 1994, pp. 517-521.
M. Sagawa, K. Takahashi, and M. Makimoto, “Miniaturized hairpin
resonator filters and their application to receiver front-end MIC’s,” IEEE
i Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 37, pp. 1991-1997, Dec. 1989.
0 0 M. Makimoto, “Microstripline split-ring resonators and their application
to bandpass filters,” Electronics and Communication in Japan. New
Magnetic Coupling York: Wiley, 1989, vol. 12, no. 5, pt. 2, pp. 104-112.
J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Realization of quasielliptic function
filter using dual-mode microstrip square loop resonators,” Elec. Lett.,
vol. 31, pp. 2085-2086, 1995.
S. J. Yao, R. R. Bonetti, and A. E. Williams, “Generalized dual-plane
multicoupled line filters,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.
41, pp. 2182-2189, Dec. 1993.
R. R. Bonetti and A. E. Williams, “New design techniques for coupled
line filters with transmission zeros,” in Proc. Eur. Microwave Con5,
1993, pp. 240-243.
J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, “Microstrip bandpass filter using
degenerate modes of a novel meander loop resonator,” IEEE Microwave
v,=o
1 Guided Wave L e x , vol. 5 , pp. 371-372, 1995.
-, “Canonical microstrip filter using square open-loop resonators,”
Elec. Lett., vol. 31, pp. 2020-2022, 1995.
C. Rauscher, “Microwave channelized active filters-A new modular
approach to achieving compactness and high selectivity,” IEEE Trans.
Mixed Coupling Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 44, pp. 122-132, Jan. 1996.
A. E. Atia and A. E. Williams, “Narrow-bandpass waveguide filters,”
Fig. 14. Normalizcd equivalent circuits of the electric, the magnetic, and IEEE Tranr. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-20, pp. 258-265, Apr.
the mixed coupling structures for deriving the eigen equation of the coupled 1972.
resonator circuit. A. E. Atia, A. E. Williams, and R. W. Newcomb, “Narrow-band
multiple-coupled cavity synthesis,” IEEE Trans. Circ. Syr., vol. CAS-21,
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B. I. Bleaney and B. Bleaney, Electriciw and Magnetism, 3rd ed.
For the mixed coupling circuit we have Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1976, vol. 1 , ch. 7.
C. G. Montgomery. R. H. Dicke, and E. M. Purcell, Principles of
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crowave Theorj Tech., vol. MTT-27, pp. 44-50, Jan. 1979.

Jia-Sheng Hong (M’94) received the D.Phi1. de-

gree in engineering science from Oxford University,
U.K., in 1994. In 1983, he was awarded a Friedrich
Ebert Scholarship.
From 1979 to 1983, he worked at Fuzhou Uni-
versity, China, as a Teachingmesearch Assistant in
radio engineering. He visited Karlsruhe University,
Germany, where he worked on microwave and
As can be seen Zl10 = 0 for the normalized frequency millimeter-wave techniques from 1984 to 1985. In
w = 27r . ,fin = l/d(l - L L ) ( l - ChL) of (13) and 1986, he returned to Fuzhou University as a Lecturer
Zlle = 0 for the normalized frequency w = 2;r . f e = in microwave communications. In 1990. he was
+ +
1/d(1 LirL)(l C;n)of (14) so that, again, (21) is satisfied,
awarded a K. C. Wong Scholarship by Oxford University and became a
graduate member of St. Peter’s College at Oxford University, where he
which give a proof that f c and fm defined by (13) and (14) are conducted research in electromagnetic theory and applications. Since 1994,
the two eigen values or the two natural resonant frequencies he has been a Research Fellow at Birmingham University, U.K. His current
interests include RF and microwave devices for communications, antennas,
of the coupling structure of Fig. 2(c) without inserting the microwave applications of high temperature superconductors, electromagnetic
electric wall or the magnetic wall. modeling, and the genetic approach for signal processing and optimization.

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 HONG AND LANCASTER: COUPLINGS OF MICROSTRIP SQUARE OPEN-LOOP RESONATORS 2109

Michael J. Lancaster (M’94) received the degree

in physics from Bath University, U K., in 1980. He
received the Ph.I>. degree in 1984 for research into
nonlinear underwater acoustics.
He joined the surface acoustic wave (SAW) group
at the Department of Engineering Science at Oxford
University as a Research Fellow. The research was
in the design of new, novel SAW devices, including
filters and filter banks. These de\,ices worked in
the frequency range 10 MHz-1 G-Iz. In 1987, he
became a Lecturer at The University of Birming-
ham in the School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, lecturing in
electromagnetic theory and microwave engineering. Shortly alter he joined the
school, he began the study of the science and applications of high temperature
superconductors, working mainly at microwave frequencie i. Currently, he
heads the Electronic and Materials Devices group as a Reader. His present
personal research interests include microwave filters and antennas, as well
as the high frequency properties and applications of a number of novel and
diverse materials.

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