1/31/2024 1

Numerical Methods

Course Name: Numerical Methods

Course Code: MTH-351
Enrollment Code: 017593846
Instructor Name: Dr. Muhammad Imran Malik
Email: [email protected]
Office: A-304, Faculty block, SEECS

1/31/2024 National University2 of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

Numerical Methods: Some times, some mathematical problem can not be solved
analytically or can be solved but are very difficult, tedious and time consuming.
Facing such situations we goes toward numerical methods. In numerical methods
we feed input and get output.

Errors and Their Computations

Solving any mathematical problem analytically yields very exact solution and there
is no error but some time when we solve the same problem numerically (by any
numerical method), the obtained solution is accurate and precise but not exact.

1/31/2024 National University of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

Why we use numerical methods if it has errors

Real word problems yields very lengthy and non-linear equations (during
mathematical modeling) which can not be tackled analytically, so we goes toward
numerical methods which gives guess towards the exact solutions.

1/31/2024 National University4 of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University5 of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University6 of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University7 of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University8 of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University9 of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University

10 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University

11 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University

12 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University

13 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods
Errors in Numerical solutions
1. Round-off errors
2. Truncation errors

Round-off errors: These errors occur due to finite number of bits or due to short
storage in computers (machines) for storing of floating point numbers (decimal
numbers). Due to which these number are either chopped or rounded after so
many significant digits (digits in decimal part are chopped or rounded).

Truncation errors: These errors occur due to fixing number of term of an infinite
series or reducing terms of finite series in order to approximate it to a certain
function.

1/31/2024 National University of Science

and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

Quantifying errors

1/31/2024 National University

15 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Numerical Methods

1/31/2024 National University

16 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

Significant Digits:

The digits that are used to express a number are called significant digits or significant figures. Thus,
the numbers 3.1416, 0.66667 and 4.0687 contain five significant digits each. The number 0.00023 has,
however, only two significant digits, 2 and 3, since the zeros serve only to fix the position of the decimal
point.
 The digits 1, …, 9 are always called significant digits.
 If 0 appears between any two significant digits, then 0 is also called significant digit.
 If 0 appears on the rightest sides of the significant digits, then 0 is called a significant digit.

1/31/2024 National University

17 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

Rounding or rounding-off a number to n significant digits:

1/31/2024 National University

18 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

Rounding –off error due to chopping a number to n significant digits:

To chop a number to n significant digits, then discard (drop) all digits to the right of the nth digit.

1/31/2024 National University

19 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

20 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

21 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

22 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

23 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

24 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

25 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

26 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

27 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

28 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

29 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

30 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

31 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

32 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

33 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad
 Errors and Their Computations

1/31/2024 National University

34 of Science
and Technology, Islamabad