1

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS (Gallus gallus domesticus)

SUBJECTED TO VARYING LEVELS OF MORINGA AND

MULBERRY LEAF MEAL ADDITIVES

TRINA CALBAY
AXEL ROSS DAYAO
RYAN JAY DOMINGO
VINCENT SABERON
MHELVIN STA. MARIA

A Research submitted to the faculty of the Department of College of Agriculture, Central

Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

in partial fulfillment of the requirements of AGRIC 2125 for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Major in Animal Science)

MAY 2023
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ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different levels of Moringa

(Moringa oleifera) and Mulberry (Morus alba) (MMLM) leaf meal additives on the

growth performance of broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 45 experimental

chicks were randomly distributed to the three treatments with three replications

comprising five chicks per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The

treatments consist of 0,5,10% levels of MMLM. Weekly observations were recorded for

live body weight gain up to 6 weeks. The results of the study demonstrate that Treatment

2 had the highest average final weight value, with a mean of 959.33. Treatment 3

followed closely behind with a mean of 910.67, while Treatment 1 had the lowest

average value of 886. The findings imply that Moringa and Mulberry Leaf Meal feed

additives improved the growth performance of broilers.

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INTRODUCTION

The chicken is the bird that is utilized the most in the world to produce food. This

species has been the focus of scientific investigation for many years and will continue to

be so in the future. In the Philippines, chickens are rated #1 in terms of economic

significance as a source of meat and eggs, while ducks are placed second. The production

of broilers and eggs is now most advanced in the Philippines. The chicken company

really began as a side hustle in a backyard, but it has now grown into a massive,

integrated contract farming enterprise.

Broiler meat is vastly consumed worldwide (FAO, 2008). In 2016 the world

production was nearly 90 million metric tons (Statista, 2017). The genetic selection for

fast growth and weight gain to which broiler chickens have been subjected in the last

decades has led to birds more vulnerable to environmental factors. Therefore, tropical

regions with intense solar radiation, high temperature, and high humidity, tend to lead to

losses due to heat stress and consequently discomfort, and lack of welfare (Deaton et al.,

1997; Marchini et al., 2016).

To date, various plants have been researched, and many are reported to contain

aromatic properties that have an impact on gut micro-flora, nutrient digestibility,

intestinal morphology and meat quality of poultry, as with AGPs (Cross et al., 2007).

Furthermore, broilers require a minimal amount of fiber in the diet to maintain gizzard
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activity and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) functionality (Jiménez-Moreno et al.,

2010). Moringa oleifera, a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the

tropics and subtropics, is one such plant with an impressive range of medicinal uses,

including growth promotion, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects (Makkar and Becker,

1997, Moyo et al., 2011, Mbikay, 2012). Mulberry leaves are rich in protein, calcium and

ascorbic acid and also contain carotene, vitamin B1, folic acid, folinic acid and vitamin D

(Schmidek et al., 2002; Sarita et al., 2006).

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Statement of the Problem

Currently, commercial feeds are used almost exclusively in the production of

poultry since they effortlessly deliver all the nutrients required for a chicken's growth.

However, according to (Yared, 2019), the three biggest difficulties for producers are

sudden outbreak of disease, the lack of availability of day-old chicks, and the cost of

commercial feed. Feeds are the most significant component in the production since the

chicken will rely on it for their growth, they represent the largest expense of 70% in

poultry production, and they differ based on the breed and other factors. In response, the

researchers evaluate the effectiveness of implementing MMLM additives into

commercial feeds to add quantity and asses its growth-enhancing effects on the broilers,

and compare the response of the birds between those fed with commercial feeds and

those fed with commercial feeds with MMLM additives in terms of their weight.
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Objectives

The main objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness moringa and

mulberry leaf meal additives for the growth performance of broilers.

1. To ascertain the potential effects of mulberry and moringa leaves meal

additives on the growth performance of broilers.

2. To determine the optimal level of mulberry and moringa leaves additives

for growth-enhancing effects.

3. Assess the efficiency of the malunggay and mulberry leaf as feed additives

for broiler chicken

Time and Place of the Study

The study was conducted from April – May, 2023 at the Department of Animal

Science in Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Mulberry is a deciduous perennial woody plant, belonging to Morus of Moraceae.

Its leaves are considered a high-quality forage plant resource because of its rich crude

protein content, balanced amino acid composition, rich vitamins, trace elements,

phytosterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and other bioactive substances, and

so on. However, due to the high content of crude fiber in mulberry leaves and branches

and the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as tannin, the excessive addition of

mulberry leaves and branches would affect the production performance and health of

livestock and poultry, which, to a certain extent, limits its large-scale use in animal

production (Yanan Ding et al., 2021).

According to Ahmet Onder Ustundag, Mursel Ozdogan (2015), there are various

pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic,

hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective activity and immunomodulatory activity of

mulberry have been reported. However, digestibility of mulberry leaves dry matter is

poor by poultry due to the high neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, but Morus Alba is

still a profound alternative food source or feed additive for chickens due to the plant’s

high fiber content which can be utilized to improve poultry’s growth performance for a

better poultry production.

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Yanan Ding et al. (2021) further explained that the Mulberry leaf, as a new type of

feed resource, has great potential for development and utilization in animal production

due to its characteristics of large yield and balanced nutrition that can be beneficial for

the production performance of poultry due to the mulberry’s high protein and nutrient

contents.

The gut microbiota comprises the resident microorganisms in the digestive tract of

the host. The gut microbiota is closely linked with host health and disease status. In

recent years, a large body of research has demonstrated that diet influences the

composition of animal gut microbiota. Broilers fed on a natural diet have more diverse

and abundant microbial compositions in the gut microbiota than broilers fed with

commercial feed. Essential oil supplementation exerts a positive effect on intestinal

microbiota in Ross broilers. This supports the declaration of other studies that the

addition of mulberry leaves to the diets of chickens can improve their production

performance. (Yuan Chen, Jiajia Ni & Hongwei Li 2019).This supports the declaration of

other studies that the addition of mulberry leaves to the diets of chickens can improve

their production performance.

According to Yanan Ding et al. (2021), compared to the control group, the ADG

of broilers using mulberry leaf was increased. Although the material is fermented, the

result of their experiment which is the increase in ADG of the chickens proved the

significant effect of implementing mulberry into the diet of broilers.

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In accordance with A.M. Ustundag and M. Ozdogan (2023), their study showed

that the performance parameters of quail fed the 100 g/kg MLM-supplemented diet was

affected negatively. The highest carcass weight and carcass yield levels were exhibited in

the control group. In terms of meat quality, the shear force of the breast meat of quail fed

the diet with 100 g/kg supplemented MLM was higher than the other groups. Whilst there

is a big difference with the breed of the poultry used in this experiment, mulberry as a

feed additive may also pose a threat to the production of broilers.

An experiment on the effects of dietary mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) on chicken

performance, carcass, egg quality, and cholesterol content of meat and egg, that is

conducted by (PANJA, P.,2013), showed that the basal diets were supplemented with

mulberry leaves at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 % of the diet. The results demonstrated that

feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, nitrogen, and energy intake were not

significantly different among treatments. The carcass quality showed that carcass weight,

dressing percentage, and percent of the abdominal fat pad were also not significantly

different. The blood cholesterol and triglyceride were significant lower at higher levels of

mulberry leaves. However, the cholesterol content in thigh meat was not significantly

different among treatments. Although some of the studies mentioned above showed that

the implementation of mulberry as a feed additive is not significantly different from other

treatments with the absence of the plant leaves on the growth performance of poultry,

mulberry leaves still have a great potential to the growth performance of poultry. It can

still offer a great assistance in reducing the feed prices which make up the majority of

production costs and plays a key role for the poultry industry.
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Mulberry leaves can be used instead of expensive protein 173 sources such as soybean

meal and fish meal used in poultry diets in limited levels. Using mulberry leaves as an

alternative protein source instead of expensive protein sources like soybean meal and fish

meal in poultry diets plays an important role for the poultry industry due to it reduces

feed costs. Studies conducted with poultry indicated that addition of mulberry leaves are

possible by up to 10% in poultry diets without any adverse effect on performance of

poultry (A.M. Ustundag and M. Ozdogan, 2023).

Singh (2022) assessed the effects of Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) as a dietary

supplement in broiler diets on nutrient digestibility, hormones that affect development,

and growth performance. Malunggay dietary supplementation substantially impacted the

average daily body growth weight and final body weight. Furthermore, the total body

weight, dry matter intake of feed, daily weight gain, conversion of feed efficiency, blood

metabolites, and insulin levels in the plasma growth factor were dramatically increased

with 15% Malunggay to the diet. Malunggay is a multifunctional protein supplement that

nutritionally benefits broilers’ growth performance. The amount of animal protein (meat

and bone meal) in developing and fattening broilers is increased by Malunggay. Despite

this, several studies recommend soybean meal as a substitute for broiler meat as a dietary

source of protein. However, malunggay is also a useful source of protein for broilers

since it has a solid nutritious composition and many other advantages, including being an

antioxidant and antibacterial as well as a natural antibiotic replacement. To sum it up,

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) is an excellent and affordable source of protein and other

vital nutrients for broilers. It is concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf meal as dietary
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inclusion feeds for broilers can be applied at levels up to 6% of growing layer chicks’

diets and 10% of laying hens’ diets.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental chicks and their management

Forty-five (45) heads of two-day-old broiler chicks were bought from the

reputable Amson Poultry Supply store in Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija. The

chicks were examined for any physical flaws and health issues, such as lameness,

crooked legs and beaks, pasty vents, and unhealed navel.

Formulation of Experimental Feeds

For the study, all feed regimens were created using combinations of feeds and

additives. The following components were used to create the experimental feeds: BMEG

Integra 1000, 2000 and 3000, Malunggay (Moringa oleifera), and Mulberry (Morus

alba).

Water management
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Vetracin Gold, which serves as the broilers' largest development stimulant

throughout crucial stages and a resistance-builder against harmful diseases, was added to

the water from the first and second weeks.

Feed preparation and feeding

Feeds with Moringa Mulberry Leaf Meal (MMLM) was used in the experiment.

The MMLM was prepared then it was mixed thoroughly to the commercial broiler feed

based on the treatment ratio. Feed and water were offered ad libitum during the starter

(day 1-11), grower (day 12-21) and finisher (after 22 days) phases.

Preparation of Moringa and Mulberry Leaf Meal

The fresh mature leaves of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) that we got from

Roseville Heights Subdivision in Brgy. Santo Tomas, San Jose City, Nueva Ecija and

Mulberry (Morus alba) that we got inside the College of Agriculture was blended. The

leaf mixture was mixed according to each treatment’s level.

Treatment 1 (0%) – Control (No application)

Treatment 2 (5%) - For every 1 kilo of feed, 25g of Moringa and 25g of

Mulberry leaves will be used.

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Treatment 3 (10%) - For every 1 kilo of feed, 50g of Moringa and 50g of

Mulberry leaves will be used.

After the Moringa Mulberry mixture has been blended, it was added to the commercial

feeds. A manual meat grinder was used in place of a pelletizer machinery to process the

material. To make it suitable for the chicks' feed intake, it was sun-dried and then crushed

into tiny bits.

Experimental Design and Treatments

The broilers were assigned to three treatment groups following the principles of

Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment group has three replicates of five

birds per pen. The treatments are MMLM 0 = 100 % Commercial broiler feeds; MMLM

5 = 95% Commercial broiler feeds + 2.5% Moringa leaf meal + 2.5% Mulberry leaf

meal; MMLM 10 = 90% Commercial broiler feeds + 5% Moringa leaf meal + 5%

Mulberry leaf meal.

Table 1: Experimental Design and Treatments

Replication Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

1 Control Feeds with 5% MMLM Feeds with 10%
MMLM
(No application)
2 Control Feeds Feeds with 5% MMLM Feeds with 10%
MMLM
(No application)
3 Control Feeds Feeds with 5% MMLM Feeds with 10%
MMLM
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(No application)

Experimental Layout

Data Gathered

1. Initial Weight

2. Average Daily Gain

Final Live Weight−Initial Weight

Feeding days

3. Cumulative Weight Gain (CWG) – the CWG of the birds was calculated as:

CWG = Bwi - BWo

Where: BWi = body weight of birds at ith period of measurement

BWo = initial body weight

4. Mortality Rate (%) - the number of chickens that have died in a house on the

same day including those that have been culled either because of disease or

because of other reasons, was calculated using the formula below:

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Birds died
x 100
Birds started

5. Weekly Body Weight

6. Final weight

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Initial Weight
Table 2: The initial weight of the broiler chicken (g)
Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3
T1 - Control 55.8 57.2 56.2
T2 - 5% MMLM 56 58.4 58.6
T3 – 10% MMLM 54 63.2 62.4

Initial weight is used to compute the total weight gain of broiler chicken.

Average Daily Gain

Table 3: Table of means for Average Daily Gain

Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3 mean Means
T1 – Control 17.17 19.56 18.59 18.44
T2 – 5% MMLM 19.09 21.62 39.72 20.04
T3 – 10% MMLM 19.36 39.72 18.20 25.76
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The average daily gain (ADG) was significantly affected by the different levels of

MLMM. However, the results suggested that the 10% MMLM level of incorporation is

better than that of the 5% level and control. The result is supported by the study that is

conducted by Ding et al. (2021), whereas their research shows that the ADG of broilers

with fermented mulberry leaf powder supplementation group was dramatically increased

compared to that of the control group.

Cumulative Weight Gain (CWG)

Table 4: Table of means for Cumulative Weight Gain

Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3 Mean Means
T1 – Control 772.52 879.8 836.8 829.71
T2 – 5% MMLM 859.25 973.1 873.4 901.92
T2 – 10% MMLM 646.5 1787.6 819.2 1084.43

The cumulative weight gain for three different treatments. Treatment 1 has an

average cumulative weight gain of 829.71, treatment 2 has an average of 901.92, and

treatment 3 has an average of 1084.43. These values represent the average weight gains

observed in each treatment group, providing insights into the effectiveness or impact of

each treatment approach. The table allows for easy comparison and informed decision-

making based on the cumulative weight gain data.

Mortality Rate
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Table 5: Table of means for Mortality Rate

Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3
T1 – Control 2 1 1
T2 – 5% MMLM 1 3 1
T3 – 10% MMLM 1 3 0

13 birds died
x 100=28.89 %
45 total units

The mortality rate of the birds revealed no significant effects of the varying levels

of MMLM additives, however, the number of the birds depleted due to other factors such

as heat, competition among the birds, stress, housing space, and the theft of the birds. An

assumption is made about the possible toxicity effects of the MMLM additives on the

birds since the 5% level group has accumulated a 33.33% mortality and 26.66% for the

10% level group. However, according to (Lin et al.,2017), mulberry leaves can be used as

a new feed additive to potentially exert antioxidant effects, thus further improving the

performance and egg quality of laying hens. The control group also garnered a 26.66%

mortality, and no bird died in replication 3 for the 10% level which further refutes the

idea of the MMLM additives are toxic to the birds.

Weekly Body Weight

Table 6: Table of means for Weekly Body Weight

Week 1
Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3
1 77.2 110.8 108.8
2 108 117.2 135.33
3 106.5 104.75 114.6
Week 2
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Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3

1 218.33 185.2 194.75
2 212.4 243.25 205
3 247.9 338 208
Week 3
Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3
1 440.67 442.25 435.75
2 312.4 429.5 375.75
3 467.25 539.5 353.2
Week 4
Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3
1 588 624.75 664.5
2 477.4 578 512.25
3 504 657 500
Week 5
Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3
1 737.67 863.25 824.25
2 836.5 833 824.25
3 621 1,091.5 608.6
Week 6
Treatment Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3
1 828.33 937 893
2 915.25 1,031.5 932
3 700.5 1,153.5 881.6

The weekly weight of the birds is significantly affected by the implementation of

different levels of MMLM additives. The incorporation of 10% MMLM additives

resulted in a higher weight of the birds weekly, suggesting that it is better than the other

treatments in improving the broiler’s growth performance. This finding is supported by

(Mahfuz, 2019) who said that birds supplemented with Moringa oleifera extracts have

higher body weight gain than those of the control group.

Final Weight
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Table 7: Table of means for Final Weight

Treatments Replication 1 Replication 2 Replication 3 mean Means

T1 – Control 828.33 937 893 886.11

T2 – 5% MMLM 915.25 1031.5 932 959.58

T3 – 10% MMLM 700.5 1153.5 881.6 911.87

The results of the study demonstrate that Treatment 2 had the highest average

final weight value, with a mean of 959.33. Treatment 3 followed closely behind with a

mean of 910.67, while Treatment 1 had the lowest average value of 886. This suggests

that Treatment 2 had the most significant impact on the variable being studied, while

Treatment 1 had the least noticeable effect. The fact that Treatment 2 had the highest final

weight value indicates that it was more successful in achieving the desired outcome or

producing a positive effect compared to the other treatments. Treatment 3 showed a

moderate effect, falling between Treatment 2 and Treatment 1 in terms of the average

value. On the other hand, Treatment 1 has the lowest average value, suggesting a

relatively lower effectiveness compared to the other treatments.

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CONCLUSION

The incorporation of MMLM additives in the chicken grower feeds has great

potential in terms of average daily gain and cumulative weight gain and does not

significantly affect the mortality rate of the birds. However, the levels of the MMLM

additives were not enough to support higher weight gains, so levels higher than 10% are

recommended for the following study. Thus, for more practical, cost-effective feeding,

and growth performance-enhancing effects, the adoption of MMLM additives is

beneficial for broiler production.

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APPENDIX

ANOVA TABLE OF WEEKLY WEIGHT

WEEK 1

WEEK 2
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WEEK 3

WEEK 4

WEEK 5
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WEEK 6

AVERAGE DAILY GAIN

CUMULATIVE WEIGHT GAIN

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FINAL WEIGHT

PURCHASING OF EXPERIMENTAL UNITS

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BROODING AND LIGHTNING

FEEDS USED

FORMULATION OF FEEDS
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DATA GATHERING