Republic of the Philippines

PALOMPON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Palompon, Leyte

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

Marine Engineering Department

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

(United Nations in the 21st Century)

A Written Presentation Presented to

Ms. Elvenne Manila-Bate
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements
For the Course GEC 3 (The Contemporary World)

Submitted by:

Gorumba, Hans Stanley P.

Lestino, Clint Ryan U.

Tomada Ellirex Marc

Oliveros, Luke Kenchin

BSMARE II-A

Date of presentation: February 6 and 8

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….... 3
II. Thesis Statement………………………………………………………………….... 4
III. Discussion of the detailed topic/s…………………………...…………………….... 5
The United Nation as a Global Governance in the 21st Century….……………….… 5
United nations and the Challenges of Global Governance ….…………….………...15
The Future of the State ……………………………………………………………...18
IV. Analysis………………………………………………………………………….…. 25
V. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………......26
VI. References……………………………………………………………………..........27

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I. INTRODUCTION

Political globalization is a nonlinear, dynamic process that increases and complicates the
interconnection of all parts of the global political system. Global political processes are
those that occur in the context of the political aspect of globalization and result in the
structural transformation of the world system of international relations, the emergence of
new global political actors, an increase in their political interconnection and
interdependence, and the establishment of a global political architecture and hierarchy.
Globalization and liberalization look unavoidable, and as a result, the international
economy has become significantly more integrated, interdependent, and intertwined.

The United Nations is an international organization, concerned with global issues and
having a primary objective of maintaining peace and security, cooperation and
maintaining friendly relations among the nations. When the League of Nations failed and
World War II ended, the United Nations Organization was formed. The United Nations
was originally founded by 51 countries at the San Francisco Conference and officially
came into existence on 24th October 1945. At present, there are 193 members of the
United Nations.

The UN works through its six principal organs- the General Assembly, the Security
Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International
Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. In order to ensure that the principles of the UN
charter are being followed, each of these organs is vested with a specific role and
responsibility that they adhere to. Chapter 1 of the UN Charter mentions the purposes and
principles of the United Nations. All the member states of the UN are also obliged to
follow the principles laid down in the UN Charter. Since its inception, this international
organization has been making efforts to prevent conflict and creating conditions that help
nations in maintaining tranquility.

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 The United Nations is the primary organization in charge of global governance at the
moment. It was founded in 1945 as a means of preventing future hostilities like the
Second World War. The United Nations, which currently has 193 members and makes
proposals through the UN General Assembly, does not directly bring together the people
of the world, but rather the governments of independent nations.

Other organizations with a global mandate, in addition to the UN, play a significant role
in global governance. The Bretton Woods institutions, such as the World Bank and the
IMF, are crucial in regulating the global economy and credit markets. For this reason,
those institutions are not without critics, and they are frequently criticized for
perpetuating economic disparity. Furthermore, several organizations that act as
intermediaries have an impact on global governance in general. Organizations
responsible for regional coordination, such as the EU or ASEAN, coordinate the policies
of their members in a specific geographic area. To summarize, global governance is
critical; nevertheless, it is also fragmented, difficult, and poorly understood. The Global
Challenges Foundation's key interests in this respect include how to strengthen
governance through institutional reform, the creation of new institutions, and the use of
new technological capabilities.

II. THESIS STATEMENT

This paper aims to analyze and accentuate the United Nations in the 21 st century and
the relation of the Philippines as part of the UN. This study specifically sought to
answer the following questions:

1. What is Global Governance?

2. What is the organization UN and the how it handles Global
Governance?
a. How the UN came to and why it is needed?
b. Purpose of the United Nations
c. Principal Organs of the United Nations
d. Structure of World Organization

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 3. The Philippines as part of UN
4. The challenges of Global Governance
5. The future of the state under Global Governance

III. DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THE TOPICS

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Global governance is a permissive idea. Global governance,

like globalization, is used significantly more frequently in the scholarly literature and in
policy practice than it is precisely or properly defined. As a result, the phrase "global
governance" refers to a wide range of distinct practices of order, regulation, rule systems,
and structured regularity in the international arena. It is permissive in the sense that it
allows one to speak or write on a wide range of topics, from any form of order or divergence
from anarchy (which also has various meanings) to normative preferences about how the
world should be organized.
Global governance is a deliberate order formed by institutions, processes, conventions,
formal agreements, and informal systems that manage action for the common good. Global
governance refers to actions in the public and private sectors that cross national boundaries at the
international, transnational, and regional levels. Essentially, it brings together disparate
individuals to organize global collective action. Global governance's broad purpose is to deliver
global public goods, including peace and security, justice and dispute resolution mechanisms,
functional markets, and consistent standards for trade and industry. As any self-avowed realist
would point out, global governance is defined by interdependent relationships but the absence of
any overarching political authority. It comprises international organizations that have little power
and exert little effective control.
Adil Najam, a scholar at Boston University's Pardee School of Global Studies, has
defined global governance simply as "the management of global processes in the absence of
global government." Thomas G. Weiss, director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International
Studies at the Graduate Center (CUNY), and editor of the journal Global Governance: A Review

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of Multilateralism and International Organizations, has defined global governance simply as "the
management of global processes in the absence of global government."
However, a single institution, such as the World Trade Organization, may be granted the
formal lead position on an issue. Thus, global governance is defined as an international
consensus-building process that produces standards and agreements that affect national
governments and multinational corporations. Examples of such agreement include WHO policies
on health issues" (WHO, 2015).

5 AREAS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

A. PEACE AND SECURTIY

Contemporary approaches for tackling international peace and security issues require not
only a coherent global approach, but also mutually reinforcing responses involving an
effective United Nations system in tandem with strong regional organizations. We focus
on strengthening United Nations peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts and on
enhancing the effectiveness of military and civilian approaches to the protection of
civilians.

B. ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Within the areas of Climate Change, Food Security, socially inclusive Green Growth and
Energy Security, we focus on understanding and overcoming coordination and coherency
gaps amongst global, international, and regional environmental governance actors. We
place special emphasis on the importance of the science-policy interface, the challenges
of designing policy for emerging environmental goods and services, as well as the nexus
of the environment and global development with regards to achieving the Sustainable
Development Goals.

C. GLOBAL ECONOMY

The Global Economy section focuses on the promotion of equitable and effective global
economic governance across global, regional, national, and private actors.

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D. GLOBAL JUSTICE

States and private entities interact across borders. International and regional organizations
affect the lives of individuals by taking targeted decisions. When things go wrong, people
turn to justice – Global Justice. GGI’s Global Justice section is designed to produce in-
depth analysis and targeted answers on all questions of international law to promote the
rule of law – globally. Furthermore, our analysts focus on innovative approaches and
legal developments at the intersection of law, economics, peace and security and
environmental concerns. Our current research and advice projects focus on the following:
Responsibility to Protect, Maritime Governance, International Arbitration & Mediation,
and International Trade.

E. EDUCATION
Global shifts in the organization and management of educational institutions, questions of
access to and distribution of open and global learning resources from the private and
public sector, coupled with changing student habits and evolving learning environments
require comprehensive answers. The field of global education governance is already
emerging as complex transnational networks of policymaking and innovations, driven by
national and sub-national governments, regional and international organizations, as well
as public and private actors. Harnessing the potential of change, whilst avoiding
unnecessary risks will be a core challenge for all education stakeholders, providers, and
policymakers alike. The European Centre for Global Education seeks to provide
comprehensive research, timely policy advice, as well as a range of training and learning
opportunities related to education reform and the future of teaching and learning. Our
principal objectives are to foster and advance global dialogue on the future of education,
nurture innovative and creative thinking throughout all levels of education and provide
support to policymakers and education leaders for tackling some of the most pressing
issues related to the future of global education.

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UNITED NATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY

A. UN AS THE LEADING ORGANIZATION

The United Nations is an international organization created in 1945 by 51 countries

dedicated to maintaining international peace and security, creating cordial relations
among nations, and promoting social progress, higher living standards, and human rights.
Essentially, it is a method of reducing international tensions and the likelihood of
subsequent large-scale conflicts. It is the successor to the League of Nations, a group
devoted to international cooperation that was established in 1920 following World War I
but was unable to prevent war from breaking out in Europe and Asia in the 1930s. The
United Nations never joined the League of Nations.

Because of its unique international character and the powers granted to it by its founding
Charter, the Organization can take action on a wide range of issues and provide a forum
for its 193 Member States to express their views through the General Assembly, Security
Council, Economic and Social Council, and other bodies and committees.

The United Nations' work covers every corner of the planet. Although the United Nations
and its System (specialized agencies, funds, and programmers) are best known for
peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention, and humanitarian assistance, there are
many other ways the UN and its System (specialized agencies, funds, and programmers)
affect our lives and make the world a better place. To achieve its goals and coordinate
efforts for a safe world, the Organization works on a wide range of fundamental issues,
including sustainable development, environmental and refugee protection, disaster relief,
counterterrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, governance, economic and social
development, and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production,
and more.

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 FUNCTIONS OF THE UN

 Maintaining peace and security

 Protection of Human Rights

 Provide humanitarian aid.

 Upholds International Law

 Promoting sustainable development

WHY IS THE UN NEEDED?

The United Nations along with its specialized agencies assumes a significant job in
keeping up harmony and security of the world nations. The UN specialized agencies like
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), UNICEF, World Health Organization, etc.
have done noteworthy work in the growth and development of the developed and
developing countries. The UN and its Members are continuously taking effective
measures for tackling global challenges of the present times. It is a stage that provides a
forum for discussion for the members to come to a common understanding.
The President of the UNGA, Maria Fernanda Espinosa Garces in the 73rd session of the
UN General Assembly has emphasized the need for humanitarian assistance and funding
to curb the critical challenges that the world is facing in contemporary times.

B. HISTORY OF UN

As World War II was about to end in 1945, nations were in ruins, and the world wanted
peace. Representatives of 50 countries gathered at the United Nations Conference on
International Organization in San Francisco, California from 25 April to 26 June 1945.
For the next two months, they proceeded to draft and then sign the UN Charter, which
created a new international organization, the United Nations, which, it was hoped, would
prevent another world war like the one they had lived through.

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Four months after the San Francisco Conference ended, the United Nations officially
began, on 24 October 1945, when it came into existence after its Charter had been ratified
by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a
majority of other signatories.

Now, more than 75 years later, the United Nations is still working to maintain international
peace and security, give humanitarian assistance to those in need, protect human rights, and
uphold international law.

At the same time, the United Nations is doing new work not envisioned for it in 1945 by its
founders. The United Nations has set sustainable development goals for 2030, in order to
achieve a better and more sustainable future for us all. UN Member States have also agreed
to climate action to limit global warming.

With many achievements now in its past, the United Nations is looking to the future, to new
achievements.

The history of the United Nations is still being written.

UN SYSTEM

The United Nations is part of the UN system, which, in addition to the UN itself, comprises
many funds, programs and specialized agencies, each of which have their own area of work,
leadership and budget. The programs and funds are financed through voluntary rather than
assessed contributions. The Specialized Agencies are independent international organizations
funded by both voluntary and assessed contributions. The UN coordinates its work with these
separate UN system entities, which cooperate with the Organization to help it achieve its
goals.

UN SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

 United Nations Development Program (UNDP

 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

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  United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

 World Health Organization (WHO)

 International Monetary Fund (IMF)

UN SIX MAIN ORGANS

 General Assembly

 Security Council

 Economic and Social Council

 Trusteeship Council

 Secretariat

 International Court of Justice

UN AND THE PHILIPPINES

According to Deputy Secretary-General Louise Frechette to the World

Conference on Governance in Manila, Philippines, on 31 May
This nation has weathered many storms, from natural disasters to man-made political and
social instability. Throughout these ordeals, Filipinos have maintained their community
spirit and their commitment to the politics of inclusion. Naga City, for example, in the
eastern part of the country, recently received an award from Habitat -- the United Nations
Centre for Human Settlements -- for having one of the world's top 10 best practices for
popular participation in successful economic and social development. So, the Philippines
seems to be a good location for exploring governance -- local, national, and international
-- and how to improve it. In the broadest sense, governance can be thought of as the way
in which a nation -- and, by extension, the community of nations -- manages its affairs. It
is the product of many complex relationships, not only among the different institutions of
State, but among all stakeholders, from the most powerful titans of industry to the poorest
and most vulnerable people on society's margins.

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Most of all, good governance is based on the will of the people; on the legitimacy gained
through regular, free, and fair elections; on popular participation in decision-making; and
on consensus-building throughout society. I am speaking, in short, about political
empowerment -- about "people power", a term the men and women of the Philippines
know well.
In the Philippines, the quality of its technical assistance and its effectivity and neutrality
as convener and coordinator has earned the UN the trust of claim holders and duty-
bearers, both government and non-government, national and international.
• The Philippines was among the 51 original Member States, and one of only four
Asian nations, that signed the UN Charter. The Philippines actively took part in the
negotiations for the Sendai Framework for Natural Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015, and
succeeded in having migrants included in the Framework, particularly in recognizing
their contributions in building disaster resilient communities. Recently, the Philippines
contributed and participated in the Global Compact for Migration and the Global
Compact on Refugees.
• The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) serves as the implementation mechanism
of the SDGs. In the context of the Philippines as a middle-income country, the UN
supports to ensure that no one is left behind in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development. Under the Government’s leadership, the 15-year Cohort
Study of the Filipino girl and boy (2016-2030) will generate groundbreaking information
for policy making and help track progress and impact of government interventions.
• In November 2018, the UN Country Team (UNCT) signed the Partnership
Framework for Sustainable Development (PFSD) 2019-2023 with the Government. The
PFSD redefines the nature of UN System engagement in the Philippine from one that
provides “development assistance” to a collaboration in a “strategic partnership.” As an
initial investment in the longer-term UN support to the 2030 Agenda, it recognizes the
strengths and capacities of the Government.
• Typhoon Haiyan – the strongest typhoon to ever make landfall in human history - hit
the country in November 2013. Recovery started as soon as two months after the event,
with UN agencies and partners fully shifting gears to rehabilitation and development

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 work, due to the good results of the humanitarian phase and in response to the
Government’s official launch of the recovery phase. The UN continues to collaborate
with governments and partners in building community-level resilience and in developing
early warning and prevention systems.

The Philippines is one of the original 51 charter members that created the United Nations
in 1945. The UN Country Team (UNCT) in the Philippines consists of eleven resident
funds, programs, and specialized agencies (FAO, IFAD, ILO, IOM, UNDP, UNFPA,
UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIDO, WFP, and WHO), six project offices (UNAIDS, UNESCO,
UN Habitat, UNODC, UNOPS, UN Women), five non-resident agencies (UNEP,
OHCHR, UNOCT, DCO and ITC), and three secretariat offices (OCHA, UNIC and
UNDSS). Standing invitees are ADB, IMF, and the World Bank. The UN assists and
supports the Government of the Philippines in its important development, peacebuilding,
and humanitarian priorities.

The UN has been a partner of the Philippine government for over seven decades,
supporting state institutions to respect, uphold and implement the international treaty
obligations and agreed development goals that the Philippines has voluntarily adhered to
over the years. To this partnership, the UN has brought normative policy support,
technical assistance, and advocacy, but most importantly, its ability to convene,
coordinate and mobilize stakeholders from across the political spectrum in support of the
country’s development agenda. In the Philippines, the quality of its technical assistance
and its effectivity and neutrality as convener and coordinator has earned the UN the trust
of claim holders and duty-bearers, both government and non-government, national and
international.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SGD) OF UN

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted
by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet,
and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

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The 17 SDGs are integrated they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in
others, and that development must balance social, economic, and environmental
sustainability.

Countries have committed to prioritize progress for those who're furthest behind. The SDGs
are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.

The creativity, knowhow, technology, and financial resources from all of society is necessary
to achieve the SDGs in every context.

These are the SGDs:

1. No Poverty

2. Zero Hunger

3. Good Health and Well-Being

4. Quality Education

5. Gender Equality

6. Clean Water and Sanitation

7. Affordable and Clean Energy

8. Decent Work and Economic Growth

9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

10. Reduced Inequalities

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities

12. Responsible Consumption and Production

13. Climate Action

14. Life Below Water

15. Life on Land

16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

17. Partnerships for the Goals

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 C. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COOPERATION

Intergovernmental cooperation between and among cities, counties, towns, and villages
often produces less expensive and more efficient local government services. Mergers of
similar service activities can provide substantial cost savings when administrative and
equipment duplication is reduced. Also, there are significant savings to be had when
smaller governmental entities combine their purchasing, planning, and contracted service
delivery processes.

Intergovernmental cooperation may be defined as an arrangement between or among two

or more local governments for achieving common goals, providing a service, or solving a
mutual problem. Examples of cooperation range from informal undertakings and/or the
exchange of information or equipment, to more formal arrangements, including binding
legal agreements. Surveys have revealed that local governments in New York maintain
many hundreds of both formal and informal cooperative agreements between or among
themselves.

CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

With the intensification of globalization dynamics, risks to the stability of the

international system have grown to the extent that formerly localized threats are no
longer locally containable. Ethnic conflicts, infectious diseases, climate change, food
insecurity, and other pressing threats, are increasingly threatening global security and
stability, prompting doubts about the ability of the current global governance order to
respond to the challenges plaguing the 21st century.

 Ethnic Conflicts

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 A form of conflict in which the objectives of at least one party are defined in
ethnic terms, and the conflict, its antecedents, and possible solutions are perceived
along ethnic lines. The conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves
but over political, economic, social, cultural, or territorial matters. Examples are
Russo- Ukraine War, India vs Pakistan and Israel vs Palestine.

 Infectious Disease (Health)

Half of the world’s population lack access to essential health services, that is why
different kinds of diseases emerges and cause epidemics. As an example, is the
recent pandemic that affected the world COVID-19.

 Climate Change

Climate is not the same with weather but are closely related. While weather refers
to short-term character of a given place, for instance, whether it is temperate or
tropical. The relationship between weather and climate is crucial: the former is
subordinate to the latter. Climate determines temperatures, weather diversity, the
traits of winters, rainfall totals, as well as the nature of meteorological phenomena
such as the severity of storms. It is due to this delicate relationship that we are
facing both temperatures rise and more frequent weather extremes and natural
disasters because of climate change. Climate change results to these following:
1. Temperature Rises
2. Carbon Dioxide concentration rises.
3. Glaciers shrinkage causes rising of sea-levels.
4. Flooding
5. Stronger Typhoons
6. Extreme Drought

 Food Insecurity

Food insecurity is a lack of consistent access to enough food for every person in a
household to live an active, healthy life. This can be a temporary situation for a
family or can last a long time. Food insecurity is one way we measure how many
people can’t afford food. The following are problem under food insecurity:

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 1. Poverty, unemployment, low income
2. Lack of affordable housing
3. Chronic Health conditions
4. Malnutrition
5. Death

 War and Political conflicts

Usually caused by political, religious, territorial, economic, and social
inequalities. Results in wars that affect the economy and the way of living of
the people involved.

 Trade
Trade issues occasionally dominate and are a continuing theme of the
international scene: the global market, sweatshops, child labor, trade deficits,
the euro, sanctions, tariffs, embargoes, and the EU, NAFTA, WTO – the
seemingly endless alphabet of interest groups, treaties, organizations, and
trade agreements. These are the most common problems involving trade:

1. Causes of inflations
2. Less jobs
3. Lower incomes
4. Economic regression
 Education

“One in six adults on the planet cannot read or write. Some 600 million
women and 300 million men, 99 percent of them in the developing countries,
remain illiterate. Some 115 million children between six and eleven—one in
five—are not in school. These are the problems resulting from lack of
education:
1. Unemployment
2. Rising Crime Rates
3. Increase in population.
4. Poverty
 Human Rights

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 This problem includes the following:

1. Arbitrary Detention
2. Crimes Against Humanity
3. Violence Against Women
4. Sexual and Gender-Based Violence
5. Genocide
6. Summary Execution
7. Torture
8. War Crimes

THE FUTURE OF THE STATE IN TERMS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

A. Peace and Security

The United Nations has been able to restore calm, allowing many countries to recover
from conflict. UN preventive diplomacy and other forms of preventive action have
defused many potential conflicts. The UN also teaches people how to stay out of
harm's way, helps victims to become self-sufficient, assists countries in destroying
stockpiled landmines and advocates for full international participation in treaties
related to landmines.
Example: Preventing genocide
The United Nations brought about the first-ever treaty to combat genocide—acts
committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.
The 1948 Genocide Convention has been ratified by 146 States, which commit to
prevent and punish actions of genocide in war and in peacetime. The UN tribunals for
Yugoslavia and Rwanda, as well as UN-supported courts in Cambodia, have put
would-be genocide perpetrators on notice that such crimes would no longer be
tolerated. The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme seeks to
remind the world of the lessons to be learnt from the Holocaust in order to help to
prevent future acts of genocide. The Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the
Prevention of Genocide monitors dangerous situations, brings them to the attention of
the Secretary-General and the Security Council, and recommends action.

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B. Economic Development

The United Nations has devoted its attention and resources to promoting living
standards and human skills and potential throughout the world. Since 2000, this work
has been guided by the Millennium Development Goals. Virtually all funds for UN
development assistance come from contributions donated by countries. For instance,
the UN Development Programme (UNDP), with staff in 170 countries, supports more
than 4,800 projects to reduce poverty, promote good governance, address crises, and
preserve the environment. The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) works in more than
150 countries, primarily on child protection, immunization, girls' education, and
emergency aid. The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) helps
developing countries make the most of their trade opportunities. The World Bank
provides developing countries with loans and grants and has supported more than
12,000 projects in more than 170 countries since 1947.
Example: Alleviating Rural Poverty
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) provides low-interest
loans and grants to very poor rural people. Since 1978, IFAD has invested more than
$15 billion, helping more than 430 million women and men to grow and sell more
food, increase their incomes, and provide for their families. Currently IFAD supports
more than 240 programmes and projects in 147 countries.

C. Social Development

Programmes aimed at promoting education and advancement. The UN Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has helped 137 countries to protect
ancient monuments and historic, cultural, and natural sites. It has negotiated
international conventions to preserve cultural property, cultural diversity, and
outstanding cultural and natural sites.

Example: Taking the lead on global issues

The first United Nations conference on the environment (Stockholm, 1972) helped to
alert world public opinion on the dangers faced by our planet, triggering action by

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 governments. The first world conference on women (Mexico City, 1985) put women's
right, equality and progress on the global agenda. Other landmark events include the
first international conference on human rights (Teheran, 1968), the first world
population conference (Bucharest, 1974) and the first world climate conference
(Geneva, 1979). Those events brought together experts and policymakers, as well as
activists, from around the world, prompting sustained global action. Regular follow-
up conferences have helped to sustain the momentum.

D. Promoting Human Rights

Since the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in
1948, the United Nations has helped to enact dozens of legally binding agreements on
political, civil, economic, social, and cultural rights. By investigating individual
complaints, the UN human rights bodies have focused world attention on cases of
torture, disappearance, arbitrary detention, and other violations, and have generated
international pressure on Governments to improve their human rights records.

Example: Promoting Women's Rights

A long-term objective of the United Nations has been to improve the lives of women
and empower them to have greater control over their lives. The UN organized the
first-ever World Conference on Women (Mexico City, 1975), which, together with
two World Conferences during the UN Decade for Women (1976-1985) and the
World Conference in Beijing (1995), set the agenda for advancing women's rights and
promoting gender equality. The 1979 UN Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women, ratified by 189 countries, has helped to
promote the rights of women worldwide.

E. Environment

The United Nations is working to solve global environmental problems. As an

international forum for building consensus and negotiating agreements, the UN is

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 tackling global problems such as ozone layer depletion, toxic waste, loss of forests
and species, and air and water pollution. Unless these problems are addressed,
markets and economies will not be sustainable in the long term, as environmental
losses are depleting the natural capital on which growth and human survival are
based.

Example: Helping Countries to Cope with Climate Change

The UN helps developing countries to respond to the challenges of global climate
change. Thirty-nine UN bodies have formed a partnership to deal comprehensively
with the problem. For instance, the Global Environment Facility, which brings
together 10 UN agencies, funds projects in developing countries. As the financial
mechanism of the Climate Convention, it allocates about $550 million per year in
projects on new technologies, energy efficiency, renewable energies, and sustainable
transportation.

F. International Law

Over 560 multilateral treaties—on human rights, terrorism, global crime, refugees,
disarmament, trade, commodities, the oceans and many other matters—have been
negotiated and concluded through the efforts of the United Nations.

Example: Helping to Resolve Major International Disputes

By delivering judgments and advisory opinions, the International Court of Justice

(ICJ) has helped to settle international disputes involving territorial questions,
maritime boundaries, diplomatic relations, State responsibility, the treatment of aliens
and the use of force, among others.

G. Humanitarian Affairs

More than 60 million refugees fleeing persecution, violence and war have received
aid from the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) since
1951, in a continuing effort that often involves other agencies. UNHCR seeks long-
term or "durable" solutions by helping refugees repatriate to their homelands, if

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 conditions warrant, or by helping them to integrate in their countries of asylum or to
resettle in third countries. There are more than 42 million refugees, asylum-seekers,
and internally displaced persons, mostly women and children, who are receiving food,
shelter, medical aid, education and repatriation assistance from the UN. The World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) has helped to spare millions of people from the
calamitous effects of natural and man-made disasters. Its early warning system, which
includes thousands of surface monitors, as well as satellites, has made it possible to
predict with greater accuracy weather-related disasters, has provided information on
the dispersal of oil spills and chemical and nuclear leaks and has predicted long-term
droughts. It has also allowed for the efficient distribution of food aid to drought-
affected regions.

Example: Providing Food to the Neediest

The World Food Programme (WFP) is the world's largest humanitarian agency,
fighting hunger worldwide, delivering food assistance in emergencies and working
with communities to improve nutrition and build resilience. Each year, WFP assists
some 80 million people in around 80 countries, providing food and nutritional support
to the poorest, most under-nourished people and working towards the Global Goal of
Zero Hunger. In 2014, WFP provided school meals or take-home rations for more
than 17 million children. WFP increasingly uses cash-based transfers so that people
can buy food for themselves and in 2014 around 9 million people were reached in this
way. WFP also provides vital support for the whole humanitarian community in the
fields of aviation, logistics and telecommunications.

H. Health

The use of formal and informal institutions, rules, and processes by states,
intergovernmental organizations, and non-state actors to deal with challenges to
health that require cross-border collective action to address effectively.
Example: Protecting Consumers' Health
To ensure the safety of food sold in the marketplace, FAO and the World Health
Organization, working with Member States, have established standards for more than

22
 200 food commodities, safety limits for more than 3,200 food contaminants, and
regulations on food processing, transport and storage. Standards on labeling and
description seek to ensure that the consumer is not misled. More food than ever
before is travelling the globe, and the United Nations works to make sure that it is
safe.

FACTORS THAT WILL DETERMINE THE FUTURE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

A. Individual Empowerment

First, because of information technology and mass/social media, individual citizens—

especially in developed countries—have acquired much more information power than a
half century ago. Individuals can attain higher awareness of situations related to national
and international affairs. Compared with humans in the twentieth century, a majority of
those in the twenty-first century can more easily access international security
information, thanks to the Internet and media exposure. Therefore, individual citizens of
the world are more likely to understand the importance and the impact of international
security on their personal lives. Digital media played a major role in the Arab Spring of
2011 in Egypt and Tunisia: social networks allowed communities to unite around shared
grievances and nurture transportable strategies for mobilizing against dictators (Howard
and Hussain, 2011). Globalization of the new media illustrates how communities
throughout the world can be mobilized for collaborative response as well signals a new
trend in the intersection of new media and conventional media such as television, radio
and mobile phone (Khondker, 2011).

B. Increasing Awareness of human security

Second, as the trend towards “individual empowerment” continues, global society

through global governance architecture will need to pay high attention to human security,
which protects individual humans from fatal threats to physical safety, and human
dignity, whether human-made or of natural origin. Human security is an innovative
concept for security in response to horizontal (such as military, economic, and political)

23
 and vertical (such as individual, state, and global) threats, which traditional security
concepts cannot effectively control (Grayson, 2008). The focal point of state security is
too narrow to encompass the myriad threats that challenge societies today. The threat of
sovereign states engaging in large-scale war is less probable today than at any time in
modern history. War has not been eliminated, rather its form has shifted from sovereign
versus sovereign to substate wars between differing identity groups or insurgencies
against the state. Beyond war, the concept of human security is concerned with varieties
of security: economic, food, health, environmental, personal, community and political
security (UNDP 1994). Human security provides an excellent compatible conceptual
paradigm to global governance regimes in the future, which must respond to
transnational, multi-dimensional threats that a single country cannot manage. For
example, several national security analysts have already begun to recognize
environmental degradation and natural disasters such as epidemics, floods, earthquakes,
poverty, and droughts as national security threats like military disasters (King and
Murray, 2001–2002).

C. Institutional Complexity

Third, we must additionally consider “institutional complexity” (Held and Hale, 2011) as
another direction for future global governance development. As the trend of individual
empowerment gains more momentum, the influence of civil society is expected to grow
in terms of authority and resources. Various non-state actors will not only affect their
national governments’ behavior more significantly but will also engage in networks of
transnational relations more actively. International institutions in global governance will
likely keep expanding to “regime complex”, a concept defined as “an array of partially
overlapping and nonhierarchical institutions governing a particular issue area” (Raustiala
and Victor, 2004).

D. International Power Shift

Fourth, global governance in the future will also be shaped by power shifts in
international relations. Almost all the traditional institutions of global governance were
initiated by Western countries, and their pluralistic political culture and influential civil

24
 societies have shaped the political context of global governance. States of the Global
South, especially China, have improved their relative power in relation to the Global
North. As a result, the voice of actors originating from the Global South is expected to
become more prominent in global governance regimes and institutions traditionally
dominated by a small number of the Global North states. Therefore, an increase in
multilateralism will further complicate the face of global governance.

E. Liberal World Political Paradigm

Fifth, the future of global governance is also rooted in liberal paradigms of world politics.
States and non-state or transnational actors tend to be more cooperative with global
governance when a liberal world order is maintained. Global governance regimes to date
have evolved with liberal paradigms such as democracy, bottom-up orientations, and
human rights promotion. While the advancement of democratic practices in the states
without strong traditions of following liberal values remain a challenge, democracy has
near-universal appeal among people of every ethnic group, every religion, and every
region of the world and democracy is embraced as an international norm by more states,
transnational organizations, and international networks (McFaul, 2004). Liberal
approaches challenge the traditional concept of the state as a unified unitary actor that
lacks adverse interpretation of national interest. Accordingly, even in traditional security
areas, there are more spaces for international cooperation. Global security governance
through intergovernmental institutions such as the UN, International Atomic Energy
Agency and International Criminal Court has made considerable progresses and gained
more influence. If the realist paradigm dominates national security, however, the world
would have to overcome deep uncertainty and doubt about the effectiveness of global
governance. As a result, global governance today and in the future will be in the face of
such serious threats as US–China hegemony rivalry, US–Russia military confrontation
and Middle East conflicts. Nevertheless, if global society retains liberal paradigms
powerful enough to offset the negative effects of mutually suspicious realist paradigms,
global governance will continue to generate into effective hybrid regimes that hold the
potential of creating a future world that is more cooperative, sustainable, and secure.

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IV. ANALYSIS

Given the information above, global governance is the process of designating laws,
rules, regulations, and decision-making intended for a global scale with the aim of
peace and global stability. This implies that there is an acceleration of worldwide
interdependence between societies. Furthermore, global governance is utilized to
create decisions that alters the current and future situation of nations under it. Lastly,
the UN is currently the prominent organization that is responsible for global
governance which is committed in maintaining international peace and security,
developing economies, and social progress among nations. In summary, all of these
are aimed for better living standards and human rights for the common good.

V. CONCLUSION

The global institution has improved over-time due to the relation of diversified states
and actors brought together to enhance and promote a better living. It helps solve
and overcome challenges through United Nations who implements different
programs to mitigate certain problems that a country struggles to overcome with.
Furthermore, the global institutional arrangements that structure contemporary
relations between states and other actors have developed beyond past norms of
diversity. This said diversity accentuates some challenges for contemporary global
governance, including how states and global actors strike a balance in the integration
of institutions.

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