FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

Fire was derived from the Greek word “pyra” which means glowing ember is the active principle of
burning characterized by heat light and combustion. Although useful to man, fire may be used as
a means to commit crimes, bringing forth destruction of lives and properties.

1. Why fires should be investigated?

To determine the cause of the fire; and
To prevent similar occurrence
2. What constitutes arson?
Burning, Malice, Motive, and Intent

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE FIRE DEPARTMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

1900s – On August 7, 1901, the first fire department was established in manila during the
American occupation.

1935 – On October, 1935 the first Filipino Fire Chief in the name of Captain Lorenzo Jacinto was
appointed and began the American Policy to transfer the reign of responsibility to Filipinos.

1940- Fire department were established in neighboring cities and towns each has their own
organizational set-up

1973- Fire Service Recognition Day, pursuant to P.D. 1312 issued by the late Ferdinand E.
Marcos signed on his behalf by executive secretary in commemoration to the unforgettable
incident during the Meralco Rockwell Power Plant in Makati on the 14th day of December 1973.

1975- Integration of the Local Fire Department in the City/Municipality police forces under
national police organization called Philippine Constabulary –Integrated National Police (PC-INP)

1976- President Ferdinand E Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 115-A or thereafter as
the observance of Fire Prevention month.

1977- Highlighted by the promulgation of P.D. 1185 known as the Fire Code of the Philippines on
August 26, 1977 and the complete publication of the arson investigation manual subsequent to
the creation of anti Arson Task Force (AATF) under C-2, PC-INP

1990- R.A. 6975 was enacted establishing a separate fire protection Bureau designated to be a
national in scope and civilian in character.

1991- August 2, 1991 considered as the inaugural date of BFP official function marked by its
preparation of operation plans and Budget as a distinct agency of the government.

P.D. 1185-otherwise known as the Fire Code of the Philippines-is a law which define what acts
and condition constitute a fire hazard and penalizes such acts or conditions

P.D. 1185- On August 26, 1977, P.D. 1185 was signed into law by the late Pres. Ferdinand E.
Marcos of the Philippines
-the implementing rules and regulation of Fire Code of the Philippines was issued on
March 20, 1978 and was approved on March 25, 1978.

May 28, 1978- is the publication of P.D. 1185

June 27, 1978 P.D. took effect

R.A 9514 –OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE COMPREHENSIVE FIRE CODE OF THE

PHILIPPINES OF 2008”

December 19,2008 R.A 9514 was signed into law

January 20 2009 R.A 9514 took effect.

Definition of terms

Abatement- any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard

Administrator- any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for
him

Blasting Agent- Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer use to set off explosive

Combustible Fiber- any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton, oakum, rags,
wastes cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw, Spanish moss, excelsior and other similar materials
commonly used in commerce.

Combustible Flammable or Inflammable- descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire

Corrosive Liquid- any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic or with certain
chemicals

Curtain Board- a vertical panel of non- combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and
extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into
separate compartment so that heat and smoke will be directed upward to a roof vent.

Cryogenic- descriptive of any material which by its nature or as result of its reaction with other
elements produced rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.

Damper- A normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically closes to
restrict the passage of smoke or fire.

Duct System- a continuous passageway for the transmission of air.

Dust- a finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the proper proportion and
ignited will cause an explosion.

Electric Arc- an extremely hot luminous formed by the passage of an electric current across a
space between two conductors or terminal due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.

Ember- a hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing
without the manifestation of flames.

Finishes- materials used as a final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purpose.

Fire- The active principles of burning, characterized by the heat and light combustion
Fire Trap- a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate
exit or fire escapes.

Fire Alarm- any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of
the building or firefighting elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to
undertaken immediate action to save life and property and to suppress the fire.

Fire Door- a fire resistive door prescribed for opening in fire separation walls or partitions.

Fire Hazard- any condition or acts which increase or may cause an increase in the probability of
the occurrence of fire or which may obstruct delay hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations
and the safeguard of life and property.

Fire Lane- the portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at
all times for the expedient operations of fire fighting units.

Fire Protective and Fire Safety device- any device intended for the protection of building or
persons to include but not limited to built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other
automatic extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion products and other
warning system components, personal protective equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire
suits, gloves and other garments that may be put on or worn be persons to protect themselves
during fire.

Fire Safety Construction- refers to designed and installation of wall, barriers, doors windows,
events means of egress etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to
minimized danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes, or panic before the building is evacuated. These
features are also designed to achieve, among others, safe and rapid evacuation of people
through means of egress sealed from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room
or floor or origin and delay their spread to other parts of the building by means to include the
treatment of building components or contents with flame retardant chemicals.
Flash Point- the minimum temperature at which any materials give off vapors in sufficient
concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air.

Forging- a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimensions.

Fulminate- a kind of stable explosive compound which explode by percussion.

Hazardous Operation/ Process- any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion, etc., that uses
or produce materials which are likely to cause fire or explosions.

Horizontal Exit- passageway from one building to another or through or ground a wall in
approximately the same floor level.

Hose Box- a box or cabinet where fire equipment are stored arranged for firefighting.

Hose Reel- a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is wound and
connected.

Jumper- a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electrical
system

Occupancy- The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.

Occupant- any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by virtue of a
lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter

Overloading- the use of one or more electrical appliances o device which draw or consume
electrical current beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical system.

Owner- the person who holds the legal rights of possession or title of the building or real property.

Oxidizing Materials- a material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulates or
support combustion.

Pressurized or Force Draft Burning Equipment- a type of burner where the fuel is subjected to
pressure prior to discharge into the combustion chamber and or which includes fans or other
provisions for the introduction of air at above normal atmospheric pressure into the same
combustion chamber.

Public assembly building- any building or structure where fifty (50) or more people congregate,
gather, or assemble for any purpose.

Public Way- any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky,
deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently appropriated for public use.

Pyrophoric- descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.

Refining- a process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture in
order to produce a pure element or compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and
electrolysis.

Standpipe System – A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached
on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to water outlets as needed.

Self-Closing Doors- automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and
delay the spread of fire.

Smelting- melting or fusing of metallic areas or compound so as to separate impurities from pure
metals.

Sprinkler system- An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping system installed in a

building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically
discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire.

Tank Truck – Any single self propelled motor vehicle equipped with a cargo tank mounted
thereon and used for the transportation of flammable and combustible liquids.
Tank Vehicle – Any vehicle carrying or towing a cargo tank used for transporting flammable fluids
or hazardous chemicals.

Ventilation – The process of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical means to or from
any space. Such air may or may not have been conditioned.

Vertical Shaft- an enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from the floor, as well as from
the base to the top of the building.

Vestibule – A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a
house or building.

COMBUSTION

Fire - Is the heat and light from the rapid combination of oxygen and other materials.
- Is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.
Flame - Is an exothermic, self-sustaining, oxidizing chemical reaction producing energy and
glowing hot matter.
- Is the visible portion of the fire.

Fire
• If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma.
• For fire to exist:
– A combustible substance must be present.
– The temperature must be high enough to cause combustion.
– Enough oxygen must be present to sustain rapid combustion.

Combustion/ Burning
• A process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light.
• It is a chemical reaction (exothermic) in which a fuel is burned.
• Complete combustion gives carbon dioxide while incomplete combustion results in
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (commonly known as 'soot').

Theories of Combustion:
1. The Fire Triangle Theory
2. The Fire Tetrahedron

FIRE TRIANGLE THEORY - The graphical representation of the three elements of fire namely,
Oxygen, Heat and Fuel.

Each side is just as important as either of the other two sides. There cannot be fire without all the
three parts present in equal proportion.

Using the same theory, there are three ways to extinguish fire.
Remove the fuel
Cut off the oxygen supply
Reduce the temperature (cooling)

Elements of fire:

Heat – is a form of energy generated by the transmission of some other form of energy, as in
combustion or burning.

Oxygen – a colorless, odorless gas and one of the composition of air which is approximately 21%
by volume.

Fuel – any substance which reacts chemically with oxygen and produces flames.

FIRE TETRAHEDRON
The Fire tetrahedron theory describes the three elements of a fire as a chemical reactivity or
chemical reaction.

Requirements for combustion:

1. Fuel (reducing agent)
2. Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
 3. Energy source/ source of ignition/ heat (enough to start chemical change)
4. Chemical chain reaction (that occurs continuously fuels itself)

Sources of Fuel

1, Solid – molecules are closely packed together

2. Liquid – molecules are loosely packed
3. Gas – molecules are free to moved

COMMON SOURCES OF HEAT

1. Chemical energy – occurs whenever oxidation(addition of oxygen) takes place.

2. Electrical energy – occurs at electrical overload
3. Mechanical energy – occurs by friction or compression
4. Nuclear energy – by fission when atom splits or fusion when atoms come together
5. Compressed gas – gaseous fuel is compressed within the cylinder, increasing its
molecular activity.

COMBUSTION LEADS TO PYROLYSIS

(Transformation of a substance produced by the action of heat)

PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION

1. Fire gases - Are those remain when other products of combustion cool to normal
temperature.
-Depends primarily on the chemical composition of fuel

2. Flame - - The visible part of a fire

The luminous body of a burning gas, which gets hotter and less luminous when mixed
with more oxygen
-Product of incomplete combustion (fades when carbon burn completely)
3. Heat - Form of energy measured in degree of temperature.
-Product of combustion that spreads the fire

4. Smoke -The visible product of incomplete combustion, usually a mixture of oxygen,

nitrogen , carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot and carbon.

Types of Poisonous Gases:

1. Hydrogen Sulfide - Organic materials with sulphur, (Rubber, hair, wood, meat, hides)
it is colorless highly toxic gas and smells like rotten eggs.

2. Hydrogen Cyanide -Nitrogen-containing material, (Wool, silk, urethane, polyamides,

acrylics) these gases are also used as fumigant and smells like bitter almonds w/c
may not be easily detected.

3. Hydrogen Chloride -Chloride containing plastics and smells like pungent like lime
 Types of flames

Luminous Reddish-orange in color, product of

According to color and incomplete combustion, lower temperature
completeness of Non-luminous Bluish in color, product of complete
combustion combustion thus no soot, higher
temperature
premixed Ex. Bunsen burner , the hydrocarbon is
thoroughly mixed with air before reaching
the flame zone.
According to burning
fuel and air mixture Diffusion Ex. oxyacetylene torch ,gas is force through
a nozzle into the atmosphere which diffuse
in the surrounding atmosphere in order to
form a flammable mixture.
laminar Smooth flame
Based on smoothness
turbulent Rough flame, irregular swirls and eddies

HEAT
Fahrenheit Celsius

Freezing point 32 degrees 0 degrees

Boiling point 212 degrees 100 degrees

Room temperature 68 degrees 20 degrees

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIRE

Specific gravity The density of a substance relative to the density of water (In
general the higher the specific gravity of a substance, the
greater the amount of heat is necessary to decompose it).
Vapor density The density of a gas relative to the density of hydrogen (The
property is commonly used in fire protection, vapour density
of less than 1 indicates that the gas is lighter than air).
Vapor pressure The pressure exerted by a vapor/ the force exerted by the
molecules on the surface of the liquid at an equilibrium.
temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment
(Thermometer is the instrument used to measure temperature
which can be expressed in C (Celsius or centigrade), F
(Fahrenheit) and K (Kelvin or absolute).
Boiling point The temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level ( The
minimum temperature to which the substance in the air must
be heated in order to initiate or cause self contained
combustion without the addition of heat from outside
sources).
Ignition temperature/ is the lowest temperature at which it will spontaneously ignite
Kindling temperature/ in a normal atmosphere without an external source of ignition
Autoignition temperature
Fire point is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at least
5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. (21%)
Flash point The lowest temperature at which the vapor of a combustible
liquid can be ignited in air (14%)
 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FIRE:

1. Endothermic reaction – are changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed or is added

before the reaction takes place.

2. Exothermic Reactions – are those that release or give off energy (heat) thus they
produce substance with less energy than the reactants.

3. Oxidation – is a chemical change that is exothermic. In connection with fire technology, it

is simply defined as a chemical change in which combustible materials (fuel ) and an
oxidizing agent like oxygen, react.

4. Flames – are incandescent gases. In order to be sustain, it should maintain a high

temperature and a concentration of short lived intermediate chemical oxidizer.

Phases of Burning/The Three Stages of Fire

1. INCIPIENT • initial stage Temperature:

/ of fire 1000degreesF
BEGINNING PHASE Characteristics:
1. Normal room
temperature
2. Oxygen plentiful
3. Thermal updraft rise
accumulates at higher point
4. Producing pyrolysis
products (CO2,CO & other
gases)

2. FREE BURNING • Second Temperature:

PHASE phase of Exceeds 1,300degreesF/
burning 705degreesC
• Materials and
structures
are burning
in the
presence of
adequate
oxygen
Characteristics:
1. Fire has involved more
fuel
2. Oxygen is depleted
3. Heat accumulates at
upper area
4. Area is fully involved
3. SMOLDERING • Final phase Temperature:
PHASE of burning Very high and normal
• Flames breathing is not possible
ceases but
dense smoke Oxygen deficiency may cause
and heat fills back draft
the confined
room
Characteristics:
1. Flames may die and
leave only glowing embers
or super heated fuel under
pressure with little oxygen
2. Intense heat will vaporize
lighter fuel components,
such as hydrogen and
 methane, increasing the
hazard.

BACKDRAFT - An explosive surge in a fire produced by the sudden mixing of air with other
combustible.

FLASHOVER - Stage in an enclosed fire when the temperature becomes high enough to involve
the entire combustible contents of the room.

CONDITIONS THAT INDICATE THE DANGER OF BACKDRAFT:

1. Pressurized smoke exiting small openings.
2. Black smoke becoming dense gray yellow.
3. Confinement and excessive heat.
4. Little or no visible flame.
5. Smoke leaving the building in puffs or interval.
6. Smoke stained windows.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE – Based on Burning Fuel

American European Australian/Asian Fuel/Heat source

Class A Class A Class A Ordinary combustibles
Class B Class B Flammable liquids
Class B
Class C Class C Flammable gases
Class C UNCLASSIFIED Class E Electrical equipment
Class D Class D Class D Combustible metals
Class K Class F Class F Cooking oil or fat
 Classification of Fire based on Caused:

1. Natural fire
2. Accidental fire
3. Intentional fire

PROPAGATION OF FIRE (spread of fire) – as a substance burns, fire propagation will be

increased by the transmission of heat by nearby materials.

Types of Heat Transmission:

1. CONDUCTION - Heat is transferred thru a medium thus fire spread

-transfer of heat from atom to atom within a substance

2. . RADIATION- Fire is spread from point A to point B without direct contact

-Transfer of heat thru vacuum

3. . CONVECTION - Fire is spread by the transmission of heat by the moving current of

liquid or gas
-Transfer of heat thru the actual movement of warm matter

4. FLAME CONTACT - Fire is transferred from point A to point B by direct contact of fire

Intensity of Fire – simply means how hot the fire is burning.

Spontaneous Heating – Spontaneous heating and spontaneous ignition start as a result of a

chemical reaction within the material, a result independent of any outside source of heat.
Explosive Limits – means the amount (express in percent) of fuel vapor that can be mixed with air
to form an explosive or flammable mixture.

Magnitude of Fire – means the size of a fire, and it is governed by the surface area of fuel
exposed to the air.

Fire point – the temperature at which the material will give off ample vapors to keep burning.

Ignition Temperature – the degree of heat necessary to ignite flammable vapors

Oxidation – in nearly all fires, oxidation takes place by using the oxygen that is present in the
atmosphere.

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• Different types of fires require different types of fire extinguishers.
 Different types of fire extinguishers require different methods of use

1. Class A Extinguishers – will put out fires in ordinary combustibles, such as wood and paper.
2. Class B Extinguishers – should be used on fires involving flammable liquids, such as grease,
gasoline, oil, etc.
3. Class C Extinguishers – Are suitable for use on electrically energized fires.
4. Class D Extinguishers – Are designed for use on flammable metals and are often specific for
the type of metal in question.

KEY POINT:
The right extinguisher for the right fire class.
FIRE SUPPRESSION – slowing down the rate of burning
FIRE CONTROL – keeping the fire from spreading
EXTINGUISHMENT – putting the fire out
Slow/confine/put-out

FIRE SUPPRESSION, CONTROL, EXTINGUISHMENT AND EXTINGUISHING AGENTS:

Methods of fire extinguishment

1. Cooling – this process uses an extinguishing agent whose primary characteristic is heat
absorption. Water is the best general cooling agent for firefighting purposes.
2. Smothering – excludes the oxygen from the fuel so that the gases or vapours of the fuel cannot
ignite and continue the combustion. Co2 and AFFF(Aqueous Film Forming Foam) are used for
this purpose.
3. Separation – the removal of the fuel, as in the example of turning off a valve in a gas line
prevents the fuel and oxygen from coming together.
(inhibition) Chemical chain reaction – inhibition or the interruption of chemical reaction.

Extinguishing Agents

base method effect Class of Fire

Water Aim at the base of the Cooling Class A
fire
Foam Aim the back edge of smothering Class A or B
the fire and allow foam
to blanket the fire
Co2 Aim at the base of the smothering Class C
flame
dry Aim at the base of the Inhibit Chemical Class B or C
chemical flame chain reaction ( ordinary and
regular dry
chemical)
Class A, B,
C(multi-purpose
dry chemical)
Dry Aim at the base of the Inhibit Chemical Class D
powder flame chain reaction
 Wet Aim at the fire from smothering Class A
chemical above Class K
base Method effect Class of Fire
AFFF ( an AQUEOUS FILM smothering Class B
example FORMING FOAM
of foam) Rainfall effect
Vaporizing Aim at the base of the separation Class A or C
liquid fire

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:

Fire Extinguisher Defined:

It is a mechanical device usually made of metal, containing chemicals, fluids, or gases for
stopping fires, the means for application of its contents for the purpose of putting out fire
(particularly small fire) before it propagates, and is capable of being readily moved from place to
place.

 It is a portable device used to put out fires of limited size.

• Is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires, often in
emergency situations.

CLASSES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:

1. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER – offer the greatest potential for immediately
controlling workplace fires. Their portability and relatively easy operation often make
them ready for use within seconds.
2. SEMI-PORTABLE/ WHEELED FIRE EXTINGUISHER – these types of extinguishers
provide a way of getting a sizeable amount of extinguishing agent to a fire rapidly. These
units are designed for in plant protection and offer a considerably longer agent discharge
period and greater fire fighting power capacities range from 100 to 350 lbs.

Fire Extinguisher Ratings – Class A and Class B extinguishers carry a numerical rating to indicate
how large a fire an experienced person can put out with the use of an extinguisher. Class C
extinguishers have only a letter rating because there is no readily measurable quantity for class C
fires. Class D extinguishers likewise do not have a numerical rating. Their effectiveness is
described on the faceplate.
PARTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

To use:
1. Pull the safety tag to break the seal
2. Pull the safety pin
3. Hold the handle and the discharge hose
4. Test if it work by squeezing the lever and the handle
5. Aim at the fire

STEPS IN USING:
PORTABLE
1. PULL THE PIN
2. POINT THE NOZZLE TOWARDS THE BASE OF THE FIRE
3. PRESS THE HANDLE
4. SWEEP THE NOZZLE
P–A–S–S
Pull – Aim – Squeeze – Sweep

WHEELED
1. OPEN THE GAS CYLINDER
2. FREE THE HOSE FROM ITS REEL
3. POINT THE NOZZLE AT THE BASE OF THE FIRE
4. SQUEEZE THE NOZZLE

Inspection and maintenance of Extinguishers – once purchased it is the responsibility of the

owner to maintain the extinguisher so that it remains fully operable. There must be a periodic
inspection of the fire extinguisher to be performed by a competent person.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAMMABLE MATERIALS:

Flammability - the characteristic of a material on how easily it will burn or ignite causing fire or
combustion.

All matter, including flammable materials will exist in at least one of three states.
These states or groups are known as:
1.Liquids 2. Gases 3. Solids

1.Liquids – Liquids are fluids that do not generate more than 40 psia when heated to 100 degrees
F ( psia is pound per-square inch absolute).

To determine whether a fluid should be classed as a gas or a liquid, it is tested:

- Over 40 is gas
- 40 and below is liquid
Formula:
Gauge reading + atmospheric pressure = total
 29 14.7 43.7

liquid – are fluids that do not generate more than 40 psia.

Gases – are fluids that generate more than 40 psia.

Types of Liquids:

a. Flammable Liquids – these are liquids with a flashpoint below 100 degrees F and a vapor
pressure not over 40 psia at 100degrees F. They called Class I liquids, which are subdivided into
the following classes:

 Class IA – any liquid that has a flashpoint below 73degrees F, and a boiling point (BP)
below 100degrees F.
 Class IB – any liquid that has a flashpoint below 73degrees F, and a boiling point at or
above 100degrees F.
 Class IC – any liquid that has a flashpoint below 100degrees F, but not below 73degrees
F.
b. Combustible Liquids – liquids that have a flashpoint at or above 100degrees F. They are
subdivided into the following categories:

 Class II – any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100degrees F and below 140degrees
F.
 Class IIIA – any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 140degrees F and below
200degrees F.
 Class IIIB – any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 200degrees F.

2.Gases – are classified by their chemical, physical properties, and usage.

a. Chemical Properties – chemical properties of gases are of prime interest to firefighters,

as they reflect the ability of the gas to react within it or with other materials.

The chemical properties of gases may be broken down as follows:

flammable Will burn in air

Non-flammable Will not burn in air

Reactive gases Reacts within itself or with other materials under certain
condition except fire.
Ex. Shock, heat

Toxic gases Poisonous gases

Physical Properties of Gases:

Compressed gas Gaseous state in its container

At normal temperature
Liquefied gas Partly gas partly liquid in its container
At Normal temperature
Cryogenic gases Liquefied in the container
At Very low temperature

Usage of Gases:

Fuel gases Burn in air

Produce heat, power, light
 Industrial gases Industrial processes
Water treatment, welding and cutting, refrigeration
Medical gases Gases used for medical purposes such as therapy and
anesthesia

3.Solids - Combustible solids are those which ignite, burn and change chemically when subjected
to heat or fire.(Ex. Wood, paper, and cloth).

There are other combustible solids which may ignite or detonate at lower temperature. These
combustible solids are classed as hazardous chemicals and should be kept in suitable
containers. They should be separated from other materials which react with them.

Combustible Metals – most combustible metals are chemical elements which are part of earth’s
composition (Ex. Sodium, Titanium, Uranium, Lithium).

Hazardous Material Identification

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL

• Are substances or material that can burn, explode, react violently or cause injury or harm
to people, property or the environment when transported in commerce.

• DOT is responsible for developing, issuing and enforcing the hazardous material
regulation

Color Scheme For New Cards

PLACARDS COLORS

DANGEROUS Upper and lower triangles in red; Inscription in black and

white

EXPLOSIVES A and Orange background; symbol and Inscription in black

EXPLOSIVES B
NON-FLAMMABLE GAS Green background; symbol and Inscription in white

OXYGEN, OXIDIZER and Yellow Background; symbol and Inscription in black

ORGANIC PEROXIDE
POISON GAS, POISON and White background; symbol, Borderline, and Inscription in
CHLORINE black
FLAMMABLE and Red background; symbol, and Inscription in white
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID
FLAMMABLE SOLID White background with seven vertical red stripes; symbol
and inscription in black
 RADIOACTIVE Top portion yellow with black symbol lower portion white
with black inscription
CORROSIVE Center and lower areas black; inscription in white;
symbol in black and white

FIRE DIAMOND

STRUCTURAL FIREFIGHTING

Firefighting Equipment
1. Communication System

2. Fire Vehicles

3. Fire Hose(Hose, Hose Coupling, Hose appliance, Hose Tools)

Fire hose is a type of flexible tube used by firefighters to carry water under pressure from the
source of supply to a point where it is discharged to extinguish fire.

Devices:
A. Hose tools – used in hose line

1. Universal Thread Adapter – is a very useful tool on any fire vehicle. It can make a very
quick connection to damaged or unusual size male hose connections.(make connections)
2. Hose Jacket – a hollow cylindrical or barrel shaped device that opens lengthwise through
the center on a set of hinges. It is a rubber lined to make it water tight ( for leaking hose).
3. Hose Clamp – a tool used to stop the flow of water in a fire hose without shutting off the
source of water supply.
4. Spanner Wrench – is use to tighten leaking connections and to loosen that are too tight to
“break” with hands alone.
5. Hydrant Wrench – are use to open and close fire hydrants and to remove hydrant outlet
caps. It is usually equipped with a pentagon opening in its head that fits most standard
fire hydrant opening nuts.
 6. Hose Strap – It is a 36 inch length of cloth strap with a handle on one end and hook on
the other. It is used for moving hose layouts usually up ladders or staircases.
7. Hose Bridge – a hose tool used to prevent damage to the hose when vehicles cross a
street, or where the traffic cannot be diverted.
8. Chafing blocks – tools used to prevent damage to the hose where the hose is subjected
to rubbing from vibrations.(protection against friction)
9. Rubber Mallet – a hose tool used to strike the lugs of a coupling to tighten or loosen the
coupling without damaging the lugs. It is used to make a coupling completely airtight.

11. Rope – for anchoring, hoisting

13. Hose roller/ hose hoist – Prevent damage to hose when dragged over sharp object

B. Hose appliances – used for delivering water

1. Valves – controls the flow of water at hydrants, hose line, pumper ( types- ball, gate
valves, butterfly, clapper).

2. Valve devices – increases or decreases the number of hose line being used

a. Gated Wyes – these are used to divide a line of hose into two or more line.
b. Siamese – appliances that have two or more female inlet connections and one male
discharge connection.

C. Forcible entry tools

Used to gain entry and ventilation
a. Axes
b. Power saw
c. Sledge hammer

Fire Retardant Clothing

1. Head harness
2. Boots
3. pants
4. coat
5. Breathing apparatus
6. goggle
7. Helmet
8. Gloves

Gadgets or tools clinging in the uniform

1. Flashlight
2. Portable radio/ two way
3. Thermal imaging camera
4. Escape rope
5. Self-contained breathing apparatus
 LOCATION FINDING FIRE

CONFINEMENT RESTRICT THE SPREAD OF FIRE

EXTINGUISHMEN PUTTING OFF FIRE
T
EXPOSURES COVER OR SECURE OTHER BUILDING
OR PEOPLE FROM EXPOSING
THEMSELVES NEAR AFFECTED AREA
RESCUE REMOVE OCCUPANTS FROM
BURNING BUILDING
OVERHAUL DETAILED CHECK AFTER FIRE TO
PREVENT RE-IGNITION
SALVAGE PREVENTING EXCESSIVE DAMAGE BY
FIRE

Locating the Fire:

1. Phone calls
2. Triggered fire alarm
3. Fire is reaching for the sky
4. Fire in most cases starts at the level where the kitchen is.

Confinement of Fire:
1. Control
2. Working on the inside of the burning building/ interior attack;
3. Controlling fire to its point of origin;
4. Preventing it from spreading to other rooms

Extinguishment:
Factors:
1. TIME OF DAY (LIFE, FIRE HAZARD, SPEED OF RESPONSE, DARKNESS)
2. WEATHER ( TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, WIND AND PRECIPITATION
3. FIRE ( Extent of fire, Location in the building, type of contents involve, life hazards, fire
conditions and type of construction )
4. OCCUPANCY ( determine the number of people occupying the building, check if
someone was left behind for rescuing )
5. VENTILATION (Clearing the building of smoke and gases )
6. WIND – DETERMINES THE EXPOSURE
7. HUMIDITY – AFFECTS SMOKE BEHAVIOR AND VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS
8. TEMPERATURE ( FLASHPOINT/ FIREPOINT/ AUTO IGNITION)

Ventilation – method used for clearing the building of smoke and gases, localize the fire, and
reduced smoke and forcible entry damage.

Types of Ventilation:

1. Vertical Ventilation – the method to establish vertical ventilation is it must be worked from the
top and down.

2. Cross or Horizontal Ventilation – If the smoke and gases have not reached the higher levels,
cross ventilation can clear the building one floor at a time. Windows are the easiest and generally
most available for the common type.

3. Mechanical or Forced Ventilation – a process or method of ventilation whereby a device such

as smoke ejector is utilized to remove faster excessive heat and dense smoke in a confined
building.

Factors to Determine the Location for the Opening or Ventilation:

1. Location of intensity of fire
2. Highest point on the roof
3. Direction of wind
4. Existing exposure
5. Extent of fire
6. Obstruction

Steps in the Procedure for Vertical Ventilation:

VERTICAL 1. POSSIBILITY OF COLLAPSE

2. PLAN A WAY OF ESCAPE/ LIFELINE
3. USE AVAILABLE OPENINGS
4. OPEN THE CEILINGTHRU THE ROOF
5. MAKE IT LARGE ENOUGH
6. WIND AT YOUR BACK (LEEWARD)

HORIZONTAL 1. OPEN WINDOWS ON THE LEEWARD

2. ONE FLOOR AT A TIME
3. AVOID OPENINGS BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE
FIRE
4. OPEN WITH FIRE HOSE READY
5. SHOULD BE ABLE TO WITHDRAW FIRES OUT
OF UNBURN AREAS
6. CONSIDER EXPOSURE

LEEWARD – The side of something that is sheltered from the wind/The direction from which the
wind is blowing
WINDWARD - On the side exposed to the wind/The direction from which the wind is coming

Advantages of Ventilation:
1. Aids rescue operation
2. Speeds the attack of extinguishment
3. Reduces property damage
4. Reduces mushrooming ( hole on roof passing thru the ceiling will release super heated gases)

Types of Exposures:
1. Fire Exposures – refers to the property exposed to the fire.
2. Life Exposures – refers to the danger to the lives of the occupants of any building.

Art of Smoke Reading:

Smoke is fuel
Smoke is product of incomplete combustion
Smoke is aggregate of particulates, aerosols, gases
Turbulent smoke is a signal that flashover is about to occur
Smoke near the floor is mostly carbon monoxide for partially extinguished fire.
Smoke drawn back to building, sign of backdraft

SMOKE AND FLAME COLORS FOR CERTAIN FUELS

SMOKE COLOR FLAME COLOR FUEL

1.Gray to brown Red to yellow wood/paper/cloth
2.Black Red to white Gasoline
3,White to gray Yellow to white Benzine
4.Black to brown Yellow to white turpentine
5.Black Dark red to orange yellow Kerosene
6.Black Blue white to white Naphtha

Ladder Operations
• A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps. There are two types: rigid ladders that can
be leaned against a vertical surface such as a wall, and rope ladders that are hung from the top.
The vertical members of a rigid ladder are called stringers or rails (US) or stiles (UK).

Types of Ladder

1. Ground Ladders
2. Aerial Ladders

Ground ladders vary in sizes from 3.1 to 17 meters ( 10 – 55 feet) long. It is being carried on a pumper of
firetrucks.

Forms of Ground Ladders:

1. Wall – This type of ladder best used in rescue where a ladder in place is already falls short of the
endangered person. It allows the user to climb up or down, one storey at a time (scaling or pompier, and
fire escape)

2. Extension Ladder – This is consists of a bed and one or more fly ladders. The fly ladder slides through
guides on the upper end of the bed ladder. It contains locks (pawls or dogs) which hook over the rungs of
the bed ladder, these secure it in a designated position.(24,25, or 36 foot ladders are the types commonly
found and carried on the pumpers or firetrucks).

An extension ladder that has a stay poles is called tormentors. Tormentors support the beams and give
extra stability when raising or lowering the ladder. It ranges from 4.6 to 10 meters in length (15-33 feet).

Extension ladders that are extended to more than 35 feet are called Bangor ladders.

3. Hook Ladder ( roof ) or straight Ladder – This is a type of ladder that contains only one section. It
ranges in length from 12 to 16 feet. The most common size is the 14 – foot straight ladder. The roof or
hook ladder is a straight ladder adapted for a special purpose.

4. Attic ladder – It provides means of reaching through an opening into attics, lofts, and other areas that
are somewhat difficult to reach without a special ladder. It can be folded or collapsed for a small room or
closet works. They are usually short because they are required to reach only a short distance.

Uses:
1. for rescue
2. to stretch lines into a fire building
3. provide ventilation by giving access to ports, scuttles, windows, roofs or other places that are hard to
reach

Types of Ladder According to its Beam:

a. Solid beam ground ladder – made of heavy hard wood and or lightweight metal alloys.
b. Trussed beam ground ladder – a lightweight metal alloy easier to handle and carry.
c.
- Aerial Ladders – This type of ladder that is mounted on a turntable, capable of extending up to 30.5
meters ( 100 feet), may have three or four metal fly sections of ladder that can be raised or lowered by
hydraulically controlled cables.

Forms of Aerial Ladders

1. Hydraulic Aerial Ladders

2. Elevating Platform (Articulated boom)

Uses:
1. provide a source of heavy streams in combating fire;
2. best used for rescue operations;
3. used an elevator to lift handlines, handtools and short ladders up to its load limits;
4. used as a reconnaissance platform or a place from which to direct operations.

Ladder Terminology

1. Bed Ladder – the lowest section of an extension ladder.

2. Fly Ladder – the top section of an extension ladder.
3. Butt – the bottom end of a ladder.
4. Heel – the part of the ladder that touches the ground.
5. Halyard – a rope or cable used to raise the fly ladder.
6. Pawl or Dog – the mechanism located at the end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed ladder.
7. Rung – the cross member of a ladder that is used for climbing.
8. Top or Tip – it is the top part of a ladder.
9. Hooks – part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof peak, sills, walls where the heel does not rest
on a foundation (found only on roof-type ladders).
10. Stops – made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the fly of an extension ladder from extending
out further from the ladder.
11. Guides – light metal strips of an extension ladder that guides the fly ladder while it is being raised or
lowered.

Type of Ladder Carries:

1. One-man carry – Remove the ladder from the apparatus and pass either arm through the ladder at the
middle of its length. Carry it with the hooks forward and lowered.
2. Two-man carry – Normally extension ladders from 24 to 36 feet in length require atleast two men. To
remove the ladder from the fire apparatus, place one man near each end. Each man then passes one arm
through the ladder and grasps the second rung forward. Bothe men must be on the same side.
3. Four-man carries – Remove the ladder from the apparatus and place it on the ground with the fly up.
Have the four men take their positions, two near each end, on opposite sides of the ladder. Face the top
of the ladder. Reach down and grasp a rung with the hand nearest it. Raise the ladder on the shoulder.
4. Six-man carries – This procedure is the same as the four- man carry except that an additional two men
are placed in the middle on the opposite sides to carry a heavier ladder.

Ladder Raises
Ladder raising requires practice and cooperation. Before raising a ladder, you must know how far you
should place the heel of the ladder from the building.

Ways or methods to determine the distance of the Ladder Heel from the Building:
1. Divide the length of the ladder by 5 and add 2. Example, if the ladder is fully extended, the heel should
be 9 feet from the building (35/5=7+2=9).
2. Divide the length of the ladder by 4. If you used a fully extended 35-foot. Ladder, divide 35 by 4 and the
result is also a distance of approximately 9 feet.
 Post Extinguishment Procedures
Salvage and Overhaul Operations

Salvage work in fire fighting is preventing excessive damage caused by fire, smoke, and water. Keeping a
fire loss at a minimum requires knowledge of salvage operations and the ability to improvise or make do
as the need arises.

Two Ways of Performing Salvage:

1. Remove the material outside the building involved in a fire or to an area that is not involved in the fire.
This method is used when there is sufficient time and when there is enough manpower to carry out the
job, or when there is only a small amount of material to be carried outside or to protect.

2. Protect the material where it stands. This method is used when the size or the quantity of the contents
of the building dictates.

STORAGE FACTOR THAT LEADS TO DAMAGE:

1. Materials stored directly on the floor, where it soaks up water
2. Items stored in containers that weakens when wet (CONTAINERS THAT ARE NOT WATERPROOF)
3. Shelves that are against the wall, allowing the water to run into the stored materials.
Methods Used to Minimize Water Damage:
1. SAW DUST - can be spread to absorb water and control flow of water
1. SALVAGE COVERS - these are tarpaulins, known as “tarps, made of cotton canvas material
treated with a waterproofing compound.
Two Sizes of Standard Salvage Covers
1. Small ( 12 by 14 feet accordion fold)
2. Large ( 12 by 18 feet)

METHODS OF COVER: SPREADING

1. ONE-MAN THROW – a quick way to spread the small salvage cover in protecting materials/items.
2. COUNTER PAYOFF – method used for spreading the cover by two men.

OVERHAUL
Complete and detailed check of the structures and materials involved in the fire to make sure
that every spark and ember has been extinguished and there is no possibility of re-ignition.

STRUCTURAL STABILITY -
Before the search for hidden fires, the condition of the building in the area to be searched should
be known. Determine the behavior of the building material during or after the fire for the
possibility of collapse.
Factors that may affect the condition of the building:
1. INTENSITY OF FIRE
2. AMOUNT OF WATER

Preserving Evidence and Building Clean - up

PRESERVATION:
1. Protect and preserve evidence
2. Guarding evidence
3. Identifying and removing evidence

PROTECTING AND PRESERVING

1. KEEP WHERE YOU FOUND IT
2. IF YOU CANNOT LEAVE THE AT THE FIRE SCENE, PROPERLY IDENTIFY AND SAFEGUARD IT
3. PHOTOGRAPH
GUARDING Evidence:
1. CORDON THE AREA
2. POST GUARDS

Building Code and Building Requirements

- A standard rules for safety in the construction of building.

REQUIREMENTS:
 1. INTENDED OCCUPANCY AND USE – design is based upon the occupancy of the individual
structure ( large, less populated)
2. LIFE SAFETY - adequate exits, unobstructed paths, fire stop, fire walls , fire doors
3. FIXED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM - installation
4. SPACING OF STRUCTURES- maximum spacing requirements have to be observed
5. HEIGHT REQUIREMENTS - limit building height with high degree of combustibility
6. FIRE RETARDING FEATURES – preventing the spread of fire ( Fire stops – wood is used at least 2
inches thick, Fire partitions – installed to separate areas of hazardous occupancies – fire
resistance ratings of 1-2 hrs., Fire walls- installed for the purpose of preventing the passage of
fire from one building to another)

Miscellaneous Hazards
1. Sparks – Live sparks from chimneys and other similar sources must be given consideration
2. Mechanical Device – Engines of any type, or other machines in which friction is created are possible
sources of fire
3. Acids and other Chemicals - All kinds of strong acids, fire or explosion is possible if they come in contact
with other acids ( leaking/Spilling).
4. Coal tar derivatives – Since coal tar derivatives are hazardous, many fires and explosions have been
caused by carelessness.
5. Effects of the sun – sun is frequently responsible for fires, though it usually assisted by manmade
implement.

PRE-FIRE PLAN
It is a process of an advance and organized planning of possible fire fighting operations in a particular
building or groups of building.

RISK TO CONSIDER IN PREPARING A FIRE PLAN

1. The street, roads and alleys between the fire station and the scene of the fire
2. Location of water supply, its volume and pressure available
3. Exposure

Factors to be Considered in Pre – fire Planning

1. SPECIFIC PROBLEM – occurs in a given building
2. EQUIPMENT - availability
3. MANPOWER
Parts NATURAL COVERS/ WILD FIRES/ FOREST FIRES

HEAD POINT WHERE THE FIRE IS 1. SEVERAL HEADS

PROGRESSING FASTER; 2. TRAVELS WITH THE DIRECTION OF THE WIND
3. STRONGER WIND = GREATER SPEED

FLANK PORTION OF FIRE LINE BETWEEN THE TAIL AND VARIOUS HEADS AS WELL AS THE SLOWER BURNING
AREAS BETWEEN HEADS

TAIL WINDWARD OR UPWARD NEAR THE POINT OF ORIGIN

PORTION OF THE FIRE

1. Natural cover fires involves grass, weeds, grain brush, forest or any other plant life.
2. Fire moves faster uphill
3. Hand tools and manpower are more important than motorized vehicles
4. It’s important to pinpoint from which to begin the attack
5. Spot fires should be extinguish first
6. Attack where the fire is spreading
7. It’s dangerous to fight fires head if its rapidly advancing
8. Lightning, sun, wind, man are its cause
9. Water bomb, and other airborne devices are being used
10. Portable pumping units are useful

Types of Natural cover Fire

1. GROUND FIRES –( Undergrowth or Duff fires) travel at ground level or below the surface
2. SURFACE FIRES – burn over grass, weeds, grain, brush and shrubs
3. CROWN FIRES – are in the tops of trees and high brush
 4. SPOT FIRES - started in advance of the heads by windblown sparks or bits of burning material

How to Combat this type of fire:

• Don’t do it from the uphill direction
• Never approach the head if it requires to travel thru a draw, valley or canyons
• Correct point to begin – on the tail, upward side of the fire line; head if it reached the crest and
starts slower, downhill burning

Methods of Extinguishment
1. Sectional Method – consists of placing a unit on a specific section of the fire line
2. One Lick Method – the fastest and easiest method to use on a running fire

Methods of Natural Cover Fire Control

1. Direct Method of Control – this method is very effective against natural cover fires but can be used only
on moderately hot fires.
2. Indirect Method of Control – this natural cover fire control method entails the use of firebreaks or
barriers.

FIRE AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

LEGAL BASIS FOR BFP TO INVESTIGATE ALL TYPES OF FIRE INCIDENT:

During the PC/INP days, arson and related cases were under the jurisdiction of the PC,
Police and Fire Service. Now, investigating arson and related cases is done by the Bureau of Fire
Protection. Under R.A 6975 – An act establishing the Philippine National Police , Bureau of Fire
Protection and BJMP and others under a Reorganized Department of Interior and Local
Government and for other purposes.

The law on arson in the Philippines is covered by Articles 320 to 326 of the Revised
Penal Code, as amended by PD No. 1613, PD No. 1744, and Ra 6975, Chapter IV Sec. 54.
Power and Functions.- The Fire Bureau shall have the power to investigate all cases o fires and,
if necessary, file the proper complaint with the City/Provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over
arson case.

Fire Investigation - Is conducted to determine the cause, origin, and nature of fire.

Arson Investigation - It is conducted to establish the elements of the crime, identity of the
suspect/s and gather evidence to prove his guilt.

ARSON - Is the malicious burning of one’s property or property of another.

ARSON INVESTIGATION - The direct result of the basic or technical investigation or it may be
brought about from outside knowledge.

Purposes of Fire Investigation:

1. To determine what property was damage;
2. What is that cause and reasons;
3. The number and extent of injuries involved;
4. The recommended corrective actions to prevent similar recurrence.

Technical Investigation - It is an in-depth investigation to determine more specific details of the

cause and effects and to establish necessary corrective actions.

Reasons to conduct technical investigation

1. There is suspicion of arson in connection w/ any fire;

2. There is suspicion of negligence or violation of regulation;
3. The cause of any fire is undetermined (to establish probable cause;
4. There is evidence of negligence or mismanagement in the fire suppression or rescue operation;
5. Loss of life or disabling as a result of fire.

Role of an Investigator

• To determine that a crime has been committed.

 • To identify the victim and offender.
• To locate and apprehend the suspect.
• To present evidence of guilt in a criminal proceeding

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALIFIED ARSON INVESTIGATOR:

1. He should posses knowledge of investigative technique;

2. He should have an insight of human behavior;
3. He should have a firsthand knowledge of the chemistry of fire a d its behavior;
4. He should be resourceful;
5. He should have a keen power of observation and accurate descriptions.

In so far as fire investigation is concerned, these must be establishing first:

1. CAUSE – that which made the fire starts;

2. REASON – that which led to the cause of fire (motive leading to the action.

FOUR GENERAL CLASSES OF FIRE

1. Natural – fire caused naturally w/ out human intervention or aid;

2. Accidental – fire causes where human action is involved directly or indirectly;
3. Arson – fire cause as a result of the willful and criminal action of some persons
4. Unknown fire – cannot be classified as to the cause.

BASIC METHOD OF A FIRE INVESTIGATION

Using the scientific method in most fire or explosion incidents should involve the following
six major steps from inception through final analysis.

1. Receiving the assignment - The investigator should be notified of the incident, what his/her
role will be, and what he/she is to accomplished.

2. Preparing for the investigation - The investigator should marshal his/her forces and
resources and plan the conduct of the investigation.

3. Examination of the scene - The investigator should conduct the examination of the scene and
collect basic data necessary to the analysis.

4. Recording the scene - The scene should be photographed and diagrammed, and notes of the
progress of the investigation should be made. Valuable empirical data should be noted and
preserved.

5. Collecting and preserving evidence - Valuable physical evidence should be recognized,

properly collected, and preserved for further testing and evaluation or courtroom presentation.

6. Analyzing the incident - An incident scenario or failure analysis should be described,

explaining the origin, cause, and responsibility for the incident. This analysis should be reported
in the proper forum to help prevent reoccurrence.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE ACCORDING TO MOTIVE:

1] Fire for profits

A] Fraud Fires

B] Business Fires

C} Partnerships/ Household fires

2} Fires for indirect profit

a. To stifle competition
b. To stimulate new business
c. To secure employment
3} Hate Fire
 A} ANGER FIRES – an anger fire is usually set within minutes of hours of the incident
which has flamed a person to such fury than he wants to hurt his enemy by burning him out. The
trouble may be business dispute, quarrel between neighbors, fight between husband and wife.

B] SPITE FIRE – This is usually set within hours or days otherwise the desire to get even
fades out under the more pressing demands of daily life. The fire setters feeling have been hurt
and has became resentful but he is the type who cannot attack directly the subject of his hatred.
The opportunity to set a fire must be a convenient one.

C} REVENGE FIRE S- A revenge fire is so termed because it is set by a person who

may have harbored a grudge for years which may severe to trigger the fire. The strange things
about revenge motivation is that hatred lasts for so many years. A revenge fire is characterized
by its direct attack against another person. It is far closer to an anger fire than those of blazes
set for spite. Persons who seek revenge have permitted their anger to smolder before breaking
out.

4} CRIME AND ARSON

Arson is now employed either to facilitate the commission of a crime o to destroy

evidence of a crime.

Three Methods which may help in solving the problem of proving that the fire was or was
not a criminal design.

1} Positive evidence – competent witness or witnesses speaks for itself

2} Circumstantial evidence

3} Confession

1. Fire – building in question was burned; the burning was by criminal design and by a
person criminally responsible.
2. Incendiary Motive – not necessary to prove by direct and positive evidence.
3. Motive – not an essential element of the crime necessary for conviction.
4. Proof of guilt – it is necessary to show by facts or circumstances or both, that he could
and actually did set the fire in question. If he procured another to set the fire of if he aided
or abetted the real incendiary, he is equally guilty and liable to prosecution.

ACCIDENTAL FIRE CAUSES:

1. Smoking- due to carelessness of the smoker or careless disposal of smoking materials.

2. Electrical Fire Causes:
The source of almost all electrical fires can be classified as originating from three
(3) conditions:

a. Arcing b. Spark c. Over heating

Incendiary Fire Causes:

When all accidental and providential causes have been eliminated, the investigator
begins to look for an incendiary cause. This requires the answers to a series of
questions about the fire. A well trained fire investigator will automatically look for the
unusual, The absence of the normal, the presence of something different from what
one would normally expect for the occupancy.

1.Plants and Trailers:

In searching the fire scene for evidence, the investigator should be looking for “ Plants”
and “ Trailers” as a priority.
Plants – refers to the preparation and gathering of materials to start a fire. Ex. Newspaper,
Rags, combustible plastics, clothing, curtains cotton waste etc.

Trailers – refers to any devices used by the arsonist to insure the spread of fire with in the
room or throughout the structure. Ex. Gasoline, paint, thinner, lighter fluids these
accelerant may be sprayed or poured on the filled materials (Plants.)
 LEGAL ASPECT OF FIRE AND ARSON INVESTIGATION :
ARSON defined - is the intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.
It is the concern of fire investigation to prove malicious intent of the offender.
Intent must be proved otherwise, no crime exist. The law presumes that a fire is
accidental , hence criminal design must be shown. Fire cause by accident or
criminal design must be shown. Fire cause by accident or negligence does not
constitute arson.

Corpus delicte of Arson

1. That a fire or burning occurred in a premises or property protected by the law.

2. That the fire or burning was intentional; neither accidental nor attributable to
negligence or natural causes, but the result of a criminal act.
3. That someone set the fire, caused it to be set, or otherwise further the act.

Types of Burn Patterns

1. Pour Patterns – kind of burn pattern that results from pouring an accelerant onto the
floor of a room.
2. Alligatoring – anyone who has observed the partially burned residue of a campfire is
familiar with how the blisters on the logs resemble the skin of an alligator.
3. “V” Pattern – Fire if unobstructed, will shoot upward and fan out, often registering as a
V or a cone pattern left after the fire is put out, when the V is distinct, the bottom of the
cone sometimes points to where the fire started, or to where the fuel was burning.
4. Charring – The charring of wood inevitably is observed in structural fires and can be an
indicator of fire travel and point of origin.
People as Source of information:

1. Person who discovered the fire

2. Firefighters

3. Owner or manager of the structure

4. Employees

5. Insurance and Financial Personnel

6. Business Competitors

7. Other Possible witness

Accelerants – a number of commercially available volatile liquids used to start fires. (Ex.
Gasoline, gasoline blended with diesel fuel, kerosene, lighter fluids, paint thinners etc.)

Point of origin: In the investigation of any structural fire, it is critical to first determine its point of
origin.

1. To establish cause, since arson become probable should both accidental and
natural causes be ruled out.
2. To germane to the kind of debris remaining at the site; if an accelerant was used,
some residue can be retrieved for laboratory analysis; if a fire setting mechanism
was employed, its parts can be collected as evidence.

Motives of the Crimes or Arson

1. Financial gain – Arson can result when a business or person gains financially, (ex. by
eliminating competition through insurance fraud, or through welfare fraud, following the
destruction of home and possession.

2. Intimidation – Arson have used to: 1. Instill fear regarding the safety of one’s person or family,

2. threaten economic loss, or 3. Effect a desired change in the government business policy.

3. Emotional Reasons – Jealousy, spite revenge, and hatred

4. Concealment of Another Crime – sometimes arson serves to conceal a homicide, account for
an inventory shortage, destroy incriminating records, or distract police from another felony being
committed simultaneously in the area.

5. Pyromania – it is defined as an irresistible impulse or compulsion to start a fire or something on

fire.

6. Recognition as a hero – some arsonist will set a fire in order to discover it and then save the
inhabitants or contents.

7. Vandalism – down or vacant buildings in deteriorating neighborhoods can become the target of
adolescent gangs looking to vent anger or simply to relieve a monotony.