Introduction to computer systems.

Architecture of computer systems

Anara Erlkanovna Karymsakova,

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences
Free Powerpoint TemplatesE-mail: [email protected]
Page 1
Overview of Today’s Lecture

1. Overview of Computer Systems

2. History of computers
3. Generations of Computer
4. Types of Computers

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 2
Overview of Computer
Systems

Figure 1. Computer systems

Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 3
 Figure 2. Von Neumann
architecture

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 4
There are three categories of computer architecture:
 system Design
 instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
 microarchitecture

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 5
 Network System
• Internet services (email)
Internet
• Network connections (modems, network
cards)

Software System
• Operating System (Unix, Mac OS,
Microsoft
Windows)
Hardware System • Web browser (Firefox, Internet Explorer)
• Keyboard • Office productivity applications (Microsoft
• Monitor Office, Star Office)
• System unit
Free Powerpoint
Figure 3. ComponentsTemplates
of a computer system Page 6
Hardware System

Speakers Monitor

Printer System unit

Keyboard

Mouse
Figure 4. Hardware components
Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 7
The Figure 5. Components inside the system unit.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 8
Software System

• Two categories: operating system (OS) software and

application software.
– Examples of OS software:
• Microsoft Windows, Unix, Mac OS
• Operating system software, also called system
software, is the master controller for all activities that
take place within a computer
• Application software is a set of one or more computer
programs that helps a person carry out a task
– Examples of application software:
• Microsoft Word
• Internet Explorer
• Macromedia Dreamweaver
• Adobe Acrobat Reader

Figure 6. Interaction among users, application

software, and operating system software
Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 9
Network System

Network connection
components:

• Network Interface Card Internet

(NIC)
• Modem
• Phone line or cable
• Internet Service
Provider (ISP)

Figure 7. Network connection components

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 10
History of computers

• The history of computers begins with the people's need to

calculate and keep records
• From ancient times, people have working to invent a computing
device to assist them in calculating and processing data

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 11
All the data processing equipment can be categorized under three
types:-
1- Mechanical devices: Which are hand-operated such as the
"ABACUS" and the "Slide rule"

2- Electro-mechanical devices: Which are powered by an

electric motor and use switches and relays, e.g. "Card reader"
and "Card stored"

3- Electronic devices: Which have such components as

"Transistors, Circuits, Chips", e.g. "Modern Computer"

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 12
Evolution of the computer

1- The dark (earliest) ages:(3000 B.C.E – 1890 C.E)

2- The middle ages: (1890 – 1944)

3- The modern ages: (1944 till now)

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 13
1- The Dark Ages: (3000 B.C.E – 1890 C.E)
This stage refers to the period in which only
manual "Mechanical devices" were used:

* ABACUS
Date of development:
3000 B.C.E (5000 years ago)
Place: China
Function: Arithmetic calculation

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 14
* Napier's Bones

Date: 1617
Place: Scotland
Inventor: John Napier
Function: Multiplication and Division

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 15
* Slide Rule
Date: 1632
Place: England
Inventor: William Oughtred
Components: Two movable rules
Function: Multiplication and Division

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 16
* Pascal Arithmetic Machine
Date: 1642
Place: France Blasé Pascal

Inventor: Blasé Pascal

Function: All the arithmetic
operations but it required
considerable manual effort for
Multiplication and Division

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 17
• Jacquard Loom

Date: 1801
Place: France
Inventor: Joseph Marie Jacquard
Components: Loom, threads and
control cards (punched cards)

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 18
* Babbage's Analytical Engine
Date: 1833
Place: England/ Cambridge University
Inventor: Charles Babbage/Professor of mathematics

Charles Babbage
Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 19
Components: The organization of the engine was
remarkably similar to that of the modern digital
computer

Major innovation:
 Arithmetic unit
 Punched-card input
 Printing unit and control system
 Storage unit (1000 numbers of 50 decimal digits
each)

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 20
 Noun: Computer program in punched
cards
Invention: Computer programming in
1843
Definition: In computer science, a
sequence of instructions that a
computer can interpret and execute;
"the program required several hundred
lines of code"

* Ada Lovelace

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 21
 * Boolean Logic

In 1854, George BOOLE, a British

mathematician performed a
mathematical system named
"Boolean Logic", that is the
mathematics of variables with values
that can be only "True" or "False"

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 22
2- The middle ages: (1890 – 1944)
The major feature of this stage was the use of "Electro-Mechanical
Device" to process data recorded on punched cards.

** Punched-card Tabulating Machine

Date: 1890
Place: USA Bureau Census
Inventor: Dr. Herman Hollerith

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 23
Major innovation: a
punched device for
recording information by
punching holes on cards

Punched-card Tabulating Machine

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 24
** The Simultaneous Punching Machine

Date: 1910
Place: USA Bureau Census
Inventor: James Power
Major innovation:
An earlier card-punched
Punched card
equipment to cheek and
correct data before it was actually punched onto cards

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 25
** ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
Date: 1938
Place: Iowa State College
Inventor: Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
Major innovation: a special purpose computer

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 26
3- The Modern Ages: (1944 till now)
The major feature of this stage was the use of "Computers" to process data and
storage.

*** MARK 1
Date: 1944
Type: The first electro-mechanical computer "automatically performing of
arithmetical and logical operations"
Inventor: IBM Company/ Howard G. Aiken, Professor of Math's at
Harvard University
Size: 50 foot long, 8 foot high

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 27
Speed:
3 additions per second
1 multiplication in 5 seconds
1 division in 12 seconds

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 28
*** ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
Date: 1946
Type: The first electronics digital computer "automatically performing
of arithmetical and logical operations"
Inventor: Dr. John Mauchly in USA
Weight: 30 Ton

Speed:
5000 additions per second
350 multiplications per second
40 divisions per second

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 29
Generations of Computer

Computer generations are based on when major technological

changes in computers occurred, like the use of vacuum tubes,
transistors, and the microprocessor. As of 2020, there are five
generations of the computer.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 30
First Generation of Computers (1940-1956)
Second Generation of Computers (1956-1963)
Third Generation of Computers (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation of Computers (1972-2010)
Fifth Generation (2010 to present)

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 31
 The first generation of computers
used vacuum tubes as a major piece
of technology. Vacuum tubes were
widely used in computers
from 1940 through 1956.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 32
The second generation of computers saw the
use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Transistors were widely used in computers
from 1956 to 1963. Transistors were smaller
than vacuum tubes and allowed computers to
be smaller in size, faster in speed, and cheaper
to build.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 33
 The third generation of computers introduced
the use of IC (integrated circuits) in computers.
Using IC's in computers helped reduce the size
of computers even more compared to second-
generation computers, and make them faster.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 34
The fourth generation of computers took
advantage of the invention of
the microprocessor, more commonly known as
a CPU. Microprocessors, along with integrated
circuits, helped make it possible for computers
to fit easily on a desk and for the introduction
of the laptop.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 35
 The fifth generation of computers is beginning
to use AI (artificial intelligence), an exciting
technology that has many potential applications
around the world. Leaps have been made in AI
technology and computers, but there is still
room for much improvement.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 36
 Types of Сomputers

Supercomputers...are used to process very large amounts of information

including processing information to predict hurricanes, satellite images
and navigation, and process military war scenarios

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 37
Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications
(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other types
of applications

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 38
Mainframes...are used by government and businesses to process very
large amounts of information

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 39
Mini-Computers...are similar to mainframes...they are used by business and
government to process large amounts of information

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 40
 Personal Computers (PC)… also known as PC’s...are smaller and less
powerful than the others. They are used in homes, schools, and small
businesses

Palmtop Computer

Laptop Computer Personal Data Assistant

Free Powerpoint Templates
Page 41
Review Questions

1. List the components of a computer system components and explain

the process of work of each computer system component.
2. Give definition of a computer.
3. Explain what a computer architecture is on the example of Von
Neumann architecture.
4. What is a hardware system and why does it play a crucial role in the
operation of a computer system?
5. List the network connection components.
6. What are the components of computer systems?

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 42
List of required textbooks and
additional resources

Required Textbook:
Brown G., Sargent B., and Watson D. Cambridge IGCSE ICT. - London:
Hodder Education Group, 2015. -439 p.
Williams, B. K. and Sawyer, S. Using information technology: A practical
introduction to computers & communications.- New York: McGraw-Hil., -
8th ed. 2010. -563 p.

Alternative Textbook:
Watson, D. and Williams, H. – Cambridge IGCSE Computer Science:
Hodder Edu.; 3 ed. 2015.-278 p.

Additional resources:
Evans, V. Information technology. Books 1-3: English for specific
purposes .- 5th impr.- Newbury: Express Publishing, 2014.- 40 p.

Free Powerpoint Templates

Page 43