CS211 - ICT Fundamentals

Ashenafi Shifferaw & Lily Abebe

Autumn 2023
Brief Recap

• Overview of ICT and its role in various sectors.

• Understanding the knowledge hierarchy and its management.

• Real-world applications of ICT in different domains.

• Discussed the importance of studying Computer Science.

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The Development of
Computers (Hardware and
Software)
Chapter 2

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Learning Objectives

• Understand the Historical Evolution of Computers

• Differentiate Between Computing Generations

• Describe the Core Characteristics of Computers

• Classify Different Types of Computers

• Recognize the Role of Software in Computing

• Comprehend the Significance of the Ongoing Evolution in Computing

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Agenda

• History of Computers

• Generation of Computers

• Characteristics of Computers

• Types of Computers

• Software Generation

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History of
Computers
2.1

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Compute
• It is a verb that means to perform a calculation, usually using a computer or other
electronic device.

• It involves the processing of data or information to produce a result or solution.

• In a broader sense, to compute means to carry out mathematical or logical operations

to derive a specific outcome or to solve a problem.

• It is a fundamental activity in the field of computing and is at the core of what

computers do, which is processing and manipulating data through various algorithms
and operations.

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History of Computers

• Computing devices have come a long way since their inception.

• The history of computers is a fascinating journey that showcases

human innovation and technological evolution.

• Let's explore some key milestones:

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History of Computers
Ancient Computing (Pre-20th Century)

• Early computing dates back to ancient civilizations, with tools like

the abacus (5000 B.C.), used for basic arithmetic calculations.

• The abacus, invented in ancient China, is one of the oldest known

computing devices.

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History of Computers

• It’s a wooden rack with metal

rods with beads attached to
them. It was probably the first
instrument with moving parts
which is in performing
arithmetic calculations.

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History of Computers
Ancient Computing (Pre-20th Century)

• In the 17th century, mechanical calculators, such as Blaise Pascal's

Pascaline and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's stepped reckoner,
introduced automation to calculations, simplifying arithmetic tasks.

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History of Computers
Showing the inside of a Pascaline mechanical
Blaise Pascal's Pascaline calculator

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History of Computers

Leibniz Stepped Reckoner Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

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History of Computers
First Programmable Device (Early 19th Century)

• Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, designed in the 1830s, is

considered the first programmable device and a remarkable
precursor to modern computers.

• It used punch cards for input, featured an arithmetic logic unit

(ALU), memory storage, and a control unit.

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History of Computers

Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine Charles Babbage

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History of Computers

• Ada Lovelace, an early

computer programmer,
envisioned using the Analytical
Engine to perform operations
beyond arithmetic, making her
one of the world's first
computer programmers.

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History of Computers
Emergence of Electromechanical Computers (20th Century)

• The early 20th century saw the development of electromechanical

computers like the Harvard Mark I (completed in 1944) and the
Colossus (developed during World War II).

• These machines combined electrical and mechanical components

to perform calculations and decipher codes.

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History of Computers

Harvard Mark I Colossus

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History of Computers
Emergence of Electromechanical Computers (20th Century)

• The Colossus, in particular, played a critical role in breaking

encrypted German messages and is often regarded as the world's
first programmable digital computer.

• https://www.mkpulse.co.uk/the-fascinating-story-behind-colossus/

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History of Computers
Electronic Computers (Mid-20th Century)

• The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer),

completed in 1945, is often considered the world's first general-
purpose electronic computer.

• It was massive, occupying an entire room, and was primarily used

for scientific and military calculations.

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History of Computers
Electronic Computers (Mid-20th Century)

• The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer), based on the

ENIAC's design, became one of the first commercially successful
computers used for business applications.

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History of Computers

ENIAC UNIVAC I

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History of Computers
Transistors and Integrated Circuits (1950s and 1960s)

• The invention of transistors in the 1950s marked a pivotal shift in

computing.

• Transistors replaced less reliable vacuum tubes, making computers

smaller, more reliable, and more energy-efficient.

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History of Computers
Transistors and Integrated Circuits (1950s and 1960s)

• Integrated circuits (ICs) emerged in the 1960s, allowing multiple

electronic components to be etched onto a single semiconductor
chip, further miniaturizing computers and increasing their
processing power.

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History of Computers
Personal Computers (1970s and 1980s)

• The 1970s witnessed the birth of personal computing with devices

like the Altair 8800 and the Apple I, which were sold as kits for
hobbyists and early computer enthusiasts.

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History of Computers

Altair 8800 Apple I

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History of Computers
Personal Computers (1970s and 1980s)

• IBM's introduction of the IBM PC in 1981 marked a significant

milestone in the PC revolution.

• The IBM PC's open architecture and compatibility with third-party

hardware and software set a standard for the personal computer
industry.

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History of Computers
Personal Computers (1970s and 1980s)

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History of Computers
The Internet and Modern Computing (Late 20th Century)

• The advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s and the
proliferation of the internet transformed the way people accessed
and shared information, leading to a new era of interconnected
computing.

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History of Computers
The Internet and Modern Computing (Late 20th Century)

• Mobile devices, cloud computing, and the rise of artificial

intelligence have further transformed the computing landscape,
shaping our digital world today.

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History of Computers

• The history of computers is a testament to human ingenuity and

the continuous quest for innovation.

• Each era brought about significant advancements, making

computers an integral part of our daily lives.

• What advancement do you think the next era will usher in?

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Any Questions?

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Generation of
Computers
2.2

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Generation of Computers
First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum Tubes

• The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for

electronic components.

• These computers were large, cumbersome, and generated a

significant amount of heat.

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Generation of Computers
First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum Tubes

• The most famous example is the ENIAC, which was used for
complex scientific and military calculations.

• These computers were characterized by limited computational

power and reliability issues due to the fragility of vacuum tubes.

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Generation of Computers
Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors

• The second generation saw the transition from vacuum tubes to

transistors, resulting in smaller and more reliable computers.

• Transistors were faster and more durable, leading to improved

performance.

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Generation of Computers
Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistors

• Assembly languages were developed, making programming more

efficient.

• IBM's 1401 and UNIVAC 1107 are notable computers from this era.

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Generation of Computers
Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated Circuits (ICs)
• The third generation introduced integrated circuits (ICs) or microchips, which
further reduced computer size and increased processing power.

• Mainframes and minicomputers became more accessible for businesses and

institutions.

• High-level programming languages, like COBOL and Fortran, were developed.

• The IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-8 are iconic third-generation machines.

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Generation of Computers
Fourth Generation (1970s-Present): Microprocessors

• The fourth generation brought about the microprocessor, which

combined the CPU and memory on a single chip.

• Personal computers (PCs) emerged, revolutionizing computing for

individuals and small businesses.

• The invention of the microprocessor in 1971 marked the birth of modern

computing.

• Notable computers include the Apple II, IBM PC, and early laptops.
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Generation of Computers
Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): AI and Supercomputers

• The fifth generation saw advancements in artificial intelligence (AI)

and supercomputers.

• AI and machine learning became prominent fields, with computers

capable of natural language processing and pattern recognition.

• Supercomputers, like IBM's Deep Blue and Cray machines, achieved

remarkable speeds for scientific and research purposes.

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Generation of Computers

• Each generation of computers represents a leap in technology,

with improvements in size, speed, and functionality. The
progression from vacuum tubes to microprocessors has paved the
way for the digital age we live in today.

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Any Questions?

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Characteristics
of Computers
2.3

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Characteristics of Computers
Characteristics

• It refers to the distinctive qualities, features, or attributes that

define or describe a particular object, entity, or system.

• These traits help differentiate and identify it from others.

• Characteristics provide a way to understand and categorize

something, highlighting its essential properties, behavior, or
functions.

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Characteristics of Computers
Characteristics

• In various contexts, characteristics may include physical attributes,

behaviors, performance metrics, or any defining elements that
contribute to the overall nature and identity of the subject being
discussed or studied.

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Characteristics of Computers

• Understanding the fundamental characteristics of computers is key

to appreciating how these machines have evolved and continue to
shape our world.

• Let's explore the key characteristics of computers:

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Characteristics of Computers
Speed

• Computers are renowned for their incredible speed in processing

information. They can execute millions of instructions per second,
making them indispensable for complex calculations, simulations, and
data analysis.

• The speed of a computer is determined by its clock speed, measured in

hertz (Hz). Faster clock speeds lead to quicker processing.

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Characteristics of Computers
Storage Capacity

• Computers can store vast amounts of data, from text documents and
images to videos and software. Storage capacity is measured in bytes,
with modern computers having gigabytes (GB) to terabytes (TB) of
storage.

• Different types of storage, such as hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-
state drives (SSDs), provide varying levels of speed and capacity.

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Characteristics of Computers
Accuracy

• Computers are known for their precision and accuracy in

performing calculations. They consistently produce correct results
without errors.

• Digital computers work with discrete values (0s and 1s), ensuring
high accuracy in arithmetic and logical operations.

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Characteristics of Computers
Versatility

• Computers are versatile machines that can be programmed to

perform a wide range of tasks. They can process data, run
applications, and interact with peripherals.

• This versatility is a result of the stored program concept, which

allows users to load and run different software on the same
hardware

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Characteristics of Computers
Automation

• Automation is a core characteristic of computers. They can execute

repetitive tasks, follow instructions, and perform operations
without human intervention.

• Automation is crucial in areas like manufacturing, data processing,

and robotics.

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Characteristics of Computers
Reliability

• Modern computers are highly reliable, with mean time between

failures (MTBF) reaching thousands of hours. They can run
continuously for extended periods.

• Redundancy and fault-tolerant systems are employed in critical

applications to enhance reliability.

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Characteristics of Computers
Portability

• The advent of personal computers and mobile devices has

introduced portability as a significant characteristic. Laptops,
tablets, and smartphones allow users to carry computing power
with them.

• Portability has transformed the way we work, communicate, and

access information.

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Characteristics of Computers
Scalability

• Computers can be scaled up or down to meet specific

requirements. This scalability is essential for businesses and
organizations that need to adapt to changing computing needs.

• Cloud computing services provide a scalable platform for data

storage and processing.

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Characteristics of Computers
Extended list of characteristics of computers

• Connectivity: Computers can connect to networks, the internet,

and other devices, allowing for data sharing and communication.

• Multitasking: Modern computers can perform multiple tasks

simultaneously, thanks to multitasking operating systems.

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Characteristics of Computers
Extended list of characteristics of computers

• User Interface: Computers provide various user interfaces, such as

graphical user interfaces (GUIs), command-line interfaces (CLIs), and
touchscreens.

• User Friendliness: User-friendly interfaces and intuitive design make

computers accessible to a broad audience.

• Energy Efficiency: Advancements in hardware and power management

have made computers more energy-efficient.

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Characteristics of Computers
Extended list of characteristics of computers

• Upgradeability: Many computers can be upgraded with additional

hardware components to extend their lifespan.

• Customization: Users can customize the software and settings on

their computers to suit their preferences and needs.

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Characteristics of Computers
Extended list of characteristics of computers

• Data Security: Computers offer data security features like encryption,

access controls, and antivirus software to protect information.

• Accessibility Features: Computers can provide accessibility features for

individuals with disabilities, such as screen readers and voice commands.

• Multimedia Capabilities: Computers can handle multimedia tasks,

including audio and video playback, graphics rendering, and 3D
modeling.

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Characteristics of Computers
Extended list of characteristics of computers

• Sensors: Some computers are equipped with sensors, such as

accelerometers and GPS, to enable new functionalities and
applications.

• Scalable Processing Power: Some computers, like servers and

supercomputers, are designed to be scalable by adding more
processing power when needed.

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Characteristics of Computers
Extended list of characteristics of computers

• Virtualization: Virtualization technology allows multiple virtual machines

to run on a single physical computer, optimizing resource usage.

• Cloud Integration: Many computers can integrate with cloud services,

allowing data storage and processing in the cloud.

• Silent Operation: Some computers are designed to operate silently,

which is crucial in noise-sensitive environments.

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Characteristics of Computers
Extended list of characteristics of computers

• Form Factors: Computers come in various form factors, including

desktops, laptops, tablets, and mini-PCs.

• Durability: Industrial and rugged computers are built to withstand

harsh environments, such as extreme temperatures, moisture, and
vibrations.

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Characteristics of Computers
Extended list of characteristics of computers
• Resource Management: Computers use resource management techniques to
allocate resources efficiently, ensuring optimal performance.

• Redundancy: In critical applications, redundancy is employed to ensure

continuous operation even in the presence of hardware failures.

• Cloud Computing Integration: Computers can seamlessly integrate with cloud

computing services, enabling remote data storage, processing, and
collaboration.

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Any Questions?

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Types of
Computers
2.4

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Types of Computers

• Computers come in various forms and sizes, each designed to serve

specific purposes, from handling massive data processing to
providing personal productivity and entertainment.

• Understanding the distinctions among these types helps in

selecting the right tool for the job.

• Let's explore the different types of computers:

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Types of Computers
Mainframes

• Mainframe computers are large, powerful machines used by large

organizations, such as banks and government agencies.

• They are known for their robust processing capabilities, reliability, and
the ability to handle extensive data processing and storage tasks.

• Mainframes are often used for critical applications, like transaction

processing and database management.

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Types of Computers
Supercomputers

• Supercomputers are the most powerful and fastest computers on the

planet.

• They are used for highly complex and compute-intensive tasks, such as
weather modeling, scientific simulations, and nuclear research.

• Supercomputers are characterized by their massive processing power

and parallel processing capabilities.

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Types of Computers
Supercomputers

• The fastest supercomputer in the world right now is Frontier, at the Oak
Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, USA.

• It has a LINPACK benchmark score of 1.194 exaFLOPS, which means it

can perform 1.194 quadrillion floating-point operations per second.

• Frontier is used for a wide range of scientific research, including climate

modeling, drug discovery, and materials science. It is also being used to
develop new artificial intelligence applications.

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Types of Computers
Servers

• Servers are specialized computers designed to provide services and

resources to other computers on a network.

• They can serve various functions, such as web hosting, email

management, and file storage.

• Servers often run continuously and require reliability and

redundancy.

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Types of Computers
Personal Computers (PCs)

• Personal computers, including desktops and laptops, are designed

for individual use.

• PCs are versatile and commonly used for various tasks, such as
word processing, web browsing, gaming, and software
development.

• They come in a range of configurations to suit different needs.

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Types of Computers
Workstations

• Workstations are high-performance computers designed for

professionals who require substantial computing power for tasks
like 3D modeling, scientific simulations, and video editing.

• They offer enhanced graphics and processing capabilities, often

surpassing those of regular PCs.

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Types of Computers
Embedded Computers

• Embedded computers are compact, specialized systems designed

to perform specific functions within a larger device or system.

• They are commonly found in appliances, automobiles, medical

equipment, and industrial machinery.

• These computers are optimized for efficiency and reliability.

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Types of Computers
Mobile Devices

• Mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets, have become

an integral part of our daily lives.

• They are characterized by their portability, touch interfaces, and

connectivity to the internet.

• Mobile devices offer a wide range of applications, from

communication to entertainment.

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Types of Computers
Gaming Consoles

• Gaming consoles, like the Xbox and PlayStation, are specialized

computers designed for gaming.

• They offer high-quality graphics and audio, providing immersive

gaming experiences.

• Gaming consoles are a popular form of entertainment.

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Types of Computers

• Computers can be categorized in various ways based on different

criteria.

• Additional ways of categorizing computers include;

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Types of Computers
Based on Purpose

• General-Purpose Computers: Designed for a wide range of tasks

and applications.

• Special-Purpose Computers: Built for specific tasks or industries,

such as industrial automation or scientific research.

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Types of Computers
Based on Size and Portability

• Desktop Computers: Typically larger, non-portable computers

designed for stationary use.

• Laptop Computers: Portable computers designed for mobility.

• Tablet Computers: Highly portable, touchscreen devices.

• Mini-PCs: Small form-factor computers designed for specific

applications or compact workspaces.

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Types of Computers
Based on Architecture

• CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer): Computers with a large

set of instructions that perform complex tasks in a single
operation.

• RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): Computers with a

simplified instruction set for faster execution of instructions.

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Types of Computers
Based on Operating System

• Windows Computers: Running Microsoft Windows as the primary

operating system.

• macOS Computers: Apple Macintosh computers running macOS.

• Linux Computers: Running a Linux-based operating system,

popular in server environments.

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Types of Computers
Based on Processor Type

• x86-based Computers: Utilizing Intel or AMD x86 processors,

common in most personal computers.

• ARM-based Computers: Using ARM processors, commonly found in

smartphones, tablets, and embedded systems.

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Types of Computers
Based on Power and Performance

• Low-Power Computers: Designed for energy efficiency and

extended battery life, found in mobile devices.

• High-Performance Computers: Built for demanding tasks, such as

gaming or professional workstations.

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Types of Computers
Based on Market Segment

• Consumer Computers: Designed for personal use and entertainment.

• Business Computers: Optimized for office and productivity tasks.

• Enterprise Computers: Geared toward large-scale organizations and

data centers.

• Gaming Computers: Designed for immersive gaming experiences.

• Educational Computers: Tailored for classroom use and learning.

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Types of Computers
Based on Form Factor
• All-in-One Computers: Combining the computer and monitor in a single
unit.
• Tower Computers: Tall and upright computer cases that offer ample
internal space for expansion.
• SFF (Small Form Factor) Computers: Compact and space-saving designs.
• Blade Servers: Modular servers used in data centers with high density
and scalability.

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Types of Computers
Based on Cooling Systems

• Air-Cooled Computers: Using fans and heatsinks for cooling.

• Liquid-Cooled Computers: Employing liquid cooling solutions for

efficient heat dissipation.

• Fanless Computers: Silent operation with passive cooling methods.

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Types of Computers
Based on Environmental Conditions

• Consumer Computers: Designed for typical indoor use.

• Rugged Computers: Built to withstand harsh conditions, such as

extreme temperatures, humidity, and vibrations.

• Industrial Computers: Suited for industrial settings with resistance

to dust and contaminants.

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Any Questions?

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Software
Generation
2.5

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Software Generation
Pioneering Days (1940s-1950s)

• Introduction of the first computers, such as ENIAC and UNIVAC.

• Software development involved wiring and hardware-level

programming.

• Limited software; software and hardware were tightly coupled.

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Software Generation
Assembly Language Programming (1950s-1960s)

• Assembly languages provided a more human-readable way to

program computers.

• Introduction of assemblers to convert assembly code into machine

code.

• Still, software development was closely tied to specific hardware.

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Software Generation
High-Level Programming Languages (1950s-1960s)

• Development of high-level programming languages like Fortran

and COBOL.

• Compiler technology emerged to translate high-level code into

machine code.

• Enabled more portable software across different computer

architectures.

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Software Generation
Operating Systems (1950s-1960s)

• Introduction of early operating systems like UNIVAC I Monitor and

IBM's OS/360.

• Operating systems provided abstractions for managing hardware

resources.

• Multi-programming and time-sharing systems emerged.

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Software Generation
Software Engineering (1970s-1980s)

• Formalization of software development processes and

methodologies.

• Introduction of structured programming and software design

principles.

• Emphasis on code reusability and modularity.

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Software Generation
Personal Computing and Microcomputers (1970s-1980s)

• Advent of personal computers like the Altair 8800, Apple II, and
IBM PC.

• Development of software applications for a broader audience.

• Growth of the software industry and software market.

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Software Generation
Graphical User Interfaces (1980s-1990s)

• Introduction of GUI-based operating systems like Apple Macintosh

and Microsoft Windows.

• Graphical user interfaces made computers more user-friendly.

• Shift from command-line interfaces to point-and-click interaction.

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Software Generation
Internet and Web Development (1990s-2000s)

• Emergence of the World Wide Web and web browsers.

• Web development technologies like HTML, JavaScript, and CSS.

• Growth of e-commerce and online services.

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Software Generation
Open Source and Free Software Movement (1990s-present)

• Development of open-source software projects and communities.

• Linux, Apache, and the GNU Project as prominent examples.

• Collaborative software development with shared source code.

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Software Generation
Mobile and App Development (2000s-present)

• Rise of smartphones and mobile app ecosystems (iOS, Android).

• Mobile app development using Java, Swift, and other languages.

• Mobile apps revolutionized personal and business computing.

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Software Generation
Cloud Computing and SaaS (Software as a Service) (2000s-present)

• Transition to cloud-based software delivery and storage.

• SaaS applications, such as Google Workspace and Salesforce.

• Scalable and on-demand software services.

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Software Generation
AI and Machine Learning (2010s-present)

• Integration of AI and machine learning into software applications.

• Development of AI-driven chatbots, recommendation systems, and

more.

• Advancements in natural language processing and computer

vision.

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Conclusion

• We explored the development of computers, from their historical

origins to the diverse types and characteristics that define them.

• We've witnessed the remarkable evolution of computing

technology, from vacuum tubes to microprocessors, and how
computers have become integral to our lives.

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Further Reading

• https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/

• https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=394

• https://www.mkpulse.co.uk/the-fascinating-story-behind-colossus/

• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0168122/

• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2084970/

102 CS211 - ICT Fundamentals (Autumn 2023)

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103 CS211 - ICT Fundamentals (Autumn 2023)

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Chapter 3: Data Representation and Computer Arithmetic

104 CS211 - ICT Fundamentals (Autumn 2023)