Types Of Projections

In Geographic Information Systems (GIS), map projections are mathematical transformations used to
represent the Earth's three-dimensional surface on a two-dimensional map. Various types of map
projections exist, each with specific characteristics and applications. Here are some common types of
projections in GIS:

1. Cylindrical Projections:

 Mercator Projection:

 Preserves angles and shapes, making it suitable for navigation.

 Distorts area and distance, especially at higher latitudes.

 Transverse Mercator Projection:

 Optimized for mapping narrow north-south extents, reducing distortion along a specific
meridian.

 Miller Cylindrical Projection:

 Balances distortion across both shape and size, suitable for general-purpose world
maps.

2. Conic Projections:

 Albers Equal Area Conic:

 Preserves area, making it suitable for mapping regions with an east-west extent.

 Lambert Conformal Conic:

 Preserves angles and shapes, making it suitable for mapping mid-latitude regions.

 Equidistant Conic Projection:

 Preserves distance along standard parallels, suitable for mapping specific regions with
minimal distortion along those parallels.

3. Azimuthal (Planar) Projections:

 Stereographic Projection:

 Preserves angles and shapes, suitable for mapping polar regions.

 Orthographic Projection:
  Projects the Earth onto a flat plane from an infinite distance, providing a perspective
view.

 Gnomonic Projection:

 Preserves great circles, making it suitable for navigation but distorting shapes.

4. Pseudo-Cylindrical Projections:

 Mollweide Projection:

 Balances shape and size distortion, commonly used for world maps.

 Robinson Projection:

 Provides a compromise between different types of distortion, often used for world
maps.

5. Interrupted Projections:

 Goode's Homolosine Projection:

 Interrupts the projection to minimize distortion, suitable for thematic mapping.

6. Space Oblique Mercator Projection:

 Suitable for Satellite Imagery:

 Designed for mapping satellite imagery, considering the orbital path.

7. Winkel Tripel Projection:

 Compromise Projection:

 Balances size and shape distortion, commonly used for world maps.

Considerations:

 Purpose and Application:

 Different projections are suitable for specific purposes, such as navigation, thematic
mapping, or preserving area.

 Scale and Distortion:

 Projections may preserve certain properties like area, distance, shape, or direction, but
usually, a compromise is made.

 Map Extent:
  The choice of projection may depend on the region being mapped and the spatial
characteristics of that area.

 Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS):

 Projections are often part of a larger CRS, which includes datum, units, and other
parameters.

Presentation 2

n QGIS, attribute-based operations refer to the manipulation and analysis of spatial data based on the
attributes (or non-spatial data) associated with geographic features. These operations allow users to
query, filter, analyze, and modify attribute data associated with vector layers. Here is a detailed note on
attribute-based operations in QGIS:

1. Attribute Table:

 Overview:

 The attribute table in QGIS displays the non-spatial data associated with geographic
features in a vector layer.

 Each row in the attribute table corresponds to a feature, and each column represents an
attribute or field.

 Accessing the Attribute Table:

 Open the attribute table by right-clicking on a layer in the Layers Panel and selecting
"Open Attribute Table."

 Data Exploration:

 Explore attribute data, identify patterns, and understand the distribution of values
within each attribute.

2. Attribute Queries:

 Definition Queries:

 Apply definition queries to filter features based on specific attribute values.

 Useful for focusing on specific subsets of data for analysis or visualization.

 Advanced Filtering:

 Use the Query Builder to create complex attribute queries using SQL-like expressions.
  Combine multiple conditions to filter features based on various attributes
simultaneously.

3. Attribute Statistics:

 Descriptive Statistics:

 Calculate basic statistics (mean, sum, minimum, maximum, etc.) for numeric attributes.

 Accessible through the attribute table or the Field Calculator.

 Histograms and Charts:

 Generate histograms and charts to visualize the distribution of attribute values.

 Provides insights into the data distribution and helps identify trends.

4. Field Calculator:

 Attribute Calculations:

 Use the Field Calculator to perform calculations on existing attributes or create new
ones.

 Supports various mathematical operations, string manipulations, and conditional

statements.

 Expressions:

 Leverage expressions to dynamically calculate values based on attribute data or other

spatial information.

5. Joining and Relating Tables:

 Joining Tables:

 Combine attribute data from external tables with the attributes of a vector layer based
on a common field.

 Useful for integrating additional information into the main layer.

 Relating Tables:

 Establish relationships between tables based on common fields without physically

combining them.

 Allows for querying related records while maintaining separate tables.

6. Spatial Queries with Attributes:

  Spatial Selections:

 Combine spatial and attribute criteria to select features.

 For example, select all features within a specific area with a certain attribute value.

7. Editing Attribute Data:

 Attribute Editing:

 Modify attribute values directly in the attribute table.

 Changes are automatically reflected in the map display.

 Batch Updates:

 Use the Field Calculator or the attribute table to update multiple features at once based
on specific criteria.

8. Exporting and Importing Attribute Data:

 Exporting Attributes:

 Export attribute data to different formats (CSV, Excel, etc.) for external analysis.

 Importing Attributes:

 Import external attribute data and join or relate it to existing vector layers.

Attribute-based operations in QGIS provide users with powerful tools to analyze, visualize, and
manipulate spatial data based on the associated attribute information. These operations enhance the
overall capabilities of GIS analysis and decision-making processes.