CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
Internet of things (IoT)

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 Outline
Definition of iot
◦ History, bit
◦ Application areas
◦ statistics

Characteristics of iot
Things in iot (what makes iot)
ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
ARCHITECTURE OF IOT
IoT and SENSORS – AN Overview.

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 Lets define iot…

“IoT refers to the interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday
objects, enabling them to send and receive data”
See the term, data!! Data is everything!!!

IEEE has a definition to enhance the understanding. IEEE defines IoT as “A network of items—each
embedded with sensors—which are connected to the Internet.”

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 Contd.,
Scope is not just limited to getting the devices connected / networked! It is more than that!
It is more about the exchange of meaningful information from one device to another to get
another meaningful accomplishment. (Data, is the king / queen)
But, this data has to be interpreted correct and it needs many other things come hand in
hand. Many technologies to work side by side.
If you just get the data from the sensors without understanding how to use or where to use,
it is useless! Hence, interpretation matters a lot!!
IoT is not any one technology! It is collection of technologies and domain knowledge!
A mechanical engineer has to work with electrical engineer and cs engineer for a
complete IoT product!

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 It is time to understand how internet has
occupied our life …
Reports suggest it all started in 1990
◦ 300,000 desktop computers were connected to the internet.

In 2000, it grew to 300 + million desktop computers (laptop too) connected to internet.

In 2016 (you guys can tell this!!) – About 2.5 billion mobile phones are connected to internet!

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 Contd.,

In 2020, refrigerators, kettles, water heaters, cameras, lights, home equipment etc. All will get
into internet and, it would be 15 billion devices connected to the internet.
About 4 billion navigation systems would be connected to internet. (Connected cars would
become a reality)
About 500 million wearable's, watches, shoes etc. Would be connected to internet!
100s of millions of implants in human/animals would talk to internet.
Hence… what can we expect??

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 Contd.,
Yes, impossible is nothing with iot!
When you wake up, the water heater would have the hot water ready!
During bath, the kettle would have cooked your food, consume after bath!
When you lock the door, the car doors shall be open for you!
A/c shall adjusted based on your body temperature.
Parking slots shall be informed while nearing the office.
Pill box shall alert you the time of your tablet intake!
While nearing home, the lights shall be on!
Your workout room lights/ambience shall be set. Heart beat/km alert shall be updated!
Refrigerator shall order milk/egg on need.
Bed room ac shall be automatically switched on for you to sleep.

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 So, what iot is?
Any time – Any device

Anyone IoT enables the objects (which eventually are the things) to be
Any service / Any business sensed, while also controlling it remotely, which enables better
interaction of physical world to the computers. This would
Any Network (Non improve the efficiency, accuracy with limited human
homogenous) intervention.

Anywhere / Any location

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 GROWTH and application sectors

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 Characteristics of iot
1.Connectivity -- Things in IoT should be connected to the infrastructure and connectivity is an important character/requirement for an
IoT infra. Anyone, anywhere, anytime – connectivity should be guaranteed in the IoT infra. Without connection, nothing makes sense.

2.Intelligence and identity -- The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. Sensors generate data, the data is
to be interpreted properly. Each IoT device has an unique identity (remember ip address). This identity is helpful in tracking the
equipment and at times to query the status.

3.Scalability – The number of things (devices) getting connected to IoT infra is getting increased day by day. Hence, an IoT setup shall be
capable to handle the massive expansion. Also, the data generated shall be massive and it should be handled appropriately.

4.Dynamic and self adapting (complexity) – The IoT devices should dynamically adapt itself to the changing contexts. Assume a
camera meant for surveillance. It may have to work in different conditions as different light situations (morning, afternoon, night)

5.Architecture – Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting different manufacturer's product to be
in the IoT network.

6.Safety - Having got all the things connected to internet, the personal data (if sensitive) is under threat. Hence, securing the data is a
major challenge . not only data security, the equipment getting involved in IoT network is huge. Hence, persona safety is also to be
considered. PRIVACY with PROTECTION!

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 Things in IoT
Things refer to variety of devices. Not really just one device become
things.
At times, you and i are things! (Think, how)
Anything to qualify as a “THING” require identity.
The “thing” can monitor/measure etc. Means, a temperature sensor
could be a thing!
Things are capable of exchanging data (could be sharing) with other
connected devices in the infra.
The data could be stored in a centralized server (cloud computing),
processed there and a control action could be initiated. The devices
involved in getting this accomplished are things!!!!

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 Contd.,

Some of the famous things which you are aware of:

◦ Temperature sensors
◦ Pressure sensors
◦ Humidity sensors etc.

The data from above sensors are collected (real time) and sent to the cloud.
(Sometimes, it could be a local server)

Based on the data analysis, the control action would be taken.

◦ Example: switching off the water heater remotely, when the water is
heated as per requirement.

Not just sensors, the following also can be called as things (see Image).
◦ Industrial motors
◦ Wearable's (watch, band)
◦ Vehicles
◦ Shoes

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 Contd.,

More things on the way!

1) Heart monitoring implants – pace maker (Here, ECG will be read)
2) Biochip transponders (for ANIMALS IN FARMS)
3) Automobiles with built-in sensors
4) Food / perishables quality measuring.
So, “things” == hardware + software + data + service!!

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 Things in an example (home automation)
a) Control and automation of lighting,
b) Heating (like smart thermostat),
c) Ventilation,
d) Air conditioning (HVAC - heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC))
systems,
e) Appliances such as washer/dryers,
f) Air purifiers,
g) Ovens or refrigerators/freezers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

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 IOT ARCHITECTURE (STACK) & IOT ENABLING
TECHNOLOGIES

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 IOT Stack

IOT LAYERS / STACK – An Overview!

example

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 IOT STACK

Consolidated view of all seven layers in the IoT stack is

Application layer

User Experience

Session layer

RF layer

Hardware Interface layer

Processing and Control

Sensor layer

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 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES
IoT is a collection/group of many technologies/devices.
Starting from the simplest of sensors, embedded systems (the boards), data analytics, mobile and mobile
internet, security aspects, protocols involved, cloud storage (computing) – all these become enabling
technologies.
◦ So, we have many devices/technologies coming into picture.
Overall, we can understand that the enabling technologies/devices shall fall under any of the following
sections:
◦ Technologies help in acquiring data / sensing data
◦ Technologies that help in analysing data / processing data
◦ Technologies that help in taking control action
◦ Technologies that help in enhancing the security / privacy

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 Contd.,

Sensors:
◦ The home security systems use the camera and it is a sensor!
◦ Weather tracking system could use the temperature / humidity
/moisture sensors and the data could be analysed.
◦ Vehicle health monitoring sensors like speed, tyre pressure etc.
◦ Obds (elm 327 – an example) for collecting all critical information
from the automobile to detect anomalies.
◦ Sensors to track the quality of the buildings/structures – vibration
sensors.
◦ Water quality monitoring through ph, turbidity, chloride level
detection using sensors.
◦ Pedestrian signal operation with human presence detection with pir
sensor

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 Contd.,

Cloud computing: Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): Complete software application as a

◦ Could be one of these: service is provided to the user. (you can call it application as a
◦ Iaas (Infrastructure as a service) service as well, pay monthly, yearly etc. as subscription)
◦ Paas (Platform as a service)
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): Development tools, APIs, libraries
◦ Saas (Software as a service)
etc. will be provided by the cloud service provider. Users have to
Some examples: build, manage and maintain the applications (provides platform to
◦ Amazon web services develop)
◦ Azure
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS): Virtual Machines kind of
◦ Adafruit and many more support. Users shall manage the machines. Users shall select the OS
and underlying applications. PAY as YOU use! (with IaaS approach,
you choose virtual machines over physical machines)

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 Contd.,

Big data (data analytics)

Some make it 3vs. Some make it 4vs.

◦ 1-Scale (Volume) – Huge volume of data generated every minute! Storage has become cheaper, hence we survive!
◦ 2-Complexity (Variety) – data is in different formats. say audio, video, text, image and many more.
◦ 3-Speed (Velocity) – Rate at which data is generated is very fast. Also, change in the data dynamics is very high.
◦ 4- data in doubt (veracity) – The data’s nature is getting changed quickly and ambiguity is seen (incomplete data)

So, who here generate data?

◦ Sensors from the security system
◦ Sensors from weather monitoring system
◦ Sensors from the car / navigation system
◦ Sensors from water quality monitoring system
◦ Data from wearable's (band)
◦ Data from industrial equipment (say, motor health)
◦ Sensors from bridges/roads about the traffic density etc.
◦ Social media (tweet and photo upload)
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 Contd.,

Embedded boards / systems

◦ This is very important and primary.
◦ Mostly meant for prototyping. (Even, productizing)
◦ Driven by microcontrollers / processors
◦ Computing boards in market are really plenty.
◦ Raspberry pi
◦ Arduino (many variants)
◦ Node mcu
◦ Intel Edison
◦ Intel UP squared* grove* IoT development kit
◦ All these boards are so small, yet so smart!
◦ Also, not very expensive!

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 Contd.,
Communication Protocols :

Protocols for the communication is very vital and in fact is the pillar for good IoT infrastructure.

Data exchange happens through this protocols.

Protocols takes care the following:

◦ Addressing
◦ Format of the messages
◦ Message security (encryption & decryption)
◦ Routing.
◦ Flow control.
◦ Error monitoring.
◦ Sequencing.
◦ Retransmission guidelines.
◦ Segmentation of the data packets.

Protocols for link layer (Ethernet), network layer (ip), transport layer (tcp/ udp), application layer (mqtt, http, xampp) are to be discussed.

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 Contd.,

User interfaces

◦ Any device must have an intuitive user interface.

◦ IoT devices / services are finally to be used by the end user and it should be designed in such a way
that, accessing and using the services are easier and comfortable.

◦ Most of the cases, the end user shall be provided with “mobile application or web app”. The
application should be consistent and should not be clumsy.

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 Iot challenges
While building an IoT application one faces many challenges both technical and non-technical both.
1. Security/personal safety
2. Privacy
3. Data extraction with consistency from complex environments
4. Connectivity
5. Power requirements
6. Complexity involved
7. Storage

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 Challenge – 1
Security / Personnel safety
Very high rated / most important challenge.
More number of devices are used in the IoT infra and this is a challenge.
◦ User data could be vulnerable for theft.
◦ People’s personal safety is a concern an challenge too (implants, sensors)
◦ Since, many devices are in the loop, one device if getting attacked, rest of the devices could also be
attacked.
◦ Poor security features can let the attackers damage the whole network.

DATA SECURITY PERSONNEL

SAFETY
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 Challenge – 2
Privacy
You could be tracked / monitored by anyone, as you are connected 24x7 in the internet.
You could be tracked without your permission in place.
So, there is a threat! – How do we deal with it ? it is a challenge for sure!

I NEED PRIVACY

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 Challenge – 3
Data extraction from complex environments
How to sense information (i.e. Measure the data) from the complex environments?

◦ For an instance, how to sense the data (temperature/humidity etc) during transport from a
transport vehicle? Assume, a very temperature sensitive material is being transported, where the
measurement is always expected to be accurate.

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 Challenge – 4
Connectivity
Requirement of wired and wireless connectivity is a necessity.
Usage of frequency / spectrum is also to be noted (2.4 GHz band is optimal band everywhere)
Also spectrum regulation to be followed based on the country for which the application is
being developed.

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 Challenge – 5
Power requirements
All the IoT devices need power. Most of them are battery operated.
◦ Thanks to long lasting batteries!
◦ However, demand for power is ever on the rise and usage of green power sources like solar/wind is to
be motivated.
◦ If the power requirement are met appropriately, IoT can be even more powerful.

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 Challenge – 6
Complexity involved
IoT is not easier.
Why so?
◦ Needs lot of different domains to come together.
◦ Limited expertise in the market. (Rapid growth)
◦ The toolkits, software, hardware not abundant. (Need awareness)

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 Challenge – 7
Storage (Cloud)
Cloud is becoming mandatory! (For storage)
Problem is,
◦ Which cloud to use?
◦ How to identify?
◦ How much does it cost?
◦ Do we really need cloud?

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 LEVELS OF IOT

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 Level - 1
With the amount of complexity involved, one could categorize IoT as IoT level 1/2/3/4/5.
We shall start with the simplest of the levels, i.e. Level 1.
What can be this?
◦ Have one sensor / device to sense. (Could be temp sensor/pressure sensor etc.)
◦ The data to be stored in locally.
◦ Data analysis to be done.
◦ Monitoring / control can be done through an application (.Apk or webapp)
This is used for simple applications with limited complexity or no complexity
Data is not huge. Means, not a big data here! All the control happens through internet.

Temperature
Air conditioner
Sensor Data Collection and Control and Monitoring
Analysis Action (ON/OFF
control)
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 Level - 2
Here, the data is definitely voluminous.
Means, the frequency of the sensing done by sensor is faster.
Here, cloud storage is preferred as data is huge.
Analysis done locally. CLOUD MEANT for storage alone.
Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the web app or mobile application.
Some examples could be: agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odour etc.

Air Big Data (Bigger than Cloud Control and

conditioner Temperature, Moisture and Level 1) Monitoring Action
Humidity Data Analysis Done (ON/OFF control)
Locally
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 Level - 3
The data is definitely voluminous.
Means, the frequency of the sensing done by sensor is faster.
Here, cloud storage is preferred as data is huge.
Analysis done in the cloud. (This is a difference)
Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the web app or mobile application.
Some examples could be: agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odour etc.

Air Big Data (Bigger than Cloud (Data

Control and Monitoring
conditioner Temperature, Moisture and Level 1) analysis 36
Action (ON/OFF
Humidity done here)
control)
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 Level – 4

Temperature
Sensor

MOISTURE SENSOR Data Collection and Control and Monitoring

Analysis Action (ON/OFF control)
Here, the data is definitely voluminous.

Means, the frequency of the sensing done by sensor is faster. ALSO, multiple nodes are there
PRESSURE, TEMP, and they are independent of each other. Also, they upload data to the cloud. Means, all the
HUMIDITY – BME280 sensors as shown, shall upload the read sensory inputs.

Here, cloud storage is preferred as data is huge.

Analysis done in the cloud, application is totally cloud based!

Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the web app or mobile
application.

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 Level – 5
Temperature
Sensor
Data

MOISTURE SENSOR Data Collection and Control and Monitoring

Coordinator Node Analysis Action (ON/OFF control)
Here, the data is definitely voluminous.

Means, the frequency of the sensing done by sensor is faster. ALSO, multiple nodes are there and they are independent of each
PRESSURE, TEMP, other.
HUMIDITY – BME280
The data is collected by coordinator node and sent to the cloud.

Here, cloud storage is preferred as data is huge.

Analysis done in the cloud, application is totally cloud based!

Computationally very intensive.

Real time.

Based on the data analysis, the control action can be triggered through the web app or mobile application.

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 IoT in a brief

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 IoT and Cyber Physical System
Question is IoT is the same as Cyber Physical System (CPS). It is challenging to find the differences between these two concepts.

For complex levels of operations and to address larger network of “things”, a new term called Cyber Physical System (CPS) has been
introduced.

CPS is not IoT. CPS has IoT as one of its components.

CPS is more complex than IoT and is much more challenging, it’s a combination of multiple engineering domains coming together,
which includes computer, Electronics, Mechanical engineering.

For example the flight of an aeroplane can be seen as a CPS which involves multiple domains and It also have IoT as one of the
components.

CPS is much more autonomous then IoT, taking appropriate decision as and when needed. It is not about identifying “things”; its more
about understanding and taking decisions in a more dynamic way.

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 IoT and Wireless Sensor Network

As the name suggests, WSNs is a network that is built with multiple autonomous sensors like pressure,
moisture, temperature, humidity, sound etc.

All the sensed data are passed to centrally located server. The data passing happens in a coordinated
pattern.

WSN is a basically composed of nodes. Each node has one or more sensors, So We can say that WSN is all
about coordinated data collection.

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 Assignment Questions

1. Define Internet of Things and What are the “things” in IoT?

2. Discuss the characteristics of IoT.

3. What are the challenges in building an application with IoT?

4. Explain IoT Stack with neat diagram?
5. Explain IoT levels.

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