BASIC

CALCULUS
PREPARED BY:
JUSTINE F. BUENAFRANCISCA, LPT
 Infinitesimal Calculus:
Limit of an Algebraic Functions
 3. apply the limit laws in
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evaluating the limit of
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Objectives
algebraic functions
1
(polynomial, rational, and At the end of the lesson, the
radical) students will be able to:
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4. compute the limits of TITLE
1. Illustrate the
2exponential, logarithmic, limit laws. 4
and trigonometric
functions using tables of 2. Distinguish
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values between lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→𝑐
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and graphs of the
3functions. and 𝑓 𝑐 using 6
tables and
substitutions.
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 Limits of a Function Using Tables
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6
Given the function 𝑓 𝑥 = , how do we find its limit?
𝑥−2
 Since its domain restricted
for 𝑥 = 2, so let’s get its When 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟐 When 𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
x 𝒇 𝒙 x 𝒇 𝒙
limit as it was
1 4 3 6
approaches to 2. 1.5 4.5 2.5 5.5
1.9 4.9 2.1 5.1
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔 1.99 4.99 2.01 5.01
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟓
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙−𝟐 1.999 4.999 2.001 5.001
1.9999 4.9999 2.0001 5.0001
1.99999 4.99999 2.00001 5.00001
 Limits of a Function Using Tables
Given the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 11, how do we find its limit?
 So let’s get its 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 =𝟑
𝒙→𝟒
limit as it was When 𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟒 When 𝟒 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓
approaches to 4. x 𝒇 𝒙 x 𝒇 𝒙
3 2 5 6
3.5 2.25 4.5 4.25
3.9 2.81 4.1 3.21
3.99 2.9801 4.01 3.0201
3.999 2.998001 4.001 3.002001
3.9999 2.99980001 4.0001 3.00020001
3.99999 2.9999800001 4.00001 3.0000200001
 Limits of a Function Using Theorems
 Theorem 1: Basic Laws
lim 𝑎 = 𝑎 lim 𝑥 = 𝑐 lim 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐 lim 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑛
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Examples:
1. lim 15 = 𝟏𝟓 2. lim 5𝑥 = 5 7 = 𝟑𝟓
𝑥→2 𝑥→7
4 1 4 𝟏
3. lim 𝑥 = −𝟑 4. lim1 𝑥 = 2
= 𝟏𝟔
𝑥→−3 𝑥→
2
 Theorem 2: Constant Multiple
- If a is any constant and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, then
𝑥→𝑐
lim 𝑎𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
1
Examples: If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 7 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 4
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1. lim 3𝑓 𝑥 = 3 7 = 𝟐𝟏 2. lim 8𝑔 𝑥 = 8 =𝟐
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 4
 Limits of a Function Using Theorems
 Theorem 3: Sum and Difference
If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• lim 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 + lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿 + 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• lim 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 − lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿 − 𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Examples:
a. If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 12 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 8, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• lim 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 + lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 12 + 8 = 𝟐𝟎
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• lim 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 − lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 12 − 8 = 𝟒
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
 Limits of a Function Using Theorems
 Theorem 4: Product and Quotient
If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑀, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑀
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐
• lim = =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑐
𝑀

Examples:
a. If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 6 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 20, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
• lim 𝑓 𝑥 ∙ 𝑔 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 6 20 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥 6 𝟑
𝑥→𝑐
• lim = = =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑐
20 𝟏𝟎
 Limits of a Function Using Theorems
 Theorem 5: Power and Radical
• If n is any positive integer and lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿, then
𝑥→𝑐
𝑛 𝑛
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿𝑛
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑛 𝑛
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Examples:
2 4 4 2 4 𝟏𝟔
1. If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = − , then lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 = − =
𝑥→𝑐 3 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 3 𝟖𝟏
3 3 3
2. If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = −64, lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 = −64 = −𝟒
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
 Limits of a Function Using Theorems
 Theorem 6: Algebraic Functions
• For polynomial function f in terms of x, so lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑐 .
𝑥→𝑐
• A rational function f in terms of x is of the form
𝑝 𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 𝑝 𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑞 𝑥 ≠ 0, lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim =
𝑞 𝑥 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑞 𝑥 𝑞 𝑐
Examples:
𝑥 5 𝟓
1. lim = =
𝑥→5 𝑥+6 5+6 𝟏𝟏
𝑥 2 −24 02 −24 24
2. lim = = − = −𝟑
𝑥→0 𝑥+8 0+8 8
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 Limits of a Function Using Theorems
 UsingFactoring Method (For indeterminate cases)
Examples:
𝑥−4
1. lim 2 , by substitution, we found out that the function will
𝑥→4 𝑥 −16
0
be or indeterminate.
0
𝑥−4 𝑥−4 1 1 𝟏
lim 2 = = → =
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 16 𝑥−4 𝑥+4 𝑥+4 4+4 𝟖
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+5
2. lim 2 , by substitution, we found out that the function
𝑥→−1 𝑥 −2𝑥−3
0
will be or indeterminate.
0
2
𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 5 𝑥+1 𝑥+5 𝑥 + 5 −1 + 5 4
lim 2 = = = = = −𝟏
𝑥→−1 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥+1 𝑥−3 𝑥 − 3 −1 − 3 −4
 Limits of a Function Using Theorems
 Using Rationalizing Method (For Indeterminate cases)
Examples:
1 1 3−𝑥
− 3−𝑥 1 − 𝑥−3 1 1 1 𝟏
1.lim 𝑥−3 = 𝑥−3 =
𝑥 3 3𝑥
3𝑥
∙ 𝑥−3
= 3𝑥
∙ 𝑥−3
= − 3𝑥 = −3 3 = −𝟗
𝑥→3
𝑥+6− 6 𝑥+6− 6 𝑥+6+ 6 𝑥+6−6 𝑥
2.lim = ∙ = =
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+6+ 6 𝑥 𝑥+6+ 6 𝑥 𝑥+6+ 6
1 1 1 1 6 6 𝟔
= 𝑥+6+ 6
= 0+6+ 6
= 6+ 6
=2 6
∙ 6
= 2 6
= 𝟏𝟐
9−𝑥 9−𝑥 3+ 𝑥 9−𝑥 3+ 𝑥
3. lim = ∙ = =3+ 𝑥 =3+ 9=𝟔
𝑥→9 3− 𝑥 3− 𝑥 3+ 𝑥 9−𝑥
Thank you