Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 1

SAFETY TEST
Safe operating procedures are the responsibility of each individual and extend into many areas,
including the home, the highway, the shop, and the laboratory. In order for the individual to observe safety
precautions in any particular place, he must have a knowledge of the hazards that are present. It is the purpose of
this discussion to point out certain principles of electrical shock so that the need for and the nature of safety
precautions may be appreciated.
The first and most important fact is that current rather than voltage determines the shock intensity. Of
course, voltage must be present to cause current flow, but the resistance of the human body and the contact
resistance can vary from a few hundred ohms to many thousand ohms.
When the skin is dry, it presents a high resistance of several hundred thousand ohms to a voltage.
However, when the skin is damp or wet, the contact resistance can be less than 1000 ohms, in which case a low
voltage can be fatal. The chart in figure 1-1 shows the effects on the human body versus amplitude of current
flow. The actual body contact resistance depends to a large degree upon the area of contact.

Figure 1-1
Electric shock versus body sensation

The best single rule to follow is never take a chance on any value of voltage in any circuit. The
following safety precautions should always be followed:
1. Never work on electrical equipment alone.
2. Turn off all power, and ground all high voltage points. A capacitor can store a lethal charge. Make
sure that the power cannot be accidentally restored.
3. Move slowly; make sure your feet are placed for good balance.
4. Never work on live equipment when fatigued, and always keep one hand in a pocket when
working on live equipment.
5. Do not touch electrical equipment while standing on a damp or metal floor.
6. Do not handle electrical equipment while you or the equipment is wet or damp.
7. Do not handle electrical equipment that is not grounded.
8. Never hold solder in your mouth when soldering. Your soldering iron probably has a leakage
voltage to ground.
9. Do not use water on an electrical fire.
10. Never touch two pieces of equipment at the same time.
11. Never touch even one wire of an electrical line; it may be the “hot” one.

1
 12. Never touch even a “dead” circuit line with an open hand. Use the back of the fingers with the arm
grounded
13. Never take a voluntary shock.
14. Do not take unnecessary risks.
15. Remove a victim from an electrical circuit without endangering your safety as quickly as possible.
Any delay may prove fatal.
16. Start artificial resuscitation at once, if necessary, and continue until the victim is revived or
pronounced dead by a doctor.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

Ohmmeter
Wet cloth

OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine the resistance (wet and dry) of the human body.
2. To determine the amplitude of current that could flow into the human body and its corresponding
effect on it.

PROCEDURES:
1. With the body dry, measure and record in Table 1-1 the resistance between hands.
2. Make the body wet or damp with a wet cloth and repeat Step 1.
3. Assuming a voltage of 230V, calculate the current with the equation .
4. With the calculated current, determine the corresponding effect on the human body.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 1-1
Body Condition Body Resistance Calculated Current Effect
Dry
Wet

COMPUTATIONS:

2
QUESTIONS:
If the statement is more true than false, answer true; if more false than true, answer false. (A student
must score 100 percent on this test before working on equipment in the laboratory.
_______1. Safety is the responsibility of your instructor.
_______2. There should never be any “horseplay” around electrical equipment.
_______3. Fatal electrical shocks usually occur to people who are unfamiliar with electrical equipment.
_______4. Voltages of less than 200 volts are not to be feared because they seldom cause electrical shocks.
_______5. Placing circuit fuses in one’s pocket makes an electrical circuit totally safe.
_______6. It is safe to touch only one conductor of a line because current must have a return path to flow.
_______7. One may obtain an electrical shock by leaning on two pieces of equipment.
_______8. An electrical drill should never be used without a ground connection.
_______9. For safety, both hands should be used when testing an electrical circuit.
______10. Never work on energized electrical equipment alone.
______11. All technicians should be familiar with the correct method of applying artificial resuscitation.
______12. Water is a safe agent to use for putting out an electrical fire.
______13. Artificial resuscitation should be given to a shock victim for 10 minutes.
______14. A person standing on a ladder can safely connect a “live” circuit.
______15. Holding solder in your teeth is a good work habit because it speeds production.

CONCLUSION:

3
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 2

PARTS IDENTIFICATION AND CIRCUIT SYMBOLS

Basic electricity and electronics are complex science and their applications require many types of
devices and circuit components. These parts are manufactured in a great variety of sizes and shapes to assure
proper functioning in many different environments and under various operating conditions.
The student must train himself to recognize each component by sight and to make an estimate of its
rating.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

Assortment of electrical and electronic parts.

OBJECTIVES:
1. To learn the names of component parts used in electrical and electronic circuits.
2. To learn to match component parts to their circuit symbols.

PROCEDURE:
List down at least 20 electrical and electronic parts and complete the data in Table 2-1.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 2-1
Part Symbol Function

4
CONCLUSION:

Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

5
 Experiment 3

RESISTOR COLOR CODE

Since there are so many different ohmic values of resistance required in electronic circuits, it has
become necessary to develop a coding method for quick determination of resistor values. There is no correlation
between physical size and the ohmic value of a resistor. The composition of the resistor determines its ohmic
value, while the physical size determines its wattage. The color system has been standardized as shown in Table
3-1.

Table 3-1
st No. of Zeros Tolerance
Color 1 Digit 2nd Digit
(Multiplier) ±%
Black 0 0 --- ---
Brown 1 1 1 ---
Red 2 2 2 ---
Orange 3 3 3 ---
Yellow 4 4 4 ---
Green 5 5 5 ---
Blue 6 6 6 ---
Violet 7 7 7 ---
Gray 8 8 8 ---
White 9 9 9 ---
Gold --- --- x0.1 ±5%
Silver --- --- x0.01 ±10%
None --- --- --- ±20%

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

20 color coded resistors
Ohmmeter

OBJECTIVES:
1. To develop proficiency in the use of an ohmmeter.
2. To learn the resistor color code.

PROCEDURES:
1. Record the coded value of each resistor in Table 3-2. Calculate the low and high resistance values
of each resistor as denoted by the color of the fourth ring. Record these two values.
2. Measure the value of each resistor using an ohmmeter and record each reading in Table 3-2.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 3-2
Resistor Ring Resistor Range Coded Measured
Colors Low Value Coded Value High Value Tolerance Value

6
COMPUTATIONS:

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the accuracy of the meter when measuring resistance? Explain.
2. Do you think the resistors you measured are generally within tolerance? What evidence do you
have to support your answer?
3. How can a color-blind person determine the value of a resistor, using only the color code?
4. Develop a method for determining the value of a resistor to an accuracy of ±5 percent.
5. Can you think of a situation in which measurement of a resistor’s value would be important?

7
ANSWERS:

CONCLUSION:

8
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 4

MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND POWER

Electrical energy is difficult to measure directly; therefore, indirect means such as current measurement
are used. Current flow, the rate of charge flow, or the movement of electrons is quite simple to measure. The
other circuit parameters, resistance, voltage, and power, are then determined from the amount of current flow
and its relationship to one of these parameters.

voltage = current x resistance

Real power = current x voltage x cosine

(Note: In dc circuits, equal 1, and the power expression may be written as .)

Given below are two rules to be always followed when using voltmeters and ammeters:
1. Always connect ammeters in series with a circuit – open the circuit at the point that current is to be
measured, and insert the meter, observing proper polarity.
2. Always connect voltmeters in parallel with the component(s). Connect the meter across the
resistor, observing polarity.

The power developed in a component may also be determined by measurement of current flow. Power
values can be directly measured by the use of wattmeter, which employs both current and voltage components
of energy to produce a magnetic field which moves the pointer across a scale calibrated in watts.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
100-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Variable dc power supply
Ammeter
Voltmeter

OBJECTIVES:
1. To develop proficiency in the use of the voltmeter, ammter, and wattmeter.
2. To test Ohm’s law by use of the voltmeter and ammeter.

PROCEDURES:
1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4-1 with the power supply set to zero volts.
2. Place the 100-ohm resistor in the circuit and have your instructor check your circuit before
proceeding.
3. Increase the power supply output to obtain a 0.1-A indication on the ammeter. Record the
voltmeter and wattmeter reading in Table 4-1.
4. Repeat Step 3 to obtain ammeter readings of 0.2 A, 0.25 A, and 0.3 A, recording the voltage and
wattmeter reading for each current value.
5. Repeat Steps 3 and 4 to complete Table 4-1, using the 47-ohm and 22-ohm resistors.
6. Calculate the power dissipated across each resistor at each current reading:

9
 Figure 4-1

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 4-1
0.1 A 0.2 A 0.25 A 0.3 A
Voltage
22-ohm
Calculated Power
Resistor
Measured Power
Voltage
47-ohm
Calculated Power
Resistor
Measured Power
Voltage
100-ohm
Calculated Power
Resistor
Measured Power

COMPUTATIONS:

QUESTIONS:
1. Does your data table verify Ohm’s law? Explain.
2. Explain why an ammeter could burn up if connected in parallel with a resistor.
3. Explain why a voltmeter could be damaged if connected in series in a circuit.
4. Draw a circuit having two resistors (22 ohms and 47 ohms) in series with a 10-volt power supply
and an ammeter to indicate circuit current. Show a voltmeter connected to indicate the voltage
drop across each resistor. Calculate the total current and the voltage across 22-ohm and 47-ohm
resistors.

10
ANSWERS:

CONCLUSION:

11
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 5

SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Many of the circuits in electrical and electronic equipment are connected as series
arrangements. That is, the components are connected end-to-end, and the same current flows through
each component . The total applied voltage is dropped around the circuit
. The total resistance of a group of resistors connected in series is equal to the
sum of the individual resistances . The magnitude of each voltage drop depends
upon the value of the associated resistor and the total current.
The conservation-of-energy law applies, and the total power furnished by the voltage source (energy
source) must be converted around the circuit .

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
56-ohm resistor, 10 watt
68-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Variable dc power supply
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Clip leads

OBJECTIVES:
1. To investigate the laws of series circuits.
2. To analyze the operation of series circuits by application of series-circuit laws.
3. To become familiar with the application of voltmeters and ammeters.

PROCEDURES:
1. Calculate the following for the circuit shown in Figure 5-1: the total resistance, total current, total
power dissipated, and voltage drop. Now calculate the power dissipated across each resistor and
record all the results in Table 5-1.
2. Connect the circuit in Figure 5-1, and measure the total resistance.
3. Set the power supply to 24 volts and measure the voltage across each resistor. Enter the results in
Table 5-1.
4. Measure the current at points A, B, C, D, and E to prove that .

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 5-1

Calculated
values
Measured
values

12
 Figure 5-1

COMPUTATIONS:

13
QUESTIONS:
1. The series circuit is an energy converter. Into what type of energy is the electrical energy
converted?
2. What are some disadvantages of a series circuit?

ANSWERS:

CONCLUSION:

14
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 6

PARALLEL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

The distribution of voltage and current in a parallel circuit is quite different from that in a series circuit.
The voltage is equal across each resistor in the parallel circuit, and the current is often different in each resistor.
The following relationships may be written for a parallel circuit:

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
39-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Variable dc power supply
Ammeters
Voltmeter
Clip leads

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the laws of parallel circuits and to learn the relationships between current, voltage, and
resistance in a parallel circuit.

PROCEDURES:
1. Calculate , , , and , and record their values in Table 6-1 using the circuit in Figure 6-1.
2. Calculate , , , and , and record their values in Table 6-1.
3. Connect the circuit in Figure 6-1 and set the power supply voltage to 12 V. Measure , , ,
and , and record their values in Table 6-1.
4. Measure , , , and , and record their values in Table 6-1.
5. Calculate , , , and from the measured currents and voltages.

15
 Figure 6-1

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 6-1
1 2 3 Total

Current (I)
Measured
Voltage (E)
Values
Power (P)

Current (I)
Calculated
Voltage (E)
Values
Power (P)

COMPUTATIONS:

16
QUESTIONS:
1. Compare the characteristics of series with those of parallel circuits. What are their differences?
Their likeness?
2. Why is the total parallel resistance less than the smallest resistance?

ANSWERS:

CONCLUSION:

17
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 7

EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
An equivalent circuit has the same electrical characteristics as the original circuit, but it does not
necessarily serve the same purpose. Equivalent circuits are useful because they are a form of technological
shorthand that reduces a configuration to its electrical essentials.
It must not be supposed that a given configuration has only one equivalent circuit. We will perceive
that there are often vast numbers of equivalent circuits for a particular configuration. In many cases, it will be
evident that there exists an infinity of equivalent circuits for the original network. The most useful equivalent
circuit, in any case, presents electrical characteristics in the simplest and clearest possible form.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
39-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
100-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Ammeter
Variable dc power supply
Clip leads
Voltmeter
Potentiometer

OBJECTIVES:
1. To find the equivalent circuit for a complex circuit.
2. To prove the equivalent-circuit concept of complex circuits.

PROCEDURES:
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 7-1.
2. Disconnect the circuit from the power supply, and measure the resistance from A to B and from A
to C. Record the results of your measurements in Table 7-1.
3. Reconnect the circuit, and measure the voltage across A and B, B and C, and the total current.
4. Calculate the total resistance .
5. Construct an equivalent circuit with the potentiometer, and measure for comparison with the
value of Step 3.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 7-1
Measured Values Calculated Values

18
 Figure 7-1

COMPUTATIONS:

QUESTIONS:
1. In what ways is the single-resistor equivalent circuit equal to the complex circuit?
2. For what purposes can equivalent circuits be used?
3. Find the simplest equivalent circuit for the circuit in Figure 7-2.

ANSWERS:

19
 Figure 7-2

CONCLUSION:

20
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 8

KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS, MAXWELL’S METHOD & NODAL METHOD

Kirchhoff’s Laws. Kirchhoff’s laws consist of two parts; Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). Kirchhoff’s current law states that the algebraic sum of the current entering a
junction is equal to the algebraic sum of the current leaving it. Junctions are node points where two or more
branches meet together.

Maxwell’s Method. Networks in which the resistors are not in simple series or parallel grouping or in
which there are more than one source cannot in general be solved by the method of equivalent resistance, such
problems are handled systematically by using Maxwell’s Mesh equations. This method required the formation
and solution of less equation than the direct application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law since only the mesh currents
are to be determined. Branch currents can easily be computed from the values of the mesh currents.

Nodal Method. This method is particularly suited for networks having many parallel circuits with
common ground connected.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
39-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
68-ohm resistor, 10 watt
100-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Ammeters
Variable dc power supply
Clip leads
Voltmeter

OBJECTIVES:
1. To study Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws.
2. To study the sign for each of the quantities involved.
3. To study and supply the Maxwell’s and Nodal equations in the solution of an electric network.

PROCEDURES:
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 8-1.
2. Measure and record the currents in Table 8-1.Observe the polarity of the ammeters.
3. Measure and record the voltages indicated in Table 8-2. Observe the polarity of the voltmeters.
4. Get the sum of the currents and voltages in each row. The sum should be close to or equal to zero.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 8-1
sum

sum

sum

21
 Table 8-2
sum

sum

sum

Figure 8-1

QUESTIONS:
1. Calculate the branch currents in Figure 8-1 using (a) Kirchhoff’s Laws (b) Maxwell’s Method (c)
Nodal Method and compare the values measured in Table 8-1.
2. What is the significance of negative values of currents and voltages?

ANSWERS:

22
23
CONCLUSION:

24
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 9

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
The superposition theorem may be stated as follows: The current which flows at any point in the
network involving more than one source may be considered to be the algebraic sum of the currents which flows
as a result of each source taken separately.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
39-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
68-ohm resistor, 10 watt
100-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Ammeters
Variable dc power supply
Clip leads
Voltmeter

OBJECTIVE:
To study and apply the superposition theorem in the solution of an electric network.

PROCEDURES:
1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 9-1.
2. Measure and record the branch currents in Table 9-1.Observe the polarity of the ammeters.
3. Disconnect the 10-V source from the circuit and place a short circuit across points e and f as
shown in Figure 9-2. Measure and record the currents indicated in Table 9-1.
4. Remove the short circuit and reconnect the 10-V source. Remove the 15-V source and replace it
with a short circuit across points a and b as shown in Figure 9-3. Measure and record the currents
as indicated in Table 9-1.
5. Compute the branch currents using the measured component parts.

Figure 9-1

25
 Figure 9-2

Figure 9-3
DATA AND RESULTS:
Table 9-1
15V and
10V acting

Measured 15V acting

Values alone

10V acting
alone

Computed Values

26
QUESTIONS:
1. Calculate the branch currents in Figure 9-1 using Superposition Theorem and compare the values
measured in Table 9-1.
2. Calculate the percent differences between the measured and calculated values of the branch
currents. Is there a significant difference between the measured and calculated values?

ANSWERS:

27
CONCLUSION:

Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

28
 Experiment 10

THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear network terminating two point a and b and containing any
number of emf’s may be replaced by a single emf and a series resistance between a and b. The series resistance
is the resistance of the network measured between a and b with the emf’s short circuited. The emf is equal to the
open-circuit voltage measured between a and b. If the emf’s are constant, the series resistance is the open circuit
voltage between a and b divided by the current flowing and a short-circuit apply between a and b.
Note that the voltage across terminals a and b will drop when a load resistor is connected across it. All
electrical sources will experience a voltage drop across each terminal when delivering a load. This voltage drop
affects the performance of circuits connected to the source externally. The performance of the electric sources
could be studied by using each Thevenin’s equivalent.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
39-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
68-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Ammeter
Variable dc power supply
Clip leads
Voltmeter

OBJECTIVE:
To study the equivalent circuit of an electric source using Thevenin’s Theorem.

PROCEDURES:
1. Construct the circuit in Figure 10-1.
2. Measure and record the current flowing through the 68-ohm resistor.
3. Disconnect the 68-ohm resistor from the circuit and measure the voltage across terminals a and b.
This voltage is called an open-circuit or Thevenin’s voltage . Record the reading in Table
10-1.
4. Remove the 15-V source and replace it with a short circuit. Using an ohmmeter, measure the
resistance between a and b. This resistance is called the Thevenin’s resistance .
5. Compute the current using the obtained values in Steps 3 and 4.

6. Compute the percent difference between the measured and computed .

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 10-1
Measured Computed % Difference

29
 Figure 10-1

COMPUTATIONS:

QUESTIONS:
1. Calculate the load current in Figure 10-1 using Thevenin’s Theorem and compare the values
measured in Table 10-1. Draw the equivalent Thevenin’s circuit.
2. Is there a significant difference between the measured and calculated values of ?

ANSWERS:

30
CONCLUSION:

31
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 11

NORTON’S THEOREM
Norton’s and Thevenin’s theorem are familiar in that both state that any two-terminal network of
resistances and sources of emf may be replaced by a single source and a single terminal resistance. But Norton
considers this source to consist of a generator producing a constant current equal to the short-circuit current at
the two terminals of the original network. The internal resistance has to be in parallel with this constant current
source and is defined in the same manner as the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
39-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
68-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Ammeter
Variable dc power supply
Clip leads
Voltmeter

OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the use of Norton’s theorem.
2. To compare Norton’s theorem with Thevenin’s theorem.

PROCEDURES:
1. Construct the circuit in Figure 11-1.
2. Measure and record the current flowing through the 68-ohm resistor.
3. Remove the 68-ohm resistor from the circuit and replace it with a short circuit. Measure the
current flowing through points a and b. This current is called a short-circuit current or
Norton’s Current . Record the reading in Table 11-1.
4. Remove the 15-V source and replace it with a short circuit. Using an ohmmeter, measure the
resistance between a and b. This resistance is called the Norton’s resistance . It is exactly the
same as . Record the reading in Table 11-1.
5. Compute the current using the obtained values in Steps 3 and 4.

6. Compute the percent difference between the measured and computed .

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 11-1
Measured Computed % Difference

32
 Figure 11-1

COMPUTATIONS:

QUESTIONS:
1. Calculate the load current in Figure 11-1 using Norton’s Theorem and compare the values
measured in Table 11-1. Draw the equivalent Norton’s circuit.
2. Is there a significant difference between the measured and calculated values of ?

ANSWERS:

33
CONCLUSION:

34
Date Performed: __________________ Date Submitted: ___________________ Rating: ___________

Experiment 12

DELTA-WYE AND WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATION

In any instances, circuits are composed of series and parallel arrangements of resistors and loads. The
procedure for solving such a circuit is to reduce the series strings and parallel branches to their equivalent
resistances. The process is continued until only the final equivalent resistance remains. During this process, the
actual circuit has to be reduced to an equivalent circuit. Equivalent circuits are models of actual circuits are used
to simplify circuit analysis.
For certain types of circuits, the technique described above will not suffice. The delta-wye or wye-delta
transformation technique must be used.

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

22-ohm resistor, 10 watt
39-ohm resistor, 10 watt
47-ohm resistor, 10 watt
68-ohm resistor, 10 watt
50-ohm resistor, 10 watt
100-ohm resistor, 10 watt
Ammeter
Variable dc power supply
Clip leads
Voltmeter

OBJECTIVES:
1. To become acquainted with the technique used to determine the resistance of a combination of
series and parallel circuits.
2. To become familiar with three terminals resistive networks and the delta-wye transformation
technique.

PROCEDURES:
1. Construct the circuit in Figure 12-1.
2. Measure and record in Table 12-1 the total current flowing through the circuit.

3. Using the voltage and the current, compute the total resistance .

4. Disconnect the voltage source and measure the total resistance using an ohmmeter. Record the
reading in Table 12-1.
5. Compute the percent difference between the total resistance using the voltage and current and an
ohmmeter.

DATA AND RESULTS:

Table 12-1
% Difference

35
 Figure 12-1

COMPUTATIONS:

QUESTIONS:
1. Using the indicated values of resistors in Figure 12-1, calculate the total resistance of the network
using delta-wye and wye-delta transformation and compare it to the values in Table 12-1.
2. Is there a significant difference between the total resistance using the voltage and current and an
ohmmeter?

ANSWERS:

36
CONCLUSION:

37