2.1 First-order Differential Equations.

Definition 2.1 Separable Equation

A first-order differential equation of the form

1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝐺 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐
ℎ(𝑦)
1
Where 𝐻 (𝑦) & 𝐺(𝑥 ) are anti derivatives of & 𝑔(𝑥 ), respectively
ℎ(𝑦)
Example 1:
Solve (1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
Solution:
Dividing by (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦, we can write
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= (1+𝑥)
𝑦

By integration
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 )
𝑙𝑛|1+𝑥|+𝑐1
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑥| + 𝑐1 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛|1+𝑥| . 𝑒 𝑐1 = |1 + 𝑥|𝑒 𝑐1
= ±𝑐(1 + 𝑥 )
Example 2:
Solve the initial-value problem
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= − , 𝑦(4) = 3.
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

Solution:
𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥 we get
𝑦2 𝑥2
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⟹ = − + 𝑐1
2 2
2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑐
1
Where 𝑐 2 = 2𝑐1
When 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 3 so that 16 + 9 = 𝑐 2
Thus the initial-value problem
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
Example 3:
Solve 𝑥 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 + 2)𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Dividing by 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑦 4 , we obtain
3𝑥
(𝑦 2 + 2)
𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦4
Using integration by parts on the first term yields
∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦 −2 + 2𝑦 −4 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
𝑢 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 & 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥
3
∫ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 ⟹
1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥
3 3 3 9
Then
1 3𝑥 1 3𝑥 2
𝑥 𝑒 − 𝑒 − 𝑦 −1 − 𝑦 −3 = 𝑐
3 9 3
Or
1 1 2
(𝑥 ) ( 𝑒 3𝑥 ) − (1) ( 𝑒 3𝑥 ) − 𝑦 −1 − 𝑦 −3 = 𝑐
3 9 3

Examples
Solve the given differential equation by separation of variables
𝑑𝑦
𝟏. = sin 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑦 = sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By integration
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = − cos 5𝑥 + 𝑐
5
1
𝑦 + cos 5𝑥 = 𝑐
5
2
𝟑. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Dividing by 𝑒 3𝑥 , we obtain
𝑑𝑥
∫ + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑒 3𝑥
By integration
1
− 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
3
𝑑𝑦
𝟓. (𝑥 + 1) =𝑥+6
𝑑𝑥
Dividing by (𝑥 + 1) and multiplying the equation by dx we obtain
𝑥+6
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)
By integration
𝑥+6 (𝑥 + 1) + 5 ( 𝑥 + 1) 5
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)
5
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹
(𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 5𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝟗. =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
Dividing by 𝑦 3 and multiplying the equation by 𝑑𝑥 we obtain
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑦3 𝑥 2
By integration
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 −2 1 1
∫ 3=∫ 2 ⟹− = −𝑥 −1 + 𝑐 ⟹ − 2=𝑐
𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑦

3
 Home work
′
𝟕. 𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝟏𝟏. =
𝑑𝑦 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦+1 2
𝟏𝟗. 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥 =( )
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝟑𝟏. (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥 2 ) = (𝑦 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝟑𝟗. (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝟓𝟓. = (𝑦 − 1)2 + 0.01, 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑥

Solve the given previous differential equation by separation of variables.