Bank Job English Lec 04 To 06 CS W F PG 80

Lecture- 04
-Class Exam 04-
Choose the correct item:

1. He (correct, correctly) defined the terms.
2. The answer sounded (correctly, correct).
3. They proved to be (exact, exactly) (perfectly, perfect) measurements.
4. The stillness of the tomb was (awfully, awful). The tomb was (awfully, awful) still.
5. He was a very (sensibly, sensible) person. He acted very (sensible, sensibly).
6. The mechanic's tools were (well, good). The foreman said that his work was (good, well) done.
7. He did not pass the course as (easy, easily) as he thought he would.
In the following sentences, cross out the incorrect words and write in the correct form in the blanks. If the
sentence is correct as it is, write "correct" in the blank.
8. Terrence plays quarterback as well as Brian._______________
9. The game hadn't hardly begun before it started to rain.____________
10. This was sure a mild winter.__________________
11. Jane behaves more pleasant than Joan.________________
12. When you are a parent, you will think different about children.___________
13. I felt badly about not having done good on my final exams._____________
14. Whether you win is not near as important as how you play._____________
Vocab
15. What is ―a difference between conflicting facts or claims or opinions‖
A. Discredit B. Discrepancy C. Discrete D. Discretion
16. What is meant be ―emaciated‖?
A. Attractive B. Very thin C. Strive D. a substance
17. What is ―pronounce not guilty of criminal charges‖
A. Execrable B. Exculpate C. Exhort D. Exigency
One word Substitution

18. A study of derivation of words:
A. Zoology B. Ornithology C. Archaeology D. Etymology
19. A flesh eating animal:
A. Cynic B. Carnivorous C. Herbivorous D. Immigrant
20. Murder of a mother
A. Homicide B. Patricide C. Matricide D. Fratricide
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-Non-Finite Verb-
You remember we discussed a little about ―Non-Finite‖ verb in second lecture. A Non-finite verb is not limited
by person and number i.e. it does not change its form based on person or number as finite verb does.
 They always try to find fault with me.
 He has intention to like me.
Non-finite verbs are three types:
 Participle: I called fire brigade noticing the burning building
 Gerund: Swimming is a good exercise.
 Infinitive: I like to walk in the morning.
Participle
It is that form of the verb which takes the nature of both of a verb and of an adjective. It is also verbal adjective. In
other words, a participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly an adjective.
 Learning the materials, the boy appeared on the exam.
Types of Participle
Present Participle ends in –ing and represents an action as going on or incomplete or imperfect.
We met a girl carrying a basket of flowers.
Loudly knocking at the door, he demanded admission.
Past participle represents a completed action or state of the thing spoken of
Blinded by a dust storm, they fell into disorder.
Deceived by his friends, he lost all hope.
Perfect Participle represents an action as completed at some past time.
Having rested, we continued our journey.
Having beaten by the police, the thieves divulged the truth.
Present participle shows active sense of a noun whereas past participle showpassive sense of a noun.
01. The boring professor put the students to sleep with his boring lecture.
- The professor himself is boring (active sense)
- Again, the lecture itself is boring (active sense)
02. The bored students went to sleep hearing the boring lecture.
- The student got bored by the lecture (passive sense)
Functions of present participles
Function Example sentence
Continuous aspect I wasn't listening.
What have you been doing?
You must be joking.
I happened to be passing your house.
Adjective The survey revealed some worrying results.
The results of the survey were/seemed worrying.
Participle The man driving the car was not injured.
Phrases/clause Tom lost his keys (while) walking through the park.
Opening the envelope, I found two concert tickets.
Having nothing left to do, Paula went home.

More Example:
1. The shouting baby woke Mr. John.  The baby was shouting
2. The blooming flowers in the garden lifted up my mind  the flowers were blooming.
3. The sorted mail was delivered to the guardians.  The mail had been sorted.
4. Frozen food is often termed as not healthy.  The food had been frozen.
5. The imprisoned men were not permitted to meet their families.  The men had been imprisoned.
6. The child saw a frightening movie.  The movie is frightening (active sense)
7. The frightened children began to cry. The children were frightened (passive sense)
8. When I was walking inside the garden, I saw a blooming flower.the flower was blooming.
9. She gifted me a broken dinner set in my last marriage day. the dinner set was broken by someone
-Class practice 01-

1. The police towed away the (parking/parked) cars because they were blocking the entrance.
2. The (breaking/ broken) dishes lay on the floor.
3. The (trembling/trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth.
4. Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying/cried) children.
5. The (interesting/ interested) tennis match caused a great deal of excitement.
6. When James noticed the (burning/burnt) building, he notified the fire department immediately.
7. The (exciting/excited) passengers jumped into the lifeboats when notified that the ship was sinking.
8. The (smiling/smiled) Mona Lisa is on display in the Louver in Paris.
9. The wind made such (frightening/frightened) noises that the children ran to their parents' room.
10. The (frightening/frightened) hostages only wanted to be left alone.
11. We saw the (advancing/advanced) army from across town.
-Gerund-
A gerund is a verb-noun. It is used as the subject of a verb and does the work of a noun.
Reading is his favorite pastime.
Swimming in the pond is his hobby.
They like shooting the cinema.
Please note: A gerund is a verbal noun whereas a present participle is a verbal adjective.
Use of gerund:
Subject of a verb Playing in the filed makes a man fit.
Dancing makes Gordon happy.
Object of a transitive verb Stop playing.
Gordon loves dancing.
Object of a preposition I am tired of waiting.
Gordon got those muscular calves from dancing.
Complement of a verb Seeing is believing.
Gordon’s main interest in life is dancing.
 Some verbs are always followed by gerund:
admit advise anticipate appreciate delay avoid
begin can't help complete consider forget deny
discuss dislike enjoy finish keep like
hate hesitate imagine miss neglect postpone
love mention mind recall recollect recommend
practice prefer quit resist risk start
regret remember resent tolerate try understand
stop suggest could not help cannot help mind with a view to
-Class Practice 02-
1. I regret (inform) ---------- them of the fact.
2. While we were in the mountains yesterday, Rashid stopped (smoke) ---------- as the supervisor passed by.
3. We tried (call) ---------- the ambulance.
4. Despite that small problem, Sava began (walk) ----------.
5. Do you remember (give) ---------- me your dictionary yesterday.
6. Our English teacher found a student (cheat) ---------- in the test last week.
7. I am looking forward to (hear) ---------- your answers.
8. I really don’t care for (do) ---------- a lot of work.
9. Oh I am sorry, I meant (give) ---------- you a photocopy of this lesson.
10. You should keep (work) ---------- despite difficulties.
-PARTICIPLE vs GERUND-
Gerund= Noun/ sometimes Verbal Noun
Participle= Verb/ Adjective/ Adverb
Some shortcuts:-
1. Is/are= Participle & For= Gerund
2. Action =Participle & Non action= Gerund
3. Noun + Noun = Another new Noun (Compound Noun)
 Rakib is playing. (Participle- Verb)
 My hobby is playing. (Gerund)
 The boy playing in the field is my friend. (Participle- Non-finite verb)
A:- After Determiner
Rule 1:- Determiner/Preposition + Gerund
 Sayem saw your swimming.
 The pool is for swimming.
Rule 2:- Determiner/Preposition + Gerund/ Participle + Noun

Test with (is, are-Participle/for-Gerund)
 Sayem saw a swimming boy. (Boy is/for swimming-Participle)
 Sayem saw a swimming pool. (Pool is/for swimming-Gerund)
 Sayem saw your running car. (Car is/for running-Participle)
 Sayem saw your driving car. (Car is/for driving-Gerund)
B:- After Objective form
Rule 1:- Objective + Participle + Noun
 Sayem saw him reading a book.
 Sayem saw Rakib reading a book.
C:- After BE verb (Complement)
Rule 1:- Sub+ Be verb+ Gerund/Participle (Complement)
Test with VERY (possible-Participle/impossible-Gerund)
 Seeing is believing.
Seeing is VERY believing. (Possible/Impossible-Gerund)
 The movie is exciting.
The movie is VERY exciting. (Possible/Impossible-Participle)
Test with placing in subject position (Possible-Gerund/Impossible-Participle)
 Seeing is believing.
Believing is seeing. (Possible/Impossible-Gerund)
 The movie is exciting.
Exciting is the book. (Possible/Impossible-Participle)

D:- After other verbs (Obj-Gerund; Other than object-Participle)
Test with IT (Object) (possible-Gerund/impossible-Participle)
 Sayem loves playing.
Sayem loves it. (Possible/Impossible-Gerund)
 Sayem went laughing.
Sayem went it. (Possible/Impossible-Participle)
Exception:
Washing Machine I saw a Russian writing.
 Machine For Washing (Gerund)  Gerund : ( I saw a writing which is Russian)

 Machine is washing (Participle)  Participle : ( I saw a Russian who is writing)
-Infinitive-
To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to jump, to dunk, to read, to eat, to slurp—all of these are infinitives. An
infinitive will almost always begin with ―to‖ followed by the simple form of the verb, like this: To + Verb =
Infinitive. Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
 We study to achieve a good result.
After some verbs (Bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear) we do not require to use ―to+verb‖, instead we use only base
form and these are called ―bare infinitive‖.
 I will not let him go
Use of infinitive:
1. As the subject of a verb To find fault is easy
2. As the object of a transitive verb I do not mean to read.
3. As the complement of a verb Her greatest pleasure is to sing.
4. As the object of a preposition He had no choice but to obey.
5. As an object complement I saw him go.
6. To qualify a verb (adverb) We called to see mother.
7. To qualify an adjective (adverb) These are good to eat.
8. To qualify a noun (adjective) This is not the time to play.
9. To qualify a sentence. (adverb) To tell the truth, I quite forgot my promise.
 Some verbs are always followed by infinitive:

afford consent hope prepare
swear agree decide intend
pretend threaten appear demand
learn promise tend arrange
deserve manage refuse try
ask desire mean regret
volunteer attempt expect need
seem wait beg fail
offer struggle want care
forget plan strive wish
claim hesitate

-Class Practice 03-
1. The kids hope (going/ to go) to M. Donald's for dinner.
2. I wanted Summy (to go / going)
3. Do you intend (to eat/ eating) a hamburger for breakfast.
4. My friends and I intend (going/ to go) out after dinner.
5. Sally expects (passing/ to pass) the test tomorrow.
6. I meant (saying, to say) "three" but I accidentally said "tree".
7. We are planning (to see, seeing) a movie.
-Use of Enough-
Enough is a word that is used before a noun and after adjective & adverb to intensify the meaning of
noun/adjective/adverb. When used before noun, it works as an adjective and when used after adjective/adverb, it
works as an adverb.
For Example:
Incorrect: What they have brought to us is enough tasty.
Correct: What they have brought to us is tasty enough.
Incorrect: I do not have money enough to support my family.
Correct: I do not have enough money to support my family.
-Class Practice 04-

1. They have had information enough to support the cause which is an initiative of young minds in order to help
the people who are living below the poverty line.
2. Sophisticated mobile companies are working enough smartly to bring the state of the art technology in their
mobile phones.
3. These economists from the eastern part of the world are enough well-equipped compared to their western
counterparts.
4. Since paper enough has been bought, we don’t require to buy anymore.
5. These sophomores from the African Universities are collecting enough quickly the results they need.
-Phrase-
Phrase is group of words that does not contain a finite verb and works as a single part of speech.
 There is a banyan tree in front of our house.
 Titanic is a romantic movie.
Types of phrases
Noun Phrase
The phrase that can be used as a subject or as an object or as a complement in a sentence is called noun phrase. In
other word, phrase that works as a noun, is noun phrase.
 My colleagues gifted me a nice brown jacket. (―My colleagues‖ = subject and ―a nice brown jacket‖ = object )
 One of my friends joined army (―One of my friends‖ = subject)
 A sailor’s best friend is a wide, open sea. (―a wide, open sea‖ = subject complement)
 He gave me a cup full of tea (―a cup full of tea‖ = object)
Adjective Phrase
The phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun is an adjective phrase.
 The boy is good at mathematics (―good in mathematics‖ describes the boy)
 The man in the black shirt is my teacher. (―in the black shirt‖ describes the man)
 He gave me a cup full of tea (―full of tea‖ = describes the ―a cup‖)
Adverb Phrase
The phrase that modifies a verb or an adjective or an adverb is an adverb phrase. An adverb phrase answers question
asked by either of ―how‖, ―where‖, ―why‖ or ―when‖ as in it describes manner, place, reason and time.
 With great regret I must inform you our chief guest is not going to attend the program. (How I inform)
 The earth revolves around the sun. (Where earth revolves)
 You must attend all classes to understand better. (Why you must attend all classes)
 I will return the money before next week. (When I will return the money)
 Exercise is goodfor your health. (“for your health” modifies adjective “good”)
 I get up very earlyto make the most of the day. (―to make the most of the day‖ modifies adverb ―early‖)
Prepositional Phrase
This phrase mostly functions as adjective and adverb.
 A kid on the roof is looking at the sky.
 The boy in the shop is my friend.
 A lady with long hair is walking in the garden.
 She always speaks in a respectful way.
 They walked along the wall.
 She welcomed the guests in a nice way.
Prepositional phrases that function as preposition:
To declare it as a prepositional phrase just to find out the following structure
Prep + Noun + Prep
In order to In order of By dint of
By virtue of In front of Instead of
 The friend in front of me is my friend. (Prep)

 The man stood in front of me. (Prep)
 The friend in front of me is my friend. (Adj)
 The man stood in front of me. (Adv)
Conjunctional Phrase
As well as As…..as So…..a As if
As though So that Together with Along with
Not only….But also Either….. Neither Both…..And
 Karim as well as his friends goes there.

 He talks as if he knew everything.
Interjectional Phrase
 What a pity! You have failed.
 Oh My God! I have won.
 Fie! Fie! You have done this.
Verbal Phrase
Group Verbs are Verbal Phrase
 He looks after his family.
 He takes after his dad.
 He has been down since his partner left him.

Group of main verb and helping verb
 She is writing a letter.
 He has taken his annual exam
 Students must reach in time for the class.
 They have been playing game since morning.
Appositive
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it.
 The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
 The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
 The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.
 The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of oatmeal, is crawling across the
kitchen table.
-Clause-
Clause is group of words that contains a subject and a finite verb.
 I will deposit the moneyin the bank
Clause Phrase
Types of clause:
Main Clause/Principal Clause/independent Clause is the part of a sentence which has a complete meaning and
doesn’t depend on anything else to make it meaningful. Please notice that a main clause has at least a subject
and a finite verb.
 If they had come, we would have bought this house.
 When they came, we were playing chess.
Subordinate Clause/dependent clause is the part of a sentence which cannot give a complete meaning without the
help of main clause. In a dependent clause there is at least a subject and a finite verb. Subordinate clauses
always start with a clause marker (i.e. WH words, if, though etc)
 If they had come, we would have bought this house.
 When they came, we were playing chess.
Subordinate clauses are of three types:
 Noun Clause
 Adjective Clause
 Adverb Clause
Noun Clause
The clause that can be used as a subject or as an object of a verb/preposition or as a complement in a sentence is
called noun clause. In other word, clause that works as a noun, is noun clause.
 What he said is untrue. [“What” is untrue? – “what he said”(subject)]
 That you have come pleases me. [“What” pleases me? – “That you have come”(subject)]
 I do not know what his name is. [“What” I do not know? – “what his name is”(object)]
 I assume that he will come in time. [“What” I assume? – “that he will come in time”(object)]
 Listen to what I say (Object of a preposition)
 This is what I wanted (Subject complement)
 It’s very disappointing that you left the party early. (Adjective Complement)
 They're perfectly happy where they live now. (Adjective Complement)
 Geoffrey runs so fast that he can outrun his dog. (Adjective Complement)
 I’m unsure if she is coming. (Adjective Complement)
 The rumor, that he is killed, is false. (Appositive)
 The news, that he is coming, isn’t true. (Appositive)
Adjective Clause
The clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun is an adjective clause. One easy way to detect an adjective clause:
adjective clause, in most cases, will be placed just after its antecedent (a noun or pronoun). Adjective clause will
always start with a relative pronoun.
 The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine (describes the umbrella)
 The dog that bites does not bark. (describes the dog)
 The house on the left, which belongs to John, is up for sell. (describes the house)
Please note, misplaced adjective clause can alter the meaning of the sentence:
 The man who wants the book studies with Mahbub. (modifying the man)
 The man studies with Mahbub who wants the book. (modifying Mahbub)
Adjective Clause Reduction
An Adjective Clause can be reduced to:
An Adjective
 My father who was angry was upset the whole night.
 My angry father who was angry was upset the whole night.

An Adjective Phrase
 The boy who was pleased with his freedom went out of his parents’ home.
 The boy who waspleased with his freedom went out of his parents’ home.
A prepositional Phrase
 The books that are on the table are my friend’s.
 The books that are on the table are my friend’s.
A past Participle
 The boy who was elected college president worked on this project.
 The boy who was elected college president worked on this project.
 The book which was torn was mine.
 The torn book which was torn was mine.
A present Participle
 The team which is working on this project is under my control.
 The team which is working on this project is under my control.
 The boy who is dancing is my friend.
 The dancing boy who is dancing is my friend.
 Chess is the game that requires skill and focus.
 Chess is the game that requires requiring skill and focus.
Adverb Clause
The clauses that show place, time, contrast, condition, reason, cause and effect, contrast are adverb clauses.
 Wherever there is music, people will dance. (Place)
 You can drop by for a visit where we're staying for the summer. (Place)
 After the chores are done, we will eat some ice cream. (Time)
 When the clock strikes midnight, she has to leave. (Time)
 She passed the course because she worked hard. (Reason)
 Since he has long hair, he wears a ponytail. (Reason)
 So that he would not ruin the carpet, he took off his shoes. (Purpose)
 He ate vegetables in order that he could stay healthy. (Purpose)
 If you save some money, you can buy a new game. (Condition)
 Unless you hurry, you will be late for school. (Condition)
 Even though you are 13, you can't go to that movie. (Contrast/Concession)
 Although you gave it your best effort, you did not win the match. (Contrast/Concession)
 He could not attend the class as he was ill. (Cause and effect)

Adverb Clause Reduction
Adverb Clause of Reason:
Remove the subordinate conjunction- since, as, because.
 As she had always been studious, Sharmin topped the batch.
 Being studious, Sharmin topped the batch.
Change the verb to present participle.
 As she had always been studious, Sharmin topped the batch.
Remove the subject in the adverb clause. If it is a proper noun/ a common noun make it the subject of the main
clause.
 As Sharmin had always been studious, she topped the batch.
Remove the verb “to be” & replace it with present participle
 Since she is a foodie, she always searches for the best restaurant.
 Being a foodie, she always searches for the best restaurant.
If there is no “be verb” in the adverb clause, change the main verb into present participle.
 Because our daughter came to us, she felt relieved.
 Coming to us, our daughter felt relieved.
If there is “not”, remove the auxiliary and retain “not”.
 Because she didn‘t want to wake up the baby, she closed the door.
 Not wanting to wake up the baby, she closed the door.
Adverb Clause of Time:
If it starts with the subordinators- “when & While”- they are usually omitted.
 When my pet saw me, it started dancing.
 Seeing me, my pet started dancing.
 While I was shopping in the mall, I ran into my old friends.
 Shopping in the mall, I ran into my old friends.
If “When” clause is in simple present/past, we can retain “When”
 When she works from home, Sharmin drops her son at the day-care.
 When working from home, Sharmin drops her son at the day-care.
If it starts with - “After, Before & Since”- we should retain them.
 He had learnt English before he went to London.
 Before going to London, he had learnt English.
 He felt so happy after he had met his friend.
 After meeting his friend, he felt so happy.
 Since he moved to Paris, he visited the Eiffel Tower.
 Sincemoving to Paris, he visited the Eiffel Tower.
If it starts with - “As soon as”- remove it and replace with “On/Upon”.
 As soon as he saw the dog, he flew with fear.
 On/Upon seeing the dog, he fled with fear.
 As soon as we wake up, we ran towards the lake.
 On/Upon waking up, we ran towards the lake.
Adverb Clauses of Contrast/Concession
If it starts with - “Though, Although & While”- keep it.
 Although she was badly hurt, Sharmin gave a fake smile
 Although badly hurt, Sharmin gave a fake smile
 Though they were best friends, they had a drift recently.
 Though being best friends, they had a drift recently.
-VOCAB-
Word Meaning
301 explicate elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses
302 expository serving to expound or set forth
303 extant still in existence; not extinct or destroyed or lost
304 extemporaneous with little or no preparation or forethought
305 extirpate destroy completely, as if down to the roots
306 extraneous not belonging to that in which it is contained
307 extrapolation an inference about the future based on known facts
308 extrinsic not forming an essential part of a thing
309 facetious cleverly amusing in tone
310 facilitate make easier
311 factotum a servant employed to do a variety of jobs
312 fallacious containing or based on incorrect reasoning
313 fallow left unplowed and unseeded during a growing season
314 fatuous devoid of intelligence
315 fauna all the animal life in a particular region or period
316 fawning attempting to win favor by flattery
317 felicitous exhibiting an agreeably appropriate manner or style
318 feral wild and menacing
319 fervor feelings of great warmth and intensity
320 fetid offensively malodorous
321 fetter a shackle for the ankles or feet
322 fiat a legally binding command or decision
323 fidelity the quality of being faithful
324 filibuster a tactic for delaying legislation by making long
325 finesse subtlyspeeches
skillful handling of a situation
326 fissure a long narrow depression in a surface
327 flag a rectangular piece of cloth of distinctive design
328 fledgling young bird that has just fledged or become capable
329 flora all theofplant
flying
life in a particular region or period
330 florid elaborately or excessively ornamented
331 flourish grow vigorously
332 flout treat with contemptuous disregard
333 flux a state of constant change
334 foment try to stir up
335 forbearance a delay in enforcing rights or claims or privileges
336 forestall keep from happening or arising; make impossible
337 formidable extremely impressive in strength or excellence
338 forswear formally reject or disavow
339 founder a person who establishes some institution

Word Meaning
340 fracas noisy quarrel
341 fractious easily irritated or annoyed
342 fresco a mural done with watercolors on wet plaster
343 frieze an ornament consisting of a horizontal sculptured
344 froward band disposed to disobedience and opposition
habitually
345 frugality prudence in avoiding waste
346 fulminate cause to explode violently and with loud noise
347 fulsome unpleasantly and excessively suave or ingratiating
348 fusion the act of melding or melting together
349 futile producing no result or effect
350 gainsay take exception to
351 gambol play or run boisterously
352 garrulous full of trivial conversation
353 gauche lacking social polish
354 geniality a disposition to be friendly and approachable
355 gerrymander divide voting districts unfairly and to one's
356 glib advantage
artfully persuasive in speech
357 goad stab or urge on as if with a pointed stick
358 gossamer a gauze fabric with an extremely fine texture
359 gouge an impression in a surface, as made by a blow
360 grandiloquent lofty in style
361 gregarious temperamentally seeking and enjoying the company
362 grouse of game
popular othersbird having a plump body and
363 guileless feathered
innocent legs
and free of deceit
364 guise an artful or simulated semblance
365 gullible naive and easily deceived or tricked
366 gustatory of or relating to the sense of taste
367 halcyon a mythical bird said to breed at the winter solstice
368 hallowed worthy of religious veneration
369 harangue a loud bombastic declamation expressed with strong
370 harrowing emotion
causing extreme distress
371 herbivorous feeding only on plants
372 hermetic completely sealed or airtight
373 heterodox characterized by departure from accepted standards
374 hieroglyphic a writing system using picture symbols
375 hirsute having or covered with hair
376 histrionic characteristic of acting or a stage performance
377 homeostasis metabolic equilibrium maintained by biological
378 homily mechanisms
a sermon on a moral or religious topic
379 homogeneous all of the same or similar kind or nature
380 hyperbole extravagant exaggeration
Word Meaning
381 iconoclastic characterized by attack on established beliefs
382 idolatry the worship of idols or images that are not God
383 igneous produced by the action of fire or intense heat
384 imbroglio an intricate and confusing interpersonal situation
385 immutable not subject or susceptible to change or variation
386 impair make worse or less effective
387 impassive having or revealing little emotion or sensibility
388 impecunious not having enough money to pay for necessities
389 impede be a hindrance or obstacle to
390 impermeable preventing especially liquids to pass or diffuse
391 imperturbable through
marked by extreme calm and composure
392 impervious not admitting of passage or capable of being affected
393 impinge infringe upon
394 implacable incapable of being appeased or pacified
395 implausible highly imaginative but unlikely
396 implicit suggested though not directly expressed
397 implode burst inward
398 imprecation the act of calling down a curse that invokes evil
399 impute attribute or credit to
400 inadvertently without knowledge or intention
-Phrase and Idioms-

01. ABC (cÖv_wgKÁvbev ZË¡) t Does he know the ABC of science?
02. Above all (m‡e©vcwi) t He is a painter, philosopher and above all a poet.
03. Above board (AKcU) t His dealings are open and above board.
04. An open secret (†h †Mvcbinm¨ A‡b‡KiBRvbv) t His plan to go to the Middle East is an open secret.
05. An apple of discord (Kj‡niwelq) t The plot of land was an apple of discord between the two brothers.
06. Apple of Sodom (gvKvjdj) t The boon proved to be an apple of Sodom in the -end.
07. Apple of one's eye (bq‡bigwY) t The son is the apple of his mother's eye.
08. A black sheep (Kzjv½vi) t He is a black sheep in this family.
09. Bolt from the blue (webv †g‡NeRcvZ) t The news of my father's death came to me as a bolt from the blue.
10. A man of letters (cwÛZ) t A man of letters is respected everywhere.
11. A rift in the lute (gZwe‡iva) t A rift in the lute became wider at the last meeting of the working committee.
12. A far cry (eûeëavb) t It is a far cry from Dhaka to Paris.
13. A sleeping partner (A_© cÖ`vbKvixwb®‹g©vAskx`vi) t He is a sleeping partner of this firm.
14. A bird's eye view (GK bR‡i †`Lv) t He had a bird's eye view of the villages around.
15. A dark horse (†h e¨w³i ¸Yv¸‡bi cwiPqGLbI †g‡jbvB) t Russell is an active young man but his brother is a dark
horse to me'
16. All cars to (g‡bv‡hvMx) t - He was all cars to what the teacher was saying.
17. All moonshine (AmvidvuwK) t your statement is all moonshine.
18. All in all (m‡e©me©v) t He is all in all there.
19. All on a sudden (AK¯§vr) t All on a sudden, he met me here.
20. A slow coach (wX‡j †jvK) t Nothing can be expected of a slow coach like you.
21. A going concern (Pvjyeëmvq) t It was foolish of him to have sold a going concern.
22. All the same (GKB) t It is all the same to me whether you help me or not.
23. All over with (me †kl nIqv) t It is all over with the patient.
24. As far as (hZ`~i) t Work hard as far as possible.
25. As long as (hZ¶Ych©š—) t I shall help you as long as I can.
26. As soon as (hZkxNª) t Meet me as soon as you can.
27. As good as (A‡c¶v Kg bq, cÖK…Zc‡¶) t- The machinery is as good as new.
28. As though (†hb) t He behaved as though he were mad.
29. At a discount (h_v_© g~j¨vqbbvnIqv) t Simple living is at a discount now-a-days.
30. At all costs (†h †KvbcÖKv‡i) t He will do this at all costs.
31. At arm's length (`~‡i ivLv) tKeep bad boys at arm's length.
32. At any rate (†h cÖKv‡iBnDK) t At any rate, I will help you.
33. At a stretch (GKUvB) t I can walk eight miles at a stretch.
34. At least (Aš—Ztc‡¶) you can secure a second class at least.
35. At best (eo‡Rvi) tYou are at best a fool.
36. At bay (†KvYVvmv The enemy was at bay.
37. At a low ebb (wbgœgyLx) t His popularity is at a low ebb.
38. At all hazards (evavwicwËm‡Ë¡I) t You must do this at all hazards.
39. At a loss (wKsKZ©e¨weg~p) t I He was at a loss to decide what to do.
40. At daggers drawn (LoMn¯—) tThe two brothers were at daggers drawn.
41. At present (eZ©gv‡b) t At present I am not in a position to meet your demand.
42. At sixes and sevens(G‡jv‡g‡jv) t The books were at sixes and sevens on the floor.
43. At stake (wecbœ) t His position is at stake now.
44. At the eleventh hour (†kl g~n~‡Z©) t He reached the station at the eleventh hour.
45. A maiden speech (cÖ_g e³…Zv) t His maiden speech was applauded by all.
46. A narrow escape (A‡íiRb¨ †eu‡PhvIqv) t- He had a narrow escape from being run over by a car.
47. At large (¯^vaxbfv‡e) t Wild beasts roam at large in this forest.
48. At long last (Ae‡k‡l) t At long last we reached Cairo.
49. At the outset (cÖvi‡¤¢) t 1 warned you at the outset.
50. At the top of (kxl©¯’v‡b) t He is always at the top of his class.
51. He cried at the top of his voice (D‰”Pt¯^‡i) t
52. At one's heels (wVK †cQ‡b _vKv) t We followed him at his heels.
53. At variance with (Am½wZc~Y©) t His conduct is at variance with his words.
54. At home (¯^”Q›`, cvi`k©x) t I am quite at home here. Abu is quite at home in English.
55. Bag and baggage (ZwíZívmn) t The visitor left the hotel bag and baggage.
56. Before long (kxNÖ) t He will come before long.
57. Big guns (bvgKivevwewkó e¨w³MY) t There are so many big guns in the country.
58. By hook or by crook (†h †KvbcÖKv‡i) t I shall achieve my goal by hook or by crook.
59. By no means (wKQz‡ZBbv) t I can by no means help you.
60. By dint of/By virtue of (¸‡b) t He passed the examination by dint of hard labor.
61. By far (AZ¨vwaK) tAnis is by far the best boy in the class.
62. By all means (me© cÖhZœ) t He tried by all means to win the first prize.
63. By and by (kxNÖB) t You will feel better by and by.
64. By the by (cÖm½µ‡g) t I say this only by the by.
65. By fits and starts (gv‡Sgv‡S Lye D`¨‡gi mv‡_) t He shows great energy by fits and starts.
66. By leaps and bounds (Lye `ª“ZMwZ‡Z) t The country has progressed by leaps and bounds.
67. By means of (Øviv, Dcv‡q) t came to power by means of treachery.
68. Bid fair (m¤¢e e‡j †evanIqv) tThe scheme bids fair to be successful.
69. By turns (ch©vqµ‡g) t The nurses attended the patient by turns.
70. By way of (¯îƒ‡c) t He referred to the story by way of giving an example.
71. Bed of roses (Aviv‡gi ¯’v‡b) t Life is not a bed of roses.
72. Bed of thorns (K›UK kh¨v) t Life is really a bed of thorns.
73. Between Scylla and Carbides (Dfqm®‹U) t I was at a loss when I found myself between Scylla and Carbides.
74. Between two fires (Dfqm®‹U) t I am between two fires.
75. Between the horns of a dilemma (Dfqm®‹U) t I am between the horns of a dilemma.
76. Bone of contention (weev‡ì KviY) tThe property left by their father was a bone of contention between the brothers.
77. Burning question (e¨vcKAv‡jvwPZwelq) t Unemployment is the burning question of the day.
78. Bear the brunt of (cÖavbav°vmn¨ Kiv) tThe Bengal Regiment had to bear the brunt of the enemy's attack.
79. Beat about the bush (AcÖvmw½K Av‡jvPbvKiv) t While arguing, don't beat about the bush.
80. Beat the air (e„_vkªgKiv) t In trying to defeat tile you are only beating the air.
81. Beggar description (AeY©bxqnIqv) tThe devastations of the cyclone in the offshore islands beggar description.
82. Black and blue -(Kvjwkivcov, wb`vi“Yfv‡e) t He beat the boy black and blue.
83. Break one's heart (`ytL †`qv) t The sad news broke my heart.
84. Break the news (`ytmsev` †`qv) t Do not break the news to him.
85. Bring to light (cÖKvkKiv): The secret was brought to light.
86. Bring to book (wZi¯‹vi Kiv) t He was brought to book for negligence of duty.
87. Brass tacks (cÖK…Z Kv‡RiK_vqAvmv) t We have heard so many things; now let us get down to brass tacks.
88. Bad blood (kµZv): There is bad blood between the two neighbors.
89. Blue blood (AvwfRvZ¨) t He is proud of his blue blood.
90. Bring to bay †KvYVvmvKiv): The enemy was brought to bay.
91. Break the ice (cÖv_wgKwØav m‡®‹vPAwZµgKiv) t It seemed that there was none to break the ice in the delicate matter.
92. Bury the hatchet (weev` wgwU‡q †djv) t Let us bury the hatchet and be friends.
93. Bring about (NUbv): His own folly has brought about his misfortune.
94. Bring ' out (cÖKvkKiv): When are the publishers bringing out their new books?
95. Bring up (jvjb-cvjbKiv): This orphan was brought up by his aunt.
96. Bring down (bZKiv) t His defeat has brought down his pride.
-Home Practice 01-

1. Societies acting through their governments make the rules to state which acts are illegal, but although war is the
most violent of human activities, it has not been declared illegal by any of the world's governments or their
agencies.
A. to state B. stating
C. when they state D. that are stating
E. where they state
2. Adult ladybugs often prey on agricultural or garden pests, causing many fruit growers to consider them among
the most beneficial insects.
A. causing many fruit growers to B. therefore, many fruit growers
C. this causes many fruit growers to D. which cause many fruit growers to
E. many fruit growers
3. The first 10,000 United States patents, they were known as the X-patents, were burned in a fire in 1836.
A. they were known B. which they knew
C. which they know D. to be known
E. known
4. In both his longer and his shorter works of fiction, Gabriel García Márquez achieves the rare feat to be
accessible to the common reader while satisfying the most demanding of sophisticated critics.
A. to be B. for being
C. of being D. that he is
E. that they are

5. To survive, the people now known as Paleo-Indians had to be resourceful and resilient, able to survive only if
they develop hunting and gathering techniques suited to their changing environments.
A. able to survive only if they develop
B. able to survive only by developing
C. their ability to survive only by developing
D. that they are able to survive only by developing
E. that they were able to survive only if they develop
6. Around 230 million years ago, the west coast of what is now Europe and the bulge of northwestern Africa began
to collide slowly with the east coast of North America, the coming together of the landmasses to form the
supercontinent Pangea.
A. the coming together of the landmasses to form the supercontinent Pangea
B. the landmasses coming together to form the supercontinent Pangea
C. and with the landmasses coming together to form the supercontinent Pangea
D. the supercontinent Pangea to be formed from the coming together of the landmasses
E. forming the supercontinent Pangea by the landmasses coming together
7. As executives of the newspaper seek to make the paper more competitive and to broaden an advertising base
heavily dependent on business-related advertising, they are exploring the addition of a Saturday edition to its
weekday schedule.
A. As executives of the newspaper seek to
B. As executives of the newspaper, seeking that they
C. As executives of the newspaper, seeking to
D. With executives of the newspaper seeking to
E. With executives of the newspaper seeking that they
8. A new deep-sea research vessel will be able to carry people to 99 percent of the ocean floor, it dives deeper than
any such vessel has previously been able to.
A. floor, it dives B. floor, which dives
C. floor, diving D. floor, and they can dive
E. floor, where it can dive
9. William Faulkner, being that he was a Southern writer, used Mississippi as a setting for most of his novels.
A. being that he was a Southern writer B. a Southern writer
C. while a writer from the South D. in origin a writer of the South
E. because of him being a writer from the South
10. Tadpoles hatch and metamorphose into small replicas of adult frogs although remaining in their aquatic
birthplace.
A. although remaining B. while remaining
C. in spite of it remaining D. due to their remaining
E. in the course of which they remain
11. During the summer months, several thousand people a day visit the park, which is known for its waterfalls and
rock formations.
A. During the summer months, several thousand people a day visit the park, which is known for its waterfalls
and rock formations.
B. Known for its waterfalls and rock formations, several thousand people a day visit the park during the summer
months.
C. Several thousand people a day visit the park during the summer months known for its waterfalls and rock
formations.
D. Several thousand people had visited the park a day, which is known for its waterfalls and rock formations
during the summer months.
E. During the summer months, knowing its waterfalls and rock formations, several thousand people a day visit
the park.

12. Hawaii's Haleakala, being more than 10,000 feet high, and the world's largest dormant volcano.
A. Haleakala, being more than 10,000 feet high and
B. Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high, it is
C. Haleakala which is more than 10,000 feet high, being
D. Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high, is
E. Haleakala, more than 10,000 feet high; it is
13. At the time at which temperatures approach absolute zero, or -459.7° F, metals become highly conductive, and
their volume shrinks dramatically.
A. At the time at which temperatures approach B. When temperatures approach
C. Since temperatures approached D. At the point temperatures had approached
E. While temperatures approaching
14. One of the unforeseen consequences of the editor's management style is that it leaves so little room for
innovation.
A. that it leaves so little room for innovation
B. that they leave so little room for innovation
C. that sufficient room is not left for their innovation
D. that innovation has so little room left from it
E. to leave so little room for innovation
15. After 1907, residents of the Omaha Reservation could use the hospital in Walthill, Nebraska, it was established
by Dr. Susan LaFleschePicotte, an Omaha Indian.
A. hospital in Walthill, Nebraska, it was established by Dr. Susan LaFleschePicotte, an Omaha Indian
B. hospital; it was in Walthill, Nebraska and established by Dr. Susan LaFleschePicotte, an Omaha Indian
C. hospital that has been established by Dr. Susan LaFleschePicotte, an Omaha Indian, in Walthill, Nebraska
D. Walthill, Nebraska, hospital where an Omaha Indian, Dr. Susan LaFleschePicotte, established it
E. hospital established in Walthill, Nebraska, by Dr. Susan LaFleschePicotte, an Omaha Indian
16. Folklore scholars think of fables probably originating among the Semitic peoples of the Middle East, moving
first to India and then west to Greece.
A. of fables probably originating B. of fables that probably originated
C. that the fable's origins were probably D. that the origin of fables probably was
E. that fables probably originated
17. The 2003 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Shirin Ebadi, an Iranian lawyer, writer, and teacher, she
gained prominence as an advocate for democracy and human rights.
A. teacher, she gained B. teacher, she had gained
C. teacher, gaining D. teacher who gained
E. teacher having gained
18. Chipmunks do not technically hibernate, but they do remain in their dens or burrows during cold periods.
A. hibernate, but they do remain B. hibernate, but remaining
C. hibernate, but they remained D. hibernate, they remain
E. hibernate, remaining
19. The sales assistant arranged the gems on the counter, he proceeded to tell us about the origins of each stone.
A. The sales assistant arranged the gems on the counter, he
B. The gems, which were arranged on the counter by the sales assistant, who
C. The gems were first arranged on the counter by the sales assistant, then
D. After arranging the gems on the counter, the sales assistant
E. The sales assistant, having arranged the gems on the counter, he
20. In 1777, when news reached Colonel Ludington that the town of Danbury, Connecticut, was being looted and
burned by British troops, his daughter Sybil rode forty miles through the night so that the soldiers of her father's
regiment had been alerted to the danger.
A. so that the soldiers of her father's regiment had been alerted
B. so that the soldiers of her father's regiment may be alerted
C. alerting the soldiers of her father's regiment
D. and alerting the soldiers of her father's regiment
E. for alerting the soldiers of her father's regiment

21. In the United States at the end of the nineteenth century, public places such as theaters, restaurants, shops, and
banks had installed electric lighting, but electricity was in fewer than one percent of homes and lighting
still provided mainly by candles or gas.
A. electricity was in fewer than one percent of homes and lighting still
B. electricity was in fewer than one percent of homes, where lighting was still
C. fewer than one percent of homes that had electricity, where lighting was still being
D. fewer than one percent of homes with electricity, having lighting that was still
E. fewer than one percent of homes had electricity, where lighting had still been
22. In the past, many famous painters meticulously ground their own colors, an attention to detail that is
noteworthy.
A. an attention to detail that is noteworthy
B. inasmuch as they showed attention to detail, it is noteworthy
C. this makes it noteworthy in showing their attention to detail
D. an idea that is noteworthy in showing their attention to detail
E. which is noteworthy and it shows an attention to detail
-Home Practice 02-

1. Communication companies have been experimenting with a fiber-optic cable —————— international
telephone transmissions.
A. can carry B. can carry it C. that it carry D. that can carry E. that it can carry
2. The stolen items came into the hands of an art dealer ——— to the museum.
A. whom returned them B. returned
C. he returned them D. returning them E. who returned them
3. Nantucket ———— a little island 20 miles off Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
A. which is B. where C. is D. it is E. that is
4. The woolly musk ox,  , survives on Ellesmere Island.
A. once to be hunted to extinction almost B. hunted almost once to extinction
C. almost hunted once to extinction D. hunted almost to once extinction
E. once hunted almost to extinction
5. For villagers ———— to read, instructions have been developed using special symbols.
A. who unable B. they are unable
C.to be unable D. where they are unable E. unable
6. North Carolina ——— because of its production of tar, turpentine, and pitch.
A. called the Tar Heel State B.is called the Tar Heel State
C. which the Tar Heel State is called D. is to be called the Tar Heel State
E. it is called the Tar Heel State
7. The Cherokee Indians, ——— west on the Trail of Tears in the late 1830s, were originally from the
Appalachian Mountains.
A. forcing B. force C. had forced D. are forced E. forced
8. The solitary‘s scientist ——by himself has in many instances been replaced by a cooperative scientific team.
A. to make important discoveries B. important discoveries were made
C. making important discoveries D. made important discoveries
E. has made important discoveries
9. Geometry is the branch of mathematics—— the properties of lines, curves, shapes, and surfaces.
A. that concerned with B. it is concerned with
C. concerning with D. its concerns are E. concerned with
10. —— an average of 471 inches of rain a year, Mount Waialeale in Hawaii is the wettest spot in the world.
A. It receives B. Receive C. To receive D. Received E. Receiving
11. Amber is a hard, yellowish-brown —— from the resin of pine trees that lived millions of years ago.
A. substance has formed B. to form a substance
C. substance formed D. forming a substance E. substantial form
12. Love from heaven is eternal.
A. coming B. comes C. to come D. to be come E. came
13. ________ added to a liquid, antifreeze lowers the freezing temperature of that liquid.
A. That B. As is C. It is D. When she is E. When
14. ________ most people think of freezing as a relatively modern method of food preservation, it is actually one
of the oldest.
A. Although B. As though C. However D. Even if E. Even
15. Cable cars are moved by cables —— underground and are powered by a stationary engine.
A. they run B. that they run C. run D. to run E. that run
16. The melting point is the temperature ——— a solid changes to a liquid.
A. which B. at to which C. which at D. at E. at which
17. There are six types of flamingos, all ——— have long legs and beaks that curve sharply downward.
A. of them B. of which C. that D. they E. to have that
18. Researchers may be able to find and monitor San Andreas earthquake fault lines —— since 1857 or earlier.
A. where have not slipped B. have not slipped
C. that have not slipped D. have not been slipping E. had not been slipping
19. The trail led over sand hills ——— thin grasses and thorny bushes grew.
A. where there were B. where C. that were D. that E. where to
20. —— whose fauna and flora create an enchanted world.
A. A biological park B. Where a biological park
C. It a biological park D. Being a biological park E. It is a biological park
21. —— found in New Zealand were brought there by homesick immigrants.
A. The hedgehogs which B. The hedgehogs being
C. Where the hedgehogs D. The hedgehogs are E. The hedgehogs
22. ________ invisible to the unaided eye, ultraviolet light can be detected in a number of ways.
A. Although is B. Although C. Even though it D. Although being E. Despite
23. Natural silk is still highly prized ---- similar artificial fabrics.
A. although is available B. in spite of the availability of
C. despite there being available D. even though an availability of
E. despite there are available
24. ___________ through a prism, a beam of white light breaks into all the colors of the rainbow.
A. When shines B. It shines C. When shone D. It is shone E. Shines
25. Many people ——— must be willing to commute a long distance to work.
A. wished to live in rural areas B. who wish to live in rural areas
C. those wishing to live in rural areas D. who wish to have lived in rural areas
E. wished they lived in rural areas
26. After 116 million dollars had been spent, the Supreme Court stopped construction of the dam because of
a little fish, ——.
A. the famous endanger snail darter
B. the famous endangered snail darter
C. being the famous endangered snail darter
D. which the famous endangered snail darter
E. it was the famous endangered snail darter
27. The black moths ————— have genetically become more tolerant of pollution.
A. survive in industrial areas B. surviving in industrial areas
C. survival in industrial areas D. survive in industrial areas
E. survived in industrial areas
28. The king's burial shoes, —— except for some decorative strips of gold, were displayed on a clay model.
A. who were disintegrating B. when disintegrating
C. which having disintegrated D. which had disintegrated E. whose had disintegrated
29. Aerodynamics is the study of the forces ———— on an object as it moves through the atmosphere.
A. act B. acting C. are acting D. acted E. to have acted

30. —— for their strong fiber include flax and hemp.
A. Plants grown B. Plants being grown
C. Plants that grow D. To grow plants E. Plants are grown
31. Elfreth's Alley in Philadelphia is the oldest residential street in the United States, with —— from 1728.
A. houses are dated B. houses dating
C. the dating of houses D. houses to be dating E. the dates of the houses
32. In 1821, the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, was laid out in a design —— after that of Washington, D.C.
A. pattern B. was patterned C. a pattern D. that patterned E. patterned
33. —— in front of a camera lens changes the color of the light that reaches the film.
A. Placed a filter B. A filter is placed
C. A filter to have placed D. When a filter placed E. A filter placed
34. The Massachusetts State House, — in 1798, was the most distinguished building in the United States at
that time.
A. completing B. to have been completed
C. was completed D. which was completed E. to be completed
35. Barbara McClintock — for her discovery of the mobility of genetic elements.
A. known B. who knows C. knowing D. know E. is known
36. —— who visited our class last week.
A. Tomohiroto have talked to the woman B. Tomohiro talked to the woman
C. Tomohiro talking to the woman D. Tomohiro that talked to the woman
E. Tomohiro who talked to the woman
37. The movie, _______, was intriguing.
A. who we saw last month B. what we saw last month
C. That saw last month D. That we seeing last month E. that we saw last month
38. Waka Waka, a World Cup Football song, .
A. Whom we listened was good B. to which we listened was good
C. to whom we listened was good D. that we listened was good
E. which to we listened was good
39. Hugo Bart Hughes, _________ , is considered the father of the modern trepanation movement.
A. became a medical student in Amsterdam in the 1960s
B. whom was a medical student in Amsterdam in the 1960s
C. who were a medical student in Amsterdam in the 1960s
D. that is a medical student in Amsterdam in the 1960s
E. who was a medical student in Amsterdam in the 1960s
40. Every year Canada‘s ________ approximately one and a half million tons of fish and seafood products.
A. sea food industry that produces B. producing seafood industry
C. seafood being industry produces D. seafood industry produces
E. that produces to seafood industry
41. Public transportation vehicles are what ________ as a chief cause of the deterioration of ozone.
A. have identified many ecologists B. many ecologists have identified
C. have identify many ecologists D. have many identified ecologists
E. have many ecologists identified
42. For several years in the 1950s, ------------ .
A. Ronald Reagan worked for General Electric
B. that Ronald Reagan worked for General Electric
C. Ronald Reagan work for General Electric
D. Ronald Reagan, when working for General Electric
E. Ronald Reagan working for General Electric
43. When population is not checked by artificial means,  increases putting more strain on limited
natural resources.
A. then B. than C. so D. so it E. it

44. The greater London Council, ______, was privatized in 1984 under the governance of Margaret Thatcher.
A. supporting by the British government
B. formerly supported by the British government
C. of former supporting by the British government
D. who was formerly supported by the British government
E. of former support by the British government
45. Ralph Ellison, ------, is thought to be one of the greatest novelists of our time.
A. who writes the novel The Invisible Man B. whom wrote the novel The Invisible Man
C. writing the novel The Invisible Man D. for writing the novel The Invisible Man
E. who wrote the novel The Invisible Man
46. The war -- is often referred to King William's war.
A. to know as the Glorious Revolution B. knowing as the Glorious Revolution
C. know as the Glorious Revolution D. when known as the Glorious Revolution
E. known as the Glorious Revolution
47. There is a reproduction of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address ----------.
A. who is printed on the Lincoln Memorial B. print on the Lincoln Memorial
C. which are printed on the Lincoln Memorial D. printing on the Lincoln Memorial
E. printed on the Lincoln Memorial
48. The statue of Liberty, ------, is a likeness of Native American Woman.
A. finding atop the Capitol Dome B. to find atop the Capitol Dome
C. find atop the Capitol Dome D. when is found atop the Capitol Dome
E. found atop the Capitol Dome
49. William C. Buckhoff, ________ , lives in North Dakota.
A. whom is my father B. is my father
C. who is my father D. which is my father E. that is my father
50. The car was not running, __________ .
A. that surprised the mechanic B. that surprise the mechanic
C. who surprised the mechanic D. which surprised the mechanic E. surprised the mechanic
51. That ----by gases was established only recently.
A. the earth is surrounded B. surrounded the earth
C. the earth being surrounded D. the earth surrounded E. surrounding the earth
52. The thirteen colonies stretched from ––– Maine to Georgia.
A. that is now B. what should be now
C. now that is what D. is that what E. what is now
53. Colonists _____ came to America created schools similar to those in Europe.
A. what B. which C. who D. that E. whom
54. Congress, acting on the recommendations of special subcommittees, decides how much money _________ on education.
A. the government which is spending B. the government will have spent
C. the government will spend D. the spending of the government.
E. will the government spend
55. Evening programs have been opened for people ______________ during the day.
A. whom work B. which work C. who works D. who work E. whom works
56. No one knows when or why Monet abandoned his largest canvas, of which ––––.
A. only the survival of fragments B. only fragmented survivors
C. only fragments surviving D. survived only as fragments
E. only fragments survive
57. Juries determine facts from what is said and from the manner ––––.
A. in which it is said B. which said it in
C. which to be said in D. which said it E. which is said in
58. The study of etymology rests upon basic principles –––– to all languages.
A. that applying B. that they apply
C. that are being applied D. applied that E. that are applied

59. –––– a wrong number, it is important to apologize before hanging up.
A. You dial B. If dials C. If dialing, you D. You dialed E. If you dial
60. A deep-tissue massage is a type of massage therapy ______ on one part of the body, such as the lower back.
A. its concentration is B. concentrate
C. why it concentrates D. to be concentrated E. concentrating
61. One of the most powerful optical telescopes, the "Big Eye" at Mt. Palomar, —— a 200-inch mirror.
A. have B. that has C. has D. which E. with
62. Elfego Baca, ______ legendary Mexican American folk hero, was a lawman in New Mexico in the late 1680s.
A. was a B. who, as a C. was D. and he was a E. a
63. —— relatively inexpensive, the metal pewter can be fashioned into beautiful and useful objects.
A. Even it is B. Despite C. Nevertheless, it is D. Since she is E. Although
64. ——— is a general category that includes all mental states and activities.
A. What do psychologists call cognition B. Psychologists call it cognition
C. Which is psychologists call cognition D. Cognition, as it is called by psychologists, which
E. What psychologists call cognition
65. Dolphins and whales are mammals that ––– lives in water.
A. spend there entirely B. spend their entire
C. spend there being entirely D. spending their entire E. their entire
66. ——— by Anna Baldwin in 1878.
A. The invention of the vacuum milking machine
B. The vacuum milking machine was invented
C. The vacuum milking machine, which was invented
D. The vacuum milking machine to have been invented
E. That the vacuum milking machine was invented
67. Dry cleaning is the process ——— clothes are cleaned in liquids other than water.
A. by B. which through C. by which D. through E. by of which
68. Sand dunes are made of loose sand —— up by the action of the wind.
A. it builds B. builds C. is building D. build E. built
69. —— book Jubilee, which was based on the life of her great-grandmother, Margaret Walker was awarded
the Pulitzer Prize.
A. For she B. Her C. It was her D. That her E. For her
70. Job specialization takes place —— of production is separated into occupations.
A. when the work B. whenever the work being
C. is when the work D. whenever working E. whenever the work is
71. —— are hot is a common misconception.
A. All deserts B. All deserts which
C. That all deserts D. Of all to have deserts E. Of all deserts
72. _______ imaginative stories about the origin of the game of chess.
A. Many of the B. Many C. Much of D. Of the many E. There are many
73. __________ one of Canada's greatest engineering projects, is a 27-mile-long waterway between Lake Erie and
Lake Ontario.
A. Because the Welland Ship Canal is B. The Welland Ship Canal,
C. That the Welland Ship Canal is D. The Welland Ship Canal which as,
E. The Welland Ship Canal is
74. The Mars is a planet ------ is far away from ------ we are living now.
A. that, what B. what, where
C. which, which D. which should be, where E. which, where
75. Teenagers ------ we talk are found to feel uneasy with items they feared before.
A. about whatever B. about whomever
C. about whom D. about what E. about whoever

-Writing-
1. Argument writing: " The government should increase the price of electricity used by households as the import
costs of essential fuel have increased." Do you think so? Explain with logic and experience.
2. Short Notes:
a) Offshore Banking
b) Stimulus Packages
c) Vision-2041
d) Sukuk Bond
3. Write a Paragraph on: "The negative effects of default loans in the banking sector"
4. Application writing: Suppose you are an officer of Rupali Bank. Prepare to send an awareness letter to the
customers of the bank regarding credit card and ATM card under the direction of your branch head. [Rupali
Bank, Officer Cash-2018]
Answer Sheet Home Practice 01:

1 B 2 A 3 E 4 C 5 B
6 B 7 A 8 C 9 B 10 B
11 A 12 D 13 B 14 A 15 E
16 E 17 D 18 A 19 D 20 C
21 B 22 A
Answer to Home Practice 02

1.D 2.E 3.C 4.E 5.E 6.B 7.E 8.C 9.E 10.E
11.C 12.A 13.E 14.A 15.E 16.E 17.B 18.C 19.B 20.E
21.E 22.B 23.B 24.C 25.B 26.B 27.B 28.D 29.B 30.C
31.B 32.E 33.E 34.D 35.E 36.B 37.E 38.B 39.E 40.D
41.B 42.A 43.E 44.B 45.E 46.E 47.E 48.E 49.C 50.D
51.A 52.E 53.C 54.C 55.D 56.E 57.A 58.E 59.E 60.E
61.C 62.E 63.E 64.E 65.B 66.B 67.C 68.E 69.E 70.A
71.C 72.E 73.B 74.E 75.C
Answer key to the passage

1. C, 2.E 3.E, 4.C, 5.D
Answer to class practice 01
01. Parked 02. broken 03. trembling 04. crying 05. interesting 06. burning
07. excited 08. smiling 09. frightening 10. frightened 11.advancing
Answer to Class practice 02
01. Informing, 02. Smoking, 03.to call, 04. Walking, 05.Giving, 06.Cheating, 07.Hearing, 08.Doing, 09.to give, 10. working
Answer Keys to Class Practice 03 :
1. to go 2. to go 3. to eat 4. to go 5. to pass 6. to say 7. to see
1. Enough information, 2. Smartly enough, 3.Well-equipped enough, 4. Enough paper, 5. Quickly enough

Lecture- 05
-Class Exam 05-
1. He was sitting in an armchair (reading/read/having read) a magazine.
2. The cup (filled/filling) with milk stood on the table.
3. (Being/been) the child of poor people, he often went to bed hungry.
4. On 17th February 2003, a congestion charge for (driving/to drive) in central London was introduced.
5. People now have the choice between (paying/to pay) the charge and not (driving/to drive) into the City.
6. According to an opinion poll, more than 50 percent of Londoners say that it is okay (to
charge/charging) people for (driving/ to drive) into the City.
7. Now, people who decide (to pay/paying) the charge can travel at a higher speed, approximately 20 mph.
Find out which phrase it is (8-10):
8. I hope to win the first prize.
A. Noun B. Adjective C. Adverb
9. The girl in brown frock is my sister.
10. She always drives with care.
Find out which clause it is (11-13):
11. Before she lit the stove, Mary added onion to the sauce.
12. Exhausted from the day‘s work, Jim sat down and relaxed for a while.
13. You must have car insurance, which pays for damage or injury you may inflict on others
14. She is (old enough/enough old) to know better.
15. We have bought (milk enough/enough milk)
Vocab
16. What is ―characterized by departure from accepted standards‖?
A. Heterodox B. Frugality C. Gregarious D. Impair
17. What is ―preventing especially liquids to pass or diffuse through‖?
A. Impermeable B. Gauche C. Harrowing D. Impute
18. What is ―not belonging to that in which it is contained‖?
A. Extraneous B. Extant C. Facilitate D. Goad
Phrase and Idioms
19. Anis is _____ the best boy in the class
A. At large B. Before long C.At a stretch D. By far
20. We have talked quite a lot. Now let’s get down to ______
A. brass track B. Black and Blue C. at all hazards D. At stake
-Sequence of Tense-
Sequence tense means maintaining proper order of tense while writing a complex tense. In other words, verbs used in
a complex sentence must be rational. For example: ―I was talking to Kayes when he will come to me” - does not
make sense as two verbs here are written using different tense. It should have been either ―I was talking to Kayes
when he came to me” or ―I will be talking to Kayes when he will come to me”. So the general rule is
Tense of Principal Clause Tense of Subordinate Clause

Present Any Tense
Past Past Tense
Future Present Tense
Exceptions:
1. If subordinate clause shows ―universal truth‖, it will always be in present indefinite tense
 He knew that the earth orbits around the sun.
2. If ―than‖ is used to show comparison, both clauses can be of any tense.
 He liked you more than anyone likes you
 He likes you more that anyone liked you
3. Clause inside of inverted comma (― ‖) can be of any tense
 He said, ―I will go to Dhaka tomorrow‖
4. Two future clauses cannot be written together. One of them must be written in present tense
 I will meet him if he calls me
-Class Practice 01: -

1. The test is going well. We –––– any problems.
A. didn't have B. haven't had C. might have D. couldn't have
2. He –––– dress formally to work but he always ––––.
A. has not to, has B. does not have to, does C. has got to, would not D. does not require to, would
3. It has been over three centuries –––– Shahjahan –––– the TajMahal.
A. ago, build B. when, has built C. since, built D. years, dreamt
4. I found it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I –––– my ticket.
A. had lost B. will lose C. have been lost D. have lost
5. By this time next month, the government –––– resigned.
A. would have B. will have C. will D. have
6. These grapes –––– sour.
A. tasting B. are tasting C. tastes D. taste
7. When Musa finally arrived at the concert, he suddenly realized that he ––– his ticket at home.
A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left
8. I prefer –––– what I like even though it –––– not having much money.
A. to doing, mean B. doing, means C. to do, may D. doing, mean
9. He bought a new car because his old one –––– down.
A. broke B. had broken C. has broken D. was broken
10. When we arrived at the shop, we noticed that someone––– into the place.
A. had broken B. broke C. had been breaking D. would break

-Conditional Sentence-
There are two types of conditionals: a) The real (habitual & factual) b) the unreal (contrary to fact or hypothetical)
a) The real or future possible:
The real or future possible is used when the speaker expresses an action or situation which usually occurs or will occur if the
circumstances in the main clause are met.
Example:
If the driver doesn’t make a mistake, we will quickly reach the destination.
If the cinema hall doesn’t charge the high price, we will buy the tickets.
If my enemy disappears, I will again start my lecture.
b) The unreal:
The unreal condition expresses a situation (past, present or future) that would take place or would have taken place if the
circumstances expressed were or had been different now or in the past.
If I were you, I could break the wall.
If they had a lot of money, they would buy the heaven.
The researchers would never respond if they had not time.
NB: A comma has to be used when the clause marker comes first in the sentence.
If a verb in unreal condition is positive, the meaning is actually negative; if a verb in unreal condition is negative, the meaning is
actually positive.
Example:
If we were kind, we would help all the poor.
If he were sick, he would stay home today.
N.B: In the unreal condition, the past tense form of “be” is always “were” in a conditional sentence; it can never be “was” in
correct English.
Real conditions (possibly true)
Future Time
If + subject+ simple present tense-------,+ (will/can/may/must) + Vo
Example:
If they arrive soon, we will play cricket.
We must stay here if the writers promise to come.
Universal Truth/scientifically proven
If + subject+ simple present tense-------,+ Simple Present Tense
Example:
If an adjective is used, it normally precedes the noun.
The grass gets wet if it rains.
Habitual
If + subject+ simple present tense-------,+ Simple Present Tense
Example:
We usually take shower at the morning if we have enough time.
If the doctor is busy at evening, he usually visits the admitted patients at night.
Command/Request
If + subject+ simple present tense-------,+ Command or Request Form
Example:
If you go to New Market, please buy a shirt for me.
If the enemies come in this area, beat them to death.
NB: A conditional clause (if clause) can never be written in future tense.
Unreal conditions (Not true)
Present or Future Time
If + subject+ simple past tense-------,+ Would/Could/Might+ Vo
Example:
If the researchers collected the rest of information, they could complete the survey.
The liars would not admit of their complicity if they were not given severe punishment.
Past Time
If + subject+ Past Perfect Tense-------,+ Would/Could/Might+ have+ V3
Example:
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought you a present.
If she had known the answer, she would have told us.
Exceptional Rule:
 It is also possible to indicate a past unreal condition without using the word if. In that case, the auxiliary had
is placed before the subject for past time unreal conditionals and in case of present or future time unreal
conditionals, be verb (were) can be placed before subject if available in the sentence.
Example:
Had they built the building before the tornedo, it would have broken down.
Had the scientists discovered the sophisticated device, we could have easily solved it.
Were I a king, I would help the poor.
Were I a bird, I would fly towards the sea.
 ―Should‖ can also be used to express the condition.
Example:
If any problem arises, don’t hesitate to call me
 Should any problem arises, don’t hesitate to call me.
-Class Practice 02-

1. If no one (call)_______ by next week, I will sell the stereo to you.
A. call B. calls C. called D. will have called E. shall be calling
2. If you hadn't ignored my advice, you (not get)  into trouble.
A. wouldn't have got B. got C. shall get D. have got E. will get
3. I wouldn't have met up with Tom if I (stay)  at home.
A. have stayed B. had stayed C. would stayed D. stayed E. will stay
4. If the tent (be) _______ any smaller, one of us would have to sleep outside.
A. were B. are /is C. would be D. be E. been
5. You (be able) _______ to see better if you turn on the lamp.
A. are able B. are being C. will able D. were being E. will be able
6. If he (not get) _______ a big order, he will go bankrupt.
A. isn't getting B. doesn't get C. won't get D. got E. went
7. I'm sure that if I talk to him sweetly enough, he (hold) _______ on and not look elsewhere.
A. is holding B. will hold C. holds D. held E. did hold
8. If the wind hadn't been so wrong, the bridge (not collapse) _______.
A. haven't collapsed B. wouldn't had collapsed
C. wouldn't have collapsed D. had collapsed E. will be collapsed
9. If they (not pass) _______ their exam, their teacher would have been sad.
A. passed B. wouldn't have passed
C. hadn't passed D. pass E. did pass
10. If the criminal (not commit) ─── the crime, he wouldn't have been sent to prison.
A. commit B. hadn't been committed
C. committed D. was not committed E. hadn't committed
11. I would lend you my scooter if you (promise) ─── to be careful.
A. have promised B. promised C. promising D. was promised E. had promised
12. If sales (not improve) ────── soon, we will have to lay off some workers.
A. won't improve B. don't improve C. aren't improving D. improved E. would improve
13. They will cure that illness if the government (provide) ────── them with the money.
A. will provide B. provides C. be providing D. provided E. providing
14. If the report (not be)  on my desk tomorrow morning, you will be in big trouble.
A. won't be B. isn't C. isn't being D. won't have been E. wouldn't
15. If you take my advice, you (not have)  problems any more.
A. won't have B. aren't having C. don't have D. aren't having been E. didn't have

-Unless-
Unless means the same as if...not. Like if, unless is followed by a present tense, a past tense, or a past perfect tense.
Unless is used instead of if...not in conditional sentences of all types.
Example
If you don't study diligently, you'll never understand trigonometry.
 Unless you study diligently, you'll never understand trigonometry.
I wouldn't eat that food if I wasn't really hungry.
 I wouldn't eat that food unless I was really hungry.
She would be here by now if she wasn't stuck in traffic.
 She would be here by now unless she was stuck in traffic.
Our director would not have signed the contract if she hadn't had a lawyer present.
 Our director would not have signed the contract unless she had had a lawyer present.
I wouldn't have phoned him if you hadn't suggested it.
 I wouldn't have phoned him unless you'd suggested it.
-Class Practice 03-

1. He was quite gregarious and hence, became irritated –––––––– to share his feelings.
A. unless he had not neighbors with whom B. unless he not had neighbors with whom
C. if he not had neighbors with who D. unless he had neighbors with whom
E. if he unless not had neighbors with who
2. ––––––––, you won't be able to score a good position in the admission test.
A. If you not study hard B. If you did not study hard
C. Unless you study hard D. Unless you do not study hard
E. If you did not unless study hard
3. If you caught the ten o'clock train tomorrow, you could be in Edinburgh by supper-time, ––––
A. unless the train not delayed, of course B. unless the train was not delayed, of course
C. unless the train was delayed, of course D. unless the train was not be delayed, of course
E. unless if the train was not delayed, of course
4. Football teams don't play in the Super Bowl championship –––––– the National or the American Conference.
A. unless they will win either B. but they win either
C. unless they win either D. but to have won either
E. unless if they will win either
5. ——— with the regulations, he can be removed from office at any time.
A. Unless a public official will comply B. Unless a public official had complied
C. Unless if a public official complies D. Unless a public official complied
E. Unless a public official complies

-As if / As though-
These conjunctions indicate something unreal or contrary to fact and are very similar in form to conditional
sentences. The verb used after the conjunctions is always in the past tense.
Have a look at the following structure,
If + subject+ Verb (present) -------+ as if/ as though + …… +subject + verb (past)
Example:
They talk as if they were mad.
The CEO says as though he became drunk.
Farmers have worked in the field as if they got the good harvest.
If + subject+ Verb (past) -------+ as if/ as though + …… +subject + verb (past parfect)
Example:
They pretended as if they had got the first prize.
Adnan talked as though he had been in love with his girl-friend for 12 thousand years.
-Class Practice 04-

1. Jahanara ––––––––––––– a jack of all trade.
A. answers as if she is B. answers as if she was C. answered as if she were
D. answers as if she were E. answer as if she is
2. Some intruders are living in the hall ––––––––––––– the students of the hall.
A. as though they are B. as though they had been C. as though they be
D. as though they were E. as though they have been
3. All the competitors were told to walk fast but Tareq –––––––––––––– drunk.
A. walked as if he had been B. walked as if he was a C. walking as if he were a
D. walk as if he were a E. walked as if he is a
4. Monem –––––––––––– the first time.

A. looked at me as though she saw me for B. looked at me as though she had seen me for
C. look at me as though she saw me for D. looking at me as though she saw me for
E. looking at me as though she have seen me for
5. Players wanted to retain fame. So they –––––––––––––– from Juventus.

A. played as if they took training B. played as if they had taken training
C. played as if them took training D. playing as if they took training
E. playing as if they take training
-Hope/wish-
These two verbs, despite having a similar meaning, are grammatically different. The verb hope is used to indicate
something that possibly happened or will possibly happen. The verb wish is used to indicate something that
definitely did not happen or definitely will not happen.
Example:
We hope that my parents will come soon.
We wish that my parents could come soon.
We hope that my parents came yesterday.
We wish that my parents had come yesterday.
N.B: Wish is very similar to a contrary to fact or unreal condition.
Example:
I wish I were a king.
We wish that they had been here last night.
 Structure for ―Future Time” Wish
1. wish / would + base verb
 I wish she would tell me her secret.
2. wish / could + base verb
 They wish we could be there next month.
 Structure for “Present Time” Wish
1. wish / past
 I wish I knew how to use this software.
2. wish / past progressive
 They wish it weren’t raining now.
 Structure for “Past Time” Wish
1. wish / had + p.p.
 I wish I had passed the test.
2. wish / could + have + p.p.
 My friend wishes she could have gone to the movie with us.
-Inversion-
Inversion refers to keeping ―verb‖ before the subject. Generally a sentence structure is Subject + verb + Object. But
for inversion the structure is Verb + Subject + Object or Auxiliary Verb + Subject + principle verb + Object.
Normally we use inversion for interrogative sentences but inversion has other usages too. We use inversion to impose
emphasis on adjective or adverb in the sentence.
Rules for inversion:
Rule 1: When a negative adverb or adverb phrase is used at the beginning of the sentence, auxiliary verb comes
before the sentence (for present and past indefinite do, does or did will be used as appropriate).
Hardly Rarely Scarcely Barely
Seldom Nowhere Never No sooner
Not once Not only By no means Little
Not until At no time In no way
Example:
 Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang.
 Never had she seen such a beautiful sight before.
 Seldom do we see such an amazing display of dance.
 Rarely will you hear such beautiful music.
 Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also smokes.
 No sooner had we arrived home than the police rang the doorbell.
Rule 2: For below expressions, if placed at the beginning of the sentence, the independent clause will be inverted,
not the dependent clause.
Only if Only when Only because
Only after Only until
Incorrect: Only if you have a serious problem you should call Mr. Franklin at home.

Correct: Only if you have a serious problem should you call Mr. Franklin at home.
Incorrect: Only if you have a grandiose party you should invite me.
Correct: Only if you have a grandiose party should you invite me.
Incorrect: Only when you are satisfied the sale is considered final.
Correct: Only when you are satisfied is the sale considered final.
Rule 3: When adverbial expression of place is used at the beginning of the sentence, inversion is used in the
sentence. Please note, in this case if there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, main verb or principal verb
comes before the subject.
 All the money we had lost was on the table. =>On the table was all the money we had lost.
 The knights came round the corner. =>Round the corner came the knights.
More Example
 Under a tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
 On the grass sat an enormous frog.
 Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
 Along the road came a strange procession.

N.B: Inversions after prepositions and adverb of place do not happen with pronouns.
 In the office they came./ In the office came they.
 Here it is./ Here is it.
 There he plays./ There plays he.
Rule 4: Inversion will be used if 'so + adjective...that' or 'so + participle...that' is used before the sentence:
 So ridiculous did she look that everybody burst out laughing.
 So brilliant was she that none competed with her in any of the competitive tests.
Incorrect: So rare this coin is that it belongs in a museum.

Correct: So rare is this coin that it belongs in a museum.
Incorrect: So confusing the map was that we had to ask a police officer for directions.
Correct: So confusing was the map that we had to ask a police officer for directions.
Rule 5: If Only + preposition or Only + adverb comes at the beginning of the sentence, inversion will be used
Only at Only in Only on

Only once Only recently Only by
 Only recently did I understand what she meant.

 Only ina trouble does she ask for my help.
 Only after her death was I able to appreciate her.
Incorrect: Only in an emergency you should use this exit.
Correct: Only in an emergency should you use this exit.
Incorrect: Only recently she returned from abroad
Correct: Only recently did she return from abroad
Incorrect: Only by asking questions you can learn.
Correct: Only by asking questions can you learn.

-Class Practice 05-
1. —— will Mr. Forbes be able to regain control of the company.
A. With hard work B. In spite of his hard work
C. Only if he works hardly D. Only with hard work E. Only when he works hardly
2. So complicated —— that consumers who use a product are seldom aware of where all its components come from.
A. today trade is international B. today international trade is
C. is international trade today D. international trade is today E. international is trade today
3. West of Newport ——, one of the many mansions surrounded by acres of gardens.
A. where the Aston stately home stands B. the stately home stands of Aston
C. the stately home of Aston stands D. stands the stately Aston home E. the home stately of Aston stand
4. Only if  will proper labeling be essential.
A. the law changed is B. is changed the law C. is the law changed
D. the law being changed E. the law is changed
5. Not until evening ——.
A. they will come B. would they come C. them will come
D. will they come E. they would come
6. Not until 1865 —— the first antiseptic treatment on a compound fracture.
A. when Joseph Lister tried B. did when Joseph Lister try C. did Joseph Lister try
D. that Joseph Lister tried E. when did Joseph Lister try
7. Seldom —— more than 20 minutes a night.
A. sleep giraffes B. does giraffe sleep C. giraffes does sleep
D. giraffes sleep E. giraffes do sleep
8. Beside my desk –––––– when I found her copying in the exam. I'm bewildered at her courage.
A. she sat B. she was sitting C. sat she
D. she would sit E. she sit would
9. Which of the following is correct?
A. Only if she request will I be willing to help her.
B. Only if she will request will I be willing to help her.
C. Only if she requests will I be willing to help her.
D. Only if she requested will I be willing to help her.
E. Only if she requested I be willing to help her.
10. Most southern states had set up primary school systems by the late eighteenth century, but only in New England
—— and open to all students.
A. primary schools were free B. were primary schools free C. free were primary schools
D. were free primary schools E. schools were free primary
11. Never again ——.
A. they will come to my house. B. they come early in the morning.
C. will come they with a dog. D. she will go there rapidly. E. will they come with a dog.
12. Across the Chesapeake Bay from the rest of the state ——, whose farms produce beans, tomatoes, and other
garden vegetables.
A. there lies Maryland's Eastern Shore B. lies Maryland's Eastern Shore
C. Maryland's Eastern Shore lies there D. Maryland's Eastern Shore lies E. Maryland's lies Eastern Shore
13. –––– the medicine than she began to feel better.
A. Not until she swallowed B. Hardly did she swallow C. No sooner had she swallowed
D. Having swallowed E. No sooner swallowed she
14. So ___ that she licked the plate clean.
A. being hungry B. great her hunger C. hungry was she
D. had she hunger E. she had hunger
15. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother –––––––– to swim.
A. how will it learn B. it will learn how C. will it learn how
D. and it learns how E. learns it and how

-Sentence Completion-
Sentence completion is a vocabulary based question. In most of the competitive exam this type of questions are
tested. Sentence completion basically comes with a sentence with one or two blank space(s). Answer choice can also
require to be chosen based on grammar. There is no straight forward rule for Sentence completion. Only with
practice can someone be at home in this section.
According to question pattern, sentence completion can be of five types:
1. Supporting Words.
2. Contrast Indicators
3. Reiteration or Restatement.
4. Cause and Effect.
5. Without any Key Word.
1. Supporting words
In this case, Supporting words support or further explain what has already been said. These words often introduce
synonyms for words elsewhere in the sentence.
and in the same way for instance similarly furthermore as

same just as specifically such as as an example also
resembles like likewise
Example 01:
Unlike the images in symbolist poetry which are often vague and –––––, the images of surrealist poetry
are startlingly (Pg‡KIVvigZ)––––– and bold.
A. extraneous (Amswk-ó; evB‡ii), furtive (‡Pviv; †Mvcb)
B. trivial (mvgvb¨; Zz”Q), inadvertent (Amveavbx; Ag‡bv‡hvMx)
C. obscure (A¯có)... concrete (mywbw`©ó)
D. spectacular (RuvKv‡jv; `„wóAvKl©K) ... pallid (d¨vKv‡m, gwjb)
E. symmetrical (mylg)... virulent (we‡ØlcY©; AZ¨š welv³)
This sentence has the key word “and” twice for both the blank spaces. We need to find words that have similar
meaning to vague and bold. So the answer is C
Example 02:
Just as television surpassed radio as the major source of entertainment for the nation, it seems likely that
the Internet will eventually --------- television.
A.invigorate(†ZR¯^x Kiv, ejea©bKiv) B.alter (cwieZ©bKiv)
C. reciprocate (ci¯ciwewbgqKiv, cÖwZ`vb†`qv)
D.eliminate (ev` †`qv) E. supplant(†KvbwKQyi ¯’vb `LjKiv, D‡PQ` Kiv)
This sentence has the key word “just as”, so we can understand both part of the sentence will have similar sense. So
the answer is E
Example 03:
It is characteristic of old age to sap a man's vitality and rob him of his natural ________.
A. youth ‡hŠeb B. senility eva©K¨ C. ebullience D”Q¡vm
D. maturityc•Y©Zv/cwic°Zv E. insensibility Am‡PZbZv
This sentence has the key word “and”, so we can understand both part of the sentence will have similar sense as in
two characteristics of the old age. So the answer is C

2. Contrast Indicators
To contrast two things is to point out how they differ. In this type of sentence completion problem, we look for a
word that has the opposite meaning (an antonym) of some key word or phrase in the sentence.
Although but yet unlike on the other hand

however whereas in contrast rather surprisingly
Example 01:
Although his work was often ----- and -----, he was promoted anyway simply because he has been with the
company longer than anyone else.
A. forceful (†Rviv‡jv), extraneous (Amswk-ó; evB‡ii)B. negligent (hZœnxb), creative (m„Rbkxj)
C. incomplete (Am¤c•Y©),imprecise (Ah_v_©) D. predictable (Av‡M †_‡KB e‡j †`qv hvqGgb), careful
E. expeditious (Zrci), concise (msw¶ß)
This sentence has a key word “Although”, so we need to find suitable words that make contrast with the other
clause: “he was promoted anyway simply because he has been with the company longer than anyone else”.
Here to note that someone usually gets “promoted” for having some positive characteristics. To make the
“contrast” we need to find negative characteristics. So the answer should be C.
Example 02:
In a large group of people, Irina often seemed ------ and aloof, although among her friends and family she
was quite ------.
A. reticent (¯^ífvlx, ¸i“M¤¢xi)...convivial (Avb›`-Dj-vmwcÖq)
B. gregarious (AgvwqK)…outgoing (ewnM©vgx)
C. detrimental(¶wZKi)… multifarious (eûwewPÎ)
D. unattainable (Ajf¨)…taciturn (evKwegyL)
E. intriguing (Pµvš•Kvix)…vigorous (†ZR¯^x, ejevb)
This one is bit tricky. Here key words are “and” & “although”. So for first blank we need to find a similar
word (or, of similar sense) to “aloof” because of the key word “and” and for the second blank we need to find
a suitable word that make contrast with both the previously “chosenword” and “aloof”. So the answer is A
Please Note: Even with all the explanations, it should be clear to the learners that the most important part of
the sentence completion is having a strong vocab base. So all are encouraged to keep working on that!!
**Other topics will be discussed in the next lectures.
-VOCAB-
Word Meaning
401 incarnate possessing or existing in bodily form
402 inchoate only partly in existence; imperfectly formed
403 incongruity the quality of disagreeing
404 inconsequential lacking worth or importance
405 incorporate make into a whole or make part of a whole
406 incursion the act of entering some territory or domain
407 indeterminate not fixed or known in advance
408 indigence a state of extreme poverty or destitution
409 indolent disinclined to work or exertion

410 ineluctable impossible to avoid or evade
411 inert unable to move or resist motion
412 ingenuous lacking in sophistication or worldliness
413 inherent existing as an essential constituent or characteristic
414 innocuous not injurious to physical or mental health
415 insensible barely able to be perceived
416 insinuate suggest in an indirect or covert way; give to understand
417 insipid lacking interest or significance or impact
418 insouciant marked by unconcern
419 insularity the state of being isolated or detached
420 insuperable incapable of being surpassed or excelled
421 intangible incapable of being perceived by the senses, especially touch
422 interdict command against
423 internecine within a group or organization
424 interpolate insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby
425 interregnum the time between two reigns or governments
426 intimate marked by close acquaintance, association, or familiarity
427 intractable difficult to manage or mold
428 intransigence stubborn refusal to compromise or change
429 introspective given to examining own sensory and perceptual experiences
430 inundate fill or cover completely, usually with water
431 inured made tough by habitual exposure
432 invective abusive language used to express blame or censure
433 inveigh complain bitterly
434 inveigle influence or urge by gentle urging, caressing, or flattering
435 inveterate habitual
436 invidious containing or implying a slight or showing prejudice
437 irascible quickly aroused to anger
438 irresolute uncertain how to act or proceed
439 itinerant traveling from place to place to work
440 itinerary an established line of travel or access
441 jaundiced affected by yellowing of the skin
442 jibe shift from one side of the ship to the other
443 jocose characterized by jokes and good humor
444 juggernaut a massive inexorable force
445 junta a group of officers who rule a country after seizing power
446 juxtapose place side by side
447 kudos an expression of approval and commendation
448 labile liable to change
449 laconic brief and to the point
450 lambaste censure severely or angrily
451 lascivious driven by lust
452 lassitude a feeling of lack of interest or energy
453 latent potentially existing but not presently evident or realized
454 laud praise, glorify, or honor
455 lethargic deficient in alertness or activity
456 levee an embankment built to prevent a river from overflowing

457 levity a manner lacking seriousness
458 liberal showing or characterized by broad-mindedness
459 libertine unrestrained by convention or morality
460 libido (psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire
461 Lilliputian very small
462 limn make a portrait of
463 limpid clear and bright
464 linguistic consisting of or related to language
465 litany any long and tedious address or recital
466 literati the literary intelligentsia
467 litigation a legal proceeding in a court
468 log a segment of the trunk of a tree when stripped of branches
469 loquacious full of trivial conversation
470 lucid transparently clear; easily understandable
471 lucre informal terms for money
472 luminous softly bright or radiant
473 lustrous reflecting light
474 Machiavelli a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central
government (1469-1527)
475 machination a crafty and involved plot to achieve your ends
476 maelstrom a powerful circular current of water
477 magnanimity nobility and generosity of spirit
478 malign speak unfavorably about
479 malinger avoid responsibilities and duties
480 malleable capable of being shaped or bent
481 maverick someone who exhibits independence in thought and action
482 megalomania a psychological state characterized by delusions of grandeur
483 menagerie a collection of live animals for study or display
484 mendacious given to lying
485 mendicant a pauper who lives by begging
486 meretricious tastelessly showy
487 mesmerize attract strongly, as if with a magnet
488 metamorphosis striking change in appearance or character or circumstances
489 metaphysics the philosophical study of being and knowing
490 meteorological of or pertaining to atmospheric phenomena, especially weather
and weather conditions
491 meticulous marked by precise accordance with details
492 mettle the courage to carry on
493 mettlesome having a proud, courageous, and unbroken spirit
494 microcosm a miniature model of something
495 militate have force or influence; bring about an effect or change
496 minatory threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments
497 minuscule very small
498 minutia a small or minor detail
499 misanthrope someone who dislikes people in general
500 miscellany a collection containing a variety of sorts of things

-Phrase and Idioms-
97. Burst into (Kvbœv, nvwmBZ¨vw`‡Z †d‡Ucov): The man burst into laughter.
98. Call on (KviI mv‡_ †`LvKiv): I called on him last evening.
99. Call in (†W‡K cvVv‡bv) t Call in a doctor at once.
100. Call up (¯§viYKiv): I cannot call up his name now.
101. Call upon (†`LvKiv, AvnŸvbKiv) t I shall call upon you tomorrow. I now call upon Mr. Huq to
address the meeting.
102. Call for (`vweKiv, PvIqv): The officer called for an explanation. The occasion calls for prompt
action.
103. Carry on (Pvwj‡qhvIqv): In the absence of my friend, I carried on the work of the club.
104. Carry out (cvjbKiv): The boy carried out the orders of his parents.
105. Come by (cvIqv)t How did you come by the lost watch ?
106. Come of (es‡kv™¢~Z nIqv) He comes of a respectable family of this city.
107. Come round (Av‡ivM¨ jvfKiv): He fell ill but came round soon.
108. Cut off (†K‡U †djv, wew”QbœKiv): She is going to cut off her long hair. The remote village will entirely
cut her off from her friends.
109. Cats and dogs (gyljav‡i): It is raining cats and dogs.
110. Carry the day (RqjvfKiv): The Azad Sporting Club carried the day.
111. Carry into effect (Kv‡h© cwiYZKiv): The plan is yet to be carried into effect.
112. Catch a Tartar (k³ †jv‡Kicvjvqcov) You have caught a Tartar in me.
113. Catch sight of - (`„wó‡MvPinIqv): They caught sight of the tiger.
114. Call to mind (¯§viYKiv): He could not call the date to mind.
115. Call in question (m‡›`nKiv): Why do you call in question anything that I say?
116. Change colors (f‡qd¨vKv‡knIqv): The thief changed color at the sight of the police.
117. Close-fisted man (K…cY)t You cannot expect, subscription from a close-fisted man like him.
118. Cock and bull story (MuvRvLywicí): I do not believe your cock and bull story.
119. Come to light (cÖKvknIqv): My secret will never come to light.
120. Come to a head (Pig Ae¯’vq †cŠuQvb): The boil has come to a head.
121. Come to terms (kvwš— ¯’vcbKiv): The quarrelling brothers at last came to terms.
122. Come true (mZ¨vcwiYZnIqv) His dream has come true.
123. Come into force (Kvh©KixnIqv): The ordinance comes into force at once.
124. Cry down (wb›`v Kiv)t He cries down what his wife does. .
125. Crying need (cÖavb cª‡qvRb): Education is the crying need of our country.
126. Cry over spilt milk (e„_vAby‡kvPbvKiv) so It is not wise to cry over split milk.
127. Cut and dried (euvavaiv, c~‡e© cÖ¯`Z): We could not appreciate his cut and dried lecture.
128. Curry favour(nxb †Zvlv‡gv‡ì ¯^vivAbyMÖnjv‡fi †PóvKiv): He does not curry favor with the authority.
129. Cut a sorry figure (fvjKi‡Zbvcviv): He cut a sorry figure in the examination.
130. Cut to the quick (ü`q ¯úk© Kiv, AvNvZ ‡`qv): His rude behavior cut me to the quick.
131. Dead language (APjfvlv)t Sanskrit is a dead language now,
132. Dead against (†Nviwe‡ivax) I am dead against the proposal.
133. Die in harness (KvRKi‡ZKi‡ZgvivhvIqv) A. K. FazlulHuq died in harness.

134. Double game (wØgyLxbxwZ): We cannot rely on him as he always plays a double game.
135. Draw up (gymvwe`vKiv)t I drew up the agreement.
136. Ever and anon (cÖvqB)t I go there ever and anon.
137. Every inch (cyivcywi)t He is every inch a communist.
138. Eat humble pie (bwZ ¯^xKviKiv) t You have to eat humble pie for your misconduct.
139. End in smoke (e¨_©Zvqch©ewmZnIqv) t Ali our plans ended in smoke.
140. Eye for an eye (mgywPZcÖwZ‡iva) t Take care, for I must have an eye for an eye.
141. Fair and above board (AKcU) t His dealings are fair and above board.
142. Far and near (w`‡Kw`‡K) t Propagate the news far and near.
143. Far and wide (me©Î) t The news spread far and wide.
144. Few and far between (weij) t His visits to our house are few and far between.
145. Flesh and blood (i³gvs‡mi †`n) t No flesh and blood can bear such sufferings. They are my own
flesh and blood (i³ m¤ú‡K©iAvZ¥xq).
146. First and foremost (me©cÖavb): Your first and foremost duty is to respect your parents.
147. For nothing (Ah_v, AKvi‡Y)t He kept me waiting for nothing.
148. For good (wPiw`‡bi gZ)t He left the place for good.
149. Fag end (†kl mg‡q)t We should not admit the boy into college at the fag end of the session.
150. Fish out of water (A¯^w¯—Ki) A thief in the company of good men feels like a fish out of water.
151. Fast life (Avb›` I cÖvPz‡h©ig‡a¨ evmKiv)t He is leading a fast life.
152. Fall flat (e¨_© nIqv)t My advice fell flat upon him.
153. Fall back upon (wbf©iKiv)t The poor man has nothing to fall back upon in his old age.
154. Fall foul of (KjnKiv) The two brothers fell foul of each other.
155. Fall in with (m¤§Z nIqv)t I cannot fall in with your proposal.
156. Fall out (SMovKiv, KjnKiv)t Brothers should not fall out with one another.
157. Fall upon (AvµgYKiv)t The wolf fell upon the lamb and devoured it.
158. Find fault with (†`vlaiv)t Why do you always try to find fault with me
159. Fresh blood (bZzb †jvK)t New members have come as fresh blood in the organization.
160. Fight shy of (Gwo‡qhvIqv)t He always tries to right shy of me.
161. For long (`xN©w`ba‡i)t For long he has been out.
162. For the purpose (D‡Ïk¨)t I went to the Departmental kore for the purpose of buying a pen.
163. Foregone conclusion (c~e© AbywgZdj) t His dismissal from service was a foregone conclusion.
164. Get at (bvMvjcvIqv) t The fox could not get at the grapes.
165. Get on with (Pjv) t How are you getting on with your studies
166. Get up (kh¨vZ¨vMKiv) t He gets up at 5 a. m. everyday.
167. Gift of the gab (evwM¥Zv) t He is well-known for his gift of the gab.
168. Give away (weZiYKiv) t The president gave away rice among the poor people.
169. Give in (ek¨Zv ¯^xKviKiv) t We will never give in to our enemies.
170. Give up (cwiZ¨vMKiv) Give up your bad habits.
171. Greek to (ARvbv)t It is all Greek to me.
172. Gain ground (AMÖminIqv, myweavcvIqv)t He wanted to be more friendly with the girl but could not
gain ground.
173. Get the better of (civwRZKiv)t I got the better of my rival by sheer skill.
174. Get rid of (gyw³ cvIqv)t I must get rid of all these troubles.
175. Get by heart (gyL¯’ Kiv) Get this poem by heart.
176. Go in for (Dcw¯’Z _vKv)t I shall go in for the examination.
177. Go through (cov)t Have you gone through this book ?
178. Go slow (ax‡iPjv)t The workers adopted a go-slow policy to draw attention to their demands.
179. Head or tail (gvavgy¸y)t I cannot make head or tail of your writing,
180. Heart and soul (g‡bcÖv‡Y)t Try heart and soul to gain success.
181. Hue and cry (†kvi‡Mvj)t They raised a hue and cry at night.
182. Hard nut to crack (KwVbmgm¨v)t Your opponent is a hard nut to crack.
183. High time (Dchy³ mgq)t It is high time that you should be careful about your examination.
184. Hang fire (Kv‡Rwej¤^ Kiv)t If you hang fire now you will have to repent.
185. Hang up (Szwj‡qivLv)t Hang up this photograph in my drawing room.
186. Hard and fast (euvavaiv)t No hard and fast rules can be laid down in this matter.
187. Hand to hand (nvZvnvwZ) t They fought a hand to hand fight,
188. Hold good (LvUv) t The ordinance does not hold good any more.
189. Hold out the olive branch (kvw¯—i cÖ¯—veKiv): The enemy held out the olive branch and we came to
terms at last.
190. In a body (GK †hv‡M): We appealed to the D. C. in a body.
191. In a fix (mgm¨vq) He was in a fix and wanted my help.
192. In front of (m¤§y‡L) A tree stands in front of his house.
-Home Practice 01-

1. The mayor claimed that a majority of the property owners would have favored her proposal if put to the vote.
A. would have favored her proposal if put
B. would have favored her proposal if it had been put
C. favored her proposal if it would have been put
D. favored her proposal if put
E. favored her proposal if they were put
2. If every nation were completely self-sufficient and operated under a free-market economy, the world's food
supply will be governed solely by the economics of supply and demand.
A. will be
B. would have been
C. was to be
D. was
E. would be
3. If we meet at 9:30, we ----------------- (to have) plenty of time.
4. Lisa would find the milk if she ----------------- (to look) in the fridge.
5. The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she ----------------- (to feed) the animals.
6. If you spoke louder, your classmates ----------------- (to understand) you.
7. Dan ----------------- (to arrive) safe if he drove slowly.
8. You ----------------- (to have) no trouble at school if you had done your homework.
9. If you ----------------- (to swim) in this lake, you'll shiver from cold.
10. The door will unlock if you ----------------- (to press) the green button.
11. If Mel ----------------- (to ask) her teacher, he'd have answered her questions.
12. I ----------------- (to call) the office if I were you.
-Home Practice 02-
Inversion (1 - 15)
1. Not in extreme weather but in mild one  hard in the sun.
A. is it possible work to B. it is possible to work
C. possible is it to worked D. is it to work possible
E. is it possible to work
2. In no time  unfinished.
A. I can leave the project B. I leave can the project
C. can be I leave the project D. can I leave the project
E. can I be leave the project
3. Only before the collective approval  the topic to the jury.
A. should you presence B. you should present
C. should you present D. should present your E. should present you
4. Never –––– help you.
A. I shall B. shall I C. I will D. I can E. I shall be
5. Only in this particular collection of fables yourself well-versed.
A. you are able to make B. are you able to make
C. you able are to make D. you are to make able
E. are you would able to make
6. No sooner  the call than I realized that it was a big mistake.
A. have I been made B. had I make C. had I made
D. had I been made E. had been I made
7. Only after Jim had seen the flying creature  of the unending variety of the world.
A. he become surprised B. he did become surprised
C. did he become surprise D. did he become surprised E. did he became surprise
8. Only when Rubina had seen such a beautiful gift  at the boy's love for her.
A. she was surprised B. was she been surprised
C. was she surprise D. was she be surprised E. was she surprised
9. Not until the princess is rescued  of his anxiety.
A. can the soldier get relieved B. the soldier can get relieved
C. can the soldier got relieved D. the soldier get can relieved
E. the soldier get relieved can
10.  so much popular among the novices.
A. Never the book was B. Never were the book C. Never the book
D. Never was the book E. Never the book could
11. Only when I was agree to pay bribe  .
A. was she had been willing to open my files B. was she been willing to open my files
C. was she willing to open my files D. she was been willing to open my files
E. she been was willing to open my files
12. Nowhere in this world  this sort of combination including archaic symptoms and structured information.
A. can archeologists found B. archeologists can find
C. can be archeologists find D. can archeologists find
E. can archeologists be find
13. Hardly  when I got to make an emergency phone call.
A. had I wait in the mall B. had I waited in the mall
C. had I waiting in the mall D. I had waited in the mall
E. had waiting in the mall I
14. Seldom  yourself a success if conditions had turned unfavorable.
A. could has you made B. could be you have made
C. you could have made D. could you have made E. you have could made
15. Only rarely  if you are mentally disordered.
A. you will be able to make progress B. will you be able to make progress
C. will you able to make progress D. will be able you to make progress
E. will be make able you to progress

Sentence Correction (Conditional Sentence) (16 -78)
16. He said that, if ––––, he would create a national theater.
A. he were elected president and that if funds were available, that
B. elected president, and funds were available, that
C. he were elected president and funds were available, that
D. he were elected president and funds were available
E. elected president, funds and were available, that
17. To be sure, there would be scarcely no time left over for other things if school children ––––––– all sides of every
matter on which they hold opinions.
A. would have been expected to have considered
B. should have been expected to have considered
C. were expected to consider
D. will be expected to have been considered
E. will be expected have to been considered
18. Government authorities predicted correctly that tremendous savings in the consumption of gasoline would be
achieved ––––––– per hour.
A. if motorists limits their speed to 55 miles B. if motorists limited their speed to 55 miles
C. if motorists will limit their speed to 55 miles D. if motorist limit their speed to 55 miles
E. if motorist their speed limit to 55 miles
19. Choose the correct sentence
A. I will go when it will stop rain. B. I will go when it would stop rain.
C. I will go when stops it raining. D. I will go when it stop rain.
E. I will go when it stops raining.
20. Choose the correct sentence.
A. He wish that he were a child again. B. He wishes that he were a child again.
C. He wish that he was a child again. D. He wishes that he would be a child again.
E. He wish that was he a child again.
A. If you or someone you know needs help, call our toll-free number.
B. If you or someone you know need help, call our toll- free number.
C. If you or someone you know will need help, call our toll-free number.
D. If you or someone you knew will need help, called our toll-free number.
E. None of the above
22. Find out the most appropriate option.
A. If Sandra had not had an accident, she come to class yesterday.
B. If Sandra were an accident, she come to class yesterday.
C. If Sandra had not had an accident, she would have come to class yesterday.
D. If Sandra had not an accident, she come to class yesterday.
23. Identify the correct sentence.
A. Had we known that you were there, we would sent you an e-mail
B. Had we known that you were there, we would have sent you an e-mail.
C. Had we known that you were there, we would been sent you an e-mail.
D. Had we know that you were there, we would been sent you an e-mail.
24. If light ––––––.
A. strikes a rough surface, it diffused B. strike a rough surface, it diffused
C. strikes a rough surface, it diffuses D. stroke a rough surface, it diffused
E. stroke a rough surface, it had been diffused
25. If water ––––– a solid.
A. freezes, it has become B. freeze, it has become
C. freezes, it becomes D. freeze, it become E. freezing, it has become
26. If orange blossoms are exposed to very cold temperature, ––––––––.
A. they withered and died B. they wither and died
C. they withered and die D. they will wither and die E. they withered and had died
27. –––––––––, I, for one, would recommend that he plan to go to Yale.
A. If he was to decide to go to college B. If he were to decide to go to college
C. Had he decided to go to college D. In the event that he decides to go to college
E. In the event that decides he to go to college
28. If children –––––– about eighteen months old.
A. be healthy, they learn to walk at B. is healthy, they learn to walk at
C. be healthy, they learns to walk at D. are healthy, they will learn to walk at
E. be healthy, they learns to have walked for
29. ––––– I was to failing, I would not have gone to the party.
A. Have I realized how close B. If I would have realized
C. Had I realized how close D. When I realized how close
E. Have I could have realized how close
30. –––– in the disposal of the nuclear waste, the disaster would not have occurred.
A. If they would have taken greater care B. Unless they took greater care
C. Had they not taken greater care D. If they had taken greater care
E. Had they not be taken greater care
31. I might have provided a happier ––––––––.
A. ending if I was the author of that novel B. ending, if I had the author of that novel
C. ending. If I were the author of that novel D. ending if I had been the author of that novel
E. ending. If were I the author of that novel
32. If the primary candidates ——— more on the issues, the results of the election would have been quite different.
A. have focused B. had focused C. focused D. were focused E. focusing
33. Several businesses would stand to lose a great deal of money if open trade agreements ——— followed.
A. have not been B. had not being C. are not being D. were not being E. had not
34. If you heat water to 100 degree C, —— as steam.
A. it will be boil and escape B. it is boiling and escaping
C. it boils and escapes D. it would boil and escape
E. it boiling and escaping
35. If services were increased, taxes ———.
A. would probably go up B. probably go up C. probably up
D. going up probably E. going up probable
36. If Americans ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health ——— better.
A. be B. will be C. is D. would be E. were
37. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he —— the rest of Europe.
A. had conquered B. would conquer
C. would have conquered D. conquered E. had conquered
38. If humans were totally deprived of sleep, they ——— hallucinations, anxiety, coma and eventually death.
A. would experience B. experience
C. would have experienced D. had experienced E. had been experienced
39. Lately, several linguists have come to the conclusion that if we —— to model cognitive processes for language in a
manner different from other mental functions, we would not have an adequate theory of language.
A. are B. had been C. will be D. were E. was
40. Had I a beautiful bird cage, I ––––––––.
A. could have kept a bird in it B. could keep a bird in it
C. would may keep a bird in it D. would have been kept a bird in it
E. would been kept a bird in it
41. If you had had a super computer, you ––––––.
A. will have done heavy calculations B. would done heavy calculations
C. will calculate big sums D. could have calculated big sums
E. will calculating big sums
42. You --------- yourself, if you had feelings of strict conscience.
A. could have punished B. could be punished
C. could punish D. could have been punished
E. could been punished

43. –––––– a king, I would have to serve the poor.
A. had I been B. Were I C. If I had been D. If I been E. Am I
44. –––––– so much wealth, I might have to invest a lot in this project.
A. Had I had B. Had I C. If I had had D. If I had to be had E. Had had I
45. Rumpi ––––––– me that she ––––––– to Jessore next Sunday.
A. tell, would go B. told, would be go
C. told, would go D. has told, would go E. has told, would went
46. She ––––––– for ––––– with bank robbery.
A. was arrest, her involvement B. was arrested, her involve
C. were arrested, her involvement D. was arrested, he involvement
E. was arrested, her involvement
47. If she ––––– I ––––– to Star Cineplex with her.
A. come, will go B. comes, will be gone
C. comes, will go D. came, will go E. came, will be gone
48. If you had ––––– the class early, you ––––– a good CGPA in your final exam.
A. attend, could have scored B. attended, could have score
C. attended, could be scoring D. attended, could have scored E. attended, could be scored
49. If they ––––– it well, they ––––– a super profit.
A. had planned, could have earned B. had plan, could have earned
C. had been planned, could have earned D. had planned, could earned E. had planned, could be earned
50. ––––– her my feelings early, I ––––– her heart.
A. Had I had told, could have got B. Had I had told, could get
C. Have I told, could have got D. Had I told, could be got
E. Had I told, could have got
51. If she ––––– a Bar at Law, she ––––– my case.
A. was, might have dealt B. were, might have deal
C. were, might deal D. were, might be dealt E. was, might have dealing
52. She walks as though she ––––– a model.
A. are B. have been C. shall be D. were E. had been
53. –––––, I would have helped him.
A. Had I gone there B. If I had gone there
C. If I could have gone there D. A + B. E. Had gone I there
54. If I ––––– she, I would request your advice.
A. was B. were C. is D. are E. be
55. I wish you ––––– rich.
A. had B. had been C. were D. both B + C E. has
56. I wish I ---- a car. It would make life so much easier.
A. have B. had C. would be D. were E. havibg
57. If you had done this work, you ––––– punished.
A. would be B. would have C. should have D. would have been E. should be
58. If a catalyst is used, the reaction ––––– occur more rapidly.
A. has B. is C. would D. will E. had
A. If he will runs, he’ll get there in time. B. If he runs, he’ll get there in time.
C. If he will run, he got there in time. D. If he will run, he will be got there in time.
E. If will run, he will be got there in time.
60. If we had found him earlier, we ––––– his life.
A. could save B. could have saved C. could be saving D. could saved E. could save in
A. If I was Ria, I will request your advice.
B. If I were Ria, I would request your advice.
C. If I were Ria, I will have requested your advice.
D. If I was Ria, I have requested your advice.
E. If I was Ria, I requested you advice.

A. If he will fail to do this, I will punish him.
B. If he will fail to do this, I would punish him.
C. If he would fail to do this, I will punish him.
D. If he would failed to do this, I will be punish him.
E. If he fails to do this, I will punish him.
63. Choose the correct sentence
A. He works as if he was a host in himself.
B. He worked as if he was a host in himself
C. He works as if he were a host in himself
D. He works as if he would be a host in himself
E. He worked as if was a host in himself
A. If that item was in stock, we will ship it to you immediately.
B. If that item were in stock, we would have shipped it to you immediate.
C. If that item were in stock, we will ship it to you immediately.
D. If that item were in stock, we would ship it to you immediately.
65. Find out the correct sentence.
A. If you become a doctor, you will be happy
B. If you will become a doctor, you will be happy
C. If you become a doctor, you would be happy
D. If I were she, I will have been leave you.
66. If someone tried to take bribe, ––––– the police.
A. I would have told B. I would tell C. I would told
D. I would be told E. I would been told
67. Choose the correct option.
A. If he left his bicycle outside, someone would steal it.
B. Unless you do not start at once you’ll be late.
C. You must go today whether are you ready or not.
D. If I had a car I could have gone there in time
E. If had I a car I could have gone there in time
68. If a ruby is heated, it ---- temporarily lose its color.
A. would B. does C. has D. will E. are
69. If there had been a convocation today, –––––.
A. I would certainly attend B. I have certainly attended
C. I would certainly have attended D. I will certainly attend
E. I certainly will attend
70. If I were you, I ––––– that shirt. It's too much expensive.
A. won't buy B. don't buy C. wouldn't buy D. am not going buy E. don't have bought
71. –––––is unimportant to her peers.
A. If she passes B. Whether does she pass or not
C. Whether she pass or not D. Whether she passes or not
E. If has she pass
72. If they ––––– see, you will be in a serious trouble.
A. every B. ever C. could D. whenever E. must
73. If I were good at algebra, I (help) _______ you.
A. shall help B. would help C. helping D. will be helping E. be helping
74. I would have opened the can if I (buy) _______ a tin opener.
A. buy B. had bought C. were buying D. are buying E. am buying
75. I will see you at the cinema if you (have) ––––– the time.
A. will have B. are having C. have D. have been E. had been
76. If John were here he (catch) _______ some fish for supper.
A. would catch B. catched C. caught D. will catch E. catching
77. If I had a better sleeping bag, I (not feel) –––– so cold.
A. wouldn't feel B. feel C. felt D. am feeling E. have feelings
78. If he (come) ––––– before then, we will meet him at the station.
A. will come B. comes C. is coming D. would come E. come
-Writing-
1. Translate the following into Bangla:
Scaling up investments green in infrastructure, particularly in renewable energy will require leveling the playing
field in competing with the traditional carbon emission intensive options, by-redirecting support subsidies and
incentives towards the green alternatives and away from traditional ones in the domestic scene; as also by
opening up to imports from green sources abroad. Such reforms are typically slow; beset with challenges of
overcoming resistance of vested interests in traditional business as usual options. Multilateral development
financing institutions like the World bank and ADB can take larger role in helping developing economy
governments with knowhow and resource support in green IFC investments. Bangladesh Bank is working with
IFC in promoting the private sector's awareness of green growth opportunities, to draw investors increasingly
into green investment, local, foreign owned and joint venture. [JB (EO)-17]
2. Translate the following into English:

঴মাজ ঴াধারণভাবে মানু঳বে সৃষ্টি েবর, মানু঳ আোর ষ্টনবজবে গবে ত াব঱ ষ্টলক্ষাদীক্ষা ও ত঴ৌন্দয য ঴াধনার ঴঵ায় ায় । এই তয ষ্টনবজবে
ষ্টেবল঳ভাবে গবে ত া঱া, এরই নাম ো঱চার। াই ো঱চার্ য মানু঳ স্ব ন্ত্র঴ত্তা, আ঱াদা মানু঳। ষ্টনবজর ষ্টচন্তা, ষ্টনবজর ভােনা, ষ্টনবজর েল্পনার
ষ্টেোল না ঵ব঱ ো঱চার্ য ঵ওয়া যায় না। ষ্টচন্তা ও ষ্টেশ্বাব঴র ব্যা঩াবর ঴ম া স্থা঩ন েবর মানুব঳র স্বা ন্ত্রয লুপ্ত েরব চায় েব঱ ঴ামাষ্টজে ষ্টেষ্টধ-
ষ্টেধান অবনে ঴মবয় ো঱চাবরর ঩ষ্টর঩ষ্টি। ষ্টনবজবে োাঁচাও, ষ্টনবজবে ম঵ান েবরা, সুন্দর েবরা, ষ্টেষ্টচত্র েবরা এ-ই ো঱চাবরর আবদল।
ো঱চার ব্যষ্টি াষ্টন্ত্রে এেথা ে঱ব঱ এ বুঝায় না তয, ো঱চার্ য মানু঳ ঴মাবজর ধার ধাবর না, ত঴ দ঱ছাো, তগাত্রছাো জীে। া নয়, ঴মাবজর
ধার ত঴ খুেই ধাবর। নইব঱ প্রাণ ঩াবে তোবেবে? সু রাাং ষ্টনবজবে স্বাবথ যর ষ্টদবে নজর তরবেই ো঱চার্ য মানু঳ ঴মাবজর েথা ভাবে, এমন ষ্টে
দরোর ঵ব঱ ঴মাবজর জন্য প্রাণ ঩যন্তয ষ্টদব প্রস্তু থাবে। ঴াংস্কৃষ্ট োন মানু঳ ব্যষ্টি াষ্টন্ত্রে এই অবথ য তয, ঴মাজ ো অথ যনীষ্ট র েথা তভবে ত঴
ষ্টনবজর অব঴ৌন্দযবে য ক্ষমা েবর না। [BB- Of f i cer - 2018]
3. Institutional Report writing: Prepare a report about the causes of road accident to the ministry of Road
Transport and Bridges.
4. Read the following passage and answer the questions below.

Surveillance has increased manifold since the 9/11 terror attacks on the World Trade Centre in the U.S. This
increase in surveillance today shapes the relationship between the state and the individual. The state keeps an
eye on its citizens, thereby positing each and every citizen as a potential wrong-doer. For instance, the
proliferation of the CCTV cameras in streets, restaurants and in every imaginable public space. In fact, the
camera need not even be functional in order to make the citizens behave themselves – its mere presence is
enough to scare the citizens into submission. Such is the power of the mere potential of surveillance.
Surveillance studies have shown that these techniques might not be too effective at all times, citizens might
feign decent behavior in order to avoid themselves from getting into a tussle with the law of the land. But it does
not assure the state of the reformation in the attitude of the citizens. It is a mere eye-wash. It works only when
the citizen truly desires to transform his or her attitude and adopt decency in all walks of life. The act of
constant surveillance makes the state a voyeur – a person who derives pleasure from watching events unfold in a
secretive manner. A recent case in point would be the raid on a hotel in the so-called cosmopolitan city of
Mumbai where young couples were consensually residing. The state has today entered the bed-room. And this is
an unhealthy proposition!
Questions
a) Write a proper title of the given passage.
b) Why is surveillance not effective always?
c) What is the effect of the state’s surveillance on the individual?
d) When is surveillance really effective?
e) Does the CCTV need to be functional all the time?

Answer to home Practice 01
1 B 2 E
3. If we meet at 9:30, we will have plenty of time.
4. Lisa would find the milk if she looked in the fridge.
5. The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she had fed the animals.
6. If you spoke louder, your classmates would understand you.
7. Dan would arrive safe if he drove slowly.
8. You would have had no trouble at school if you had done your homework.
9. If you swim in this lake, you'll shiver from cold.
10. The door will unlock if you press the green button.
11. If Mel had asked her teacher, he'd have answered her questions.
12. I would call the office if I was/were you.
Answer to home Practice 02

01.E 02.D 03.C 04.B 05.B 06.C 07.D 08.E 09.A 10.D
11.C 12.D 13.B 14.D 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.B 19.E 20.B
21.A 22.C 23.B 24.C 25.C 26.D 27.B 28.D 29.C 30.D
31.D 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.C 38.A 39.D 40.B
41.D 42.C 43.B 44.B 45.C 46.E 47.C 48.D 49.A 50.E
51.C 52.D 53.D 54.B 55.D 56.B 57.D 58.D 59.B 60.B
61.B 62.E 63.C 64.D 65.A 66.B 67.A 68.D 69.C 70.C
71.D 72.B 73.B 74.B 75.C 76.A 77.A 78.B
Answer to the Class practice 01

1.B 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.A

01.B, 02.A, 03.B, 04.A, 05.E, 06.B, 07.B, 08.C, 09.C, 10.E, 11.B, 12.B, 13.B, 14.B, 15.A
Answer to Class Practice 03:

1.D 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.E
Answer Keys to Class Practice 04:

1.D 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.B
Answer Keys to Class Practice 05:

1. D 2.C 3.D 4.E 5.D 6.C 7. B 8. C 9.C 10.B 11. E 12. B 13. C 14. C 15.C

Lecture- 06
-Class Exam 06-
1. If I (wake up) ____________________ early, I’ll go jogging.
2. He (visit) ____________________ his uncle, if he finishes early.
3. If she had taken care of her son, he (not/become) __________________________ a criminal.
4. If I were a star, I (help) ____________________ the poor.
5. She would have been top of her class if she (work) ________________ hard.
6. I wish I (talk) _________________ to him yesterday.
7. My old car often breaks down. I wish I (buy) _______________ a new car.
8. He didn't pass the exam. I wish he (work) ____________________ hard.
9. (Never/I/meet)__________________________________________________ such well-behaved children
before. They are as good as gold.
10. (No sooner/my father/sit down) ______________________________________________ to dinner than
there was a knock on the door.
11. (Little/he/know) ________________________________________ that his culinary skills are quite
substandard.
12. (At no time/ I/ mean) ______________________________________________ to hurt your feelings. It was
all a big misunderstanding.
13. (Seldom/we/ have) __________________________________________________ friends over for a drink.
We prefer to meet them at pubs or restaurants.
14. (Not only/he/make) _________________________________________________ a mean cheesecake, but he
also prepares homemade jam.
Vocab
15. What is ―uncertain how to act or proceed‖?
A. Irresolute B. Junta C. Laconic D. Malign
16. What is ―the quality of disagreeing‖?
A. Incongruity B. Inert C. Invidious D. Mendicant
17. What is ―a small or minor detail‖
A. Minutia B. Libido C. Maelstrom D. Mettlesome
18. What is ―transparently clear; easily understandable‖
A. Lucid B. Inundate C. Jibe D. Kudos
Idiom and Phrase

19. In the absence of my friend, I _________ the work of the club.
A. Carried out B. Carried on C. Carried about D. Come round
20. My secret will never _____________.
A. Come to a head B. Come to light C. Come to terms D. Cry down

Comparison-
Comparison is one of the most frequently tested grammar items in the competitive exam. On an average in every
competitive exam you will find at least one question based on comparison. Comparison indicates degrees of
difference with adjectives and adverbs and may be equal or unequal.
Look at the following words:
Like, unlike and alike: These words are used in comparison. Comparison means finding out both the similarities
and dissimilarities. We mistakenly think that comparison means finding the dissimilarities. Examine the following
examples and use them properly.
Example:
Incorrect: Like every student, a good result can be made by him.
Correct: Like every student, he can make a good result.
Incorrect: unlike my friend, making a choice is my priority
Correct: Unlike my friend, I have a priority in making a choice.
Incorrect: Your shirt and mine are like.
Correct: your shirt and mine are alike.
Class Practice 1: make necessary corrections in the following sentences.

1. Like the shirt of Adnan, Farhan had a very colorful shirt.
2. Unlike Tammana, the tooth of Nabil is giving a lot of pain.
3. His pants and hers are very like.
4. Like the color of T shirt, Polo shirt can make us happy.
5. Unlike that of his brother, he had a laptop with high configuration.
Types of comparison
1. Equal Comparison: An equal comparison indicates that the two nouns or noun phrases are exactly or not
exactly the same.
Example:
This convention hall was as neat and clean as the one we saw in America.
Our television is not so costly as their one.
2. Unequal Comparison: Some sentences compare things that are not equal. Look at the following box on how
to make comparison.
Slow-slower-slowest Important –more important – most important
Quick-quicker-quickest Relevant- less relevant- least relevant
Hard- harder-hardest Senior- more senior – most senior*
Different – more different – most different
For example:
Incorrect: The contestants of the UK are beautifuller than our contestants.
Correct: The contestants of the UK are more beautiful than our contestants.
Incorrect: Our seniors are more quicker at making decisions than the recent so called experts.
Correct: our seniors are quicker at making decisions than the so called recent experts.

Rules of Comparison
1. Equal Comparison:
Subject + Verb + as + ( adjective/adverb) + as + noun/pronoun
2. Unequal Comparison:
(i) Regular Unequal Comparison
Subject + verb + adjective/adverb+ er + than +Noun/Pronoun
Subject +verb+ more/less + adjective/adverb + than + Noun/pronoun
Example:
They have more clear information than their counterparts.
The style of a cinematographer is much more logical than that of a normal photographer.
(ii) Intensified Unequal Comparison
Subject + verb + (far/much) + adjective/adverb+ er + than +Noun/Pronoun
Subject +verb + (far/much) + more/less + adjective/adverb + than + Noun/pronoun
Please note: far & much are used to intensify the meaning. These are not comparative word.
Example:
Rashid's watch is far more expensive than mine.
That movie we saw last night was much less interestingthan the one on television.
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
Illogical Comparison:
A comparison is illogical when two entities that are not similar are compared. Make sure that the entities compared
are the same. A comparison can be made logical with help of these following three concepts
a) Possessives b) that of (singular) c) those of (plural)
Example:
Incorrect- The compensation packages of Eclectic Education is better than a multinational corporation.
Correct- The compensation packages of Eclectic Education is better than those of a multinational corporation.
Incorrect: The luggage of a doctor is usually lighter than a female.
Correct: The luggage of a doctor is usually lighter than that of a female.
Incorrect: Hero Alam’s acting is much more lucrative than Shahrukh khan.
Correct: Hero Alam’s acting is much more lucrative than Shahrukh Khan‘s.
Double Comparatives:
Sometimes to emphasize on the intensity of anything, we use double comparatives. In a double comparative, the
formula is as follows;
The + Comparative word + (sentence), the +comparative + (sentence)
Example:
Incorrect: The more he reads, more he becomes knowledgeable.
Correct: The more he reads, the more he becomes knowledgeable.
Incorrect: Sooner, the better
Correct: the sooner, the better.
Incorrect: The quicker they drive, riskier the life becomes.
Correct: The quicker they drive, the riskier the life becomes.

Two Entities or entities:
A comparison between two or more entities is possible without the common comparison format with ―than‖. In this
case definite article ―the‖ is placed before the comparative word.
Incorrect: Of the two shirts, this one is better.
Correct: Of the two shirts, this one is the better.
Incorrect: His comment is better than of the two distinct comments.
Correct: His comment is the better of the two comments.
Incorrect: His luggage is best of the four luggage.
Correct: His luggage is the best of the four luggage or Of the four luggage, his luggage is the best.
Multiple Number Comparison:

Subject + Verb + Number Multiple + as + much/many +(noun)+ as + (Noun/Pronoun)
Examples of number multiples- twice, thrice, two times, three times, half and so on.
Incorrect: Normally Lamborghini costs thrice more than a normal private car.
Correct: Normally Lamborghini costs thrice as much as a normal private car.
Incorrect: Fahmida can eat three times more apples than her counterpart.
Correct: Fahmida can eat three times as many apples as her counterpart.
Some Important Rules

1. Some words are only used as positive degree. They can never be used as comparative from.
Former, Later, Elder, Hinder, Upper, Inner, Outer, Utter
Interior, exterior, ulterior, major, minor,

Example:
Incorrect: Mr. Jhon is more former faculty in this Institution.
Correct: Mr. Jhon is former faculty in this Institution.
Incorrect: Shawon is at upper level than they in this community.
Correct: Shawon is at upper level in this community.
2. Some words can only be used as comparative degree and they are always followed by ―to‖ instead of ―than‖
Inferior, Superior, Prior, Anterior, Posterior, Senior, Junior.
Example:
Incorrect: Soaib is senior than Shima.
Correct: Soaib is senior to Shima.
Incorrect: These apples are inferior than Australian Apples.
Correct: These apples are inferior to Australian Apples.
3. For some words, degree can never be changed
Square, round, perfect, eternal, universal, unique, supreme, triangle, any color (i.e. red, black)
Example:
Incorrect: This is the more perfect.
Correct: This is perfect.
Incorrect: The president has the more / most supreme power to amnesty.
Correct: The president has the supreme power to amnesty.
4. ―Late‖ can have two comparative forms: ―latter‖ & ―later‖ and two superlative forms ―last‖ & ―Latest‖.
i. ―Latter‖ refers to the second of two things and ―Later‖ refers to a time subsequent to a reference time
⁃ Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the latter is remembered today"
⁃ He's going to the store but he'll be back here later
ii. ―Last‖ refers to coming after all others in time, space, degree or being the only one remaining and
―Latest‖ refers to most recent or most up-to-date.
⁃ The last game of the season will be between Real Madrid and Barcelona
⁃ Have you heard the latest scientific discoveries?
5. Elder and Eldest can only be used to denote age difference among persons whereas older or oldest can be
used for person, thing or animal. Elder and Eldest are both used as simple adjective and so they do not
require ―than‖ or ―the‖ unlike the regular comparative or superlative words.
Example:
My elder brother is older than you by 5 Years. (elder - Adjective, older - Comparative)
Shirin is my eldest sister. (Eldest – adjective)
6. ―Nearest‖ means closest in term of distance whereas ―Next‖ refers to immediately following in time or
order
⁃ The nearest restaurant is one kilometer away
⁃ She lives next to Japan Garden City.
-Class Practice 02-
1. This summary is (the better/the best) of the pair.
2. This is the (most prettiest/most pretty/prettiest) dress in the store.
3. You have more experience than (anybody/anybody else) applying for the position.
4. The museum is the (farther/ farthest) away of the three buildings.
5. Our hotel suite is (farther/further) from the elevator than yours.
6. Wild strawberries are ——— as cultivated strawberries.
A. not such sweet B. as more sweet C. less sweeter D. not as sweeter E. not as sweet
7. Sea bass ————— freshwater bass.
A. is the largest B. are larger the C. are larger than D. are larger E. are as large
8. Automobiles, airplanes, and buses use more energy per passenger —————.
A. as do trains B. then train does C. trains do D. than trains do E. like trains does
9. The larger a drop of water, —— freezing temperature.
A. the higher its B. its higher C. higher than its D. higher of its E. the most highest
10. ————— San Diego and San Francisco, Los Angeles has no natural harbor.
A. Dissimilar B. Unlike C. Dislike D. Different E. Not in unlike
11. The water of the Great Salt Lake is — seawater.
A. saltier than that of B. as salty as that of C. saltier than
D. so salty as E. more saltier
12. A psychosis is a severe mental disorder, ——— than neurosis.
A. the most serious B. as serious C. more serious
D. as though serious E. much more seriously
13. Ideally, the fan should be placed in a different room than the one you want to cool.
A. the fan should be placed in a different room then
B. the fan had ought to be placed in a different room from
C. the fan should be placed in a different room than
D. the fan had ought to be placed in a different room than
E. the fan should be placed in a different room from
14. More than any animal, the wolverine exemplifies the unbridled ferocity of "nature red in tooth and claw."
A. More than any animal B. Unlike any animal C. More than another animal
D. More than any other animal E. Unlikely any animal
15. Of the two candidates for this government position, Jason Harald is the most qualified because of his
experience in the field.
A. most qualified because of B. most qualified due to C. more qualified due to
D. more qualified because of E. more much qualified because of
-Parallel Structure-
When two or more things are mentioned in a particular sentence, these have to be done in the similar way or similar
fashion.
Infinitive- infinitive- infinitive
Noun- Noun- Noun
Verb- Verb- Verb
Adjective- Adjective – Adjective
Phrase – phrase – phrase
Sentence – Sentence- Sentence
With some conjunctions we must maintain the parallelism:
Not only But also
Either Or
Noun/adjective/ Noun/adjective/
Neither Nor
infinitive/gerund infinitive/gerund
Both And
Prefer To
Noun/adjective/infinitive/gerund As well as Noun/adjective/infinitive/gerund
Rather than
Example:
Not parallel: Peter is rich, handsome,
adjective adjective
and many people
clause
like him.
Parallel: Peter is rich, handsome, and popular.

adjective adjective adjective
Not Parallel: Mr. Henry is a lawyer,

noun
a politician,
noun
and he teaches.
clause
Parallel: Mr. Henry is a lawyer,

noun
a politician,
noun
and a teacher.
noun
Not Parallel: The soldiers approached the enemy camp slowly

adverb
and silent.
adjective
Parallel: The soldiers approached the enemy camp slowly and silently.
adverb adverb
Not Parallel: She loves to fish, swim, and surfing.

infinitive simple form [verb + ing]
Parallel: She loves to fish, to swim, and to surf. (or, She loves to fish, swim, and surf.)
infinitive infinitive infinitive
Not Parallel: When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices:
going to college, getting a job, or the army.
verb + noun verb + noun noun
Parallel: When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices:
going to college, getting a job, or joining the army.
verb + noun verb + noun verb + noun
Not Parallel: Enrique entered the room, sat down, and is opening his book.
past past Present continuous
Parallel: Enrique entered the room, sat down, and opened his book.
past past past

Class Practice 03:
1. To generate income, magazine publishers must decide whether to increase the subscription price or 
A. to sell advertising B. if they should sell advertising
C. selling advertising D. sold advertising
2. Benjamin West contributed a great deal to American art as .
A. painting, teaching, and lecturing B. painting, as a teacher and lecture
C. painting, teaching, and as a lecture D. painting, a teacher, and a lecture
3. Thirty-eight national sites are known as parks, another eighty-two as monuments, and 
A. the another one hundred seventy-eight as historical sites
B. the other one hundred seventy-eight as historical sites
C. seventy-eight plus one hundred more as historical sites
D. as historical sites one hundred seventy eight
4. On an untimed test, to answer accurately is more important than 
A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C. finishing quickly D. you finish quickly
5. Mr. Roberts is a noted chemist 
A. as well as an effective teacher B. and too very efficient teacher
C. but he teaches very good in addition D. however he teaches very good also
6. Public television stations are different from commercial stations  .
A. because they receive money differently and different types of shows
B. for money and program types
C. in the areas of funding and programming
D. because the former receives money and has programs differently from the latter
7. The director of this organization must know  .
A. money management, selling, and able to satisfy the stockholders
B. how to manage money, selling his product, and be able to satisfy stockholders
C. how to manage money, sell his product, and satisfy the stockholders
D. money management, selling, the idea of being able to satisfy the stockholders
8. He has received several scholarships  .
A. not only because of his artistic but his academic ability
B. for both his academic ability as well as his artistic
C. because of his academic and artistic ability
D. as resulting of his ability in the art and the academy
9. Harvey will wash the clothes,  .
A. iron the shirts, prepare the meal, dusting the furniture
B. ironing the shirts, preparing the meal, and dusting the furniture
C. iron the shirts, prepare the meal and dust the furniture
D. to iron the shirts, prepare the meal and dust the furniture
10. The brain centers of vision and  enable a person to understand written and spoken language.
A. hearing B. a hearing C. the hearing D. be hearing
-Agreement (Affirmative & Negative) -

When the two individuals (or in other ways) are doing the same work or are not doing a particular work, we can write
about their activities in the same sentence instead of two separate sentences with the help of agreement rules.
For example:
Two Sentences- The young people of Bangladesh like watching Hindi Movies. The young people of Kolkata also
like watching Hindi movies.
One sentence: The young people of Bangladesh like watching Hindi movies and so do the young people of
Kolkata.
Rules for Agreement:
1. Tense of the agreement will be done according to the first sentence
2. Verb of the agreement will be according to the number or person of the subject of agreement

Affirmative Agreement:
When the two individuals (or in other ways) do the same work, with the help of following affirmative agreement rule
we can easily write the expression in one sentence.
So + Auxiliary verb + Subject
First sentence And
Subject + Auxiliary verb+ too/also
Defining verb for Affirmative agreement:
 If ―be‖ verb (am, is, are, was, were) is used in the first sentence, ―be‖ verb will be used in the agreement.
Affirmative sentence + and + subject + be verb + too/also
Affirmative sentence + and + so + be verb + subject
Example:
My wife is happy, and I am too.

My wife is happy, and so am I.
 If the sentence has both auxiliary verb and principle verb, auxiliary verb will be used in the agreement.
Affirmative sentence + and + subject + auxiliary verb + too/also
Affirmative sentence + and + so + auxiliary verb + subject
Example:
I shall work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

I shall work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.
 If the sentence does not have auxiliary verb, agreement will be done with auxiliary verb do, does or did
depending on subject and tense.
Affirmative sentence + and + subject + do/does/did + too/also
Affirmative sentence + and + so + do/does/did + subject
Example:
Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.
-Class Practice 04 -
1. Rose likes to fly, and her brother —— too.
2. They will leave at noon, and I —— too.
3. He has an early appointment, and so —— I.
4. She has already written her composition, and so —— her friends.
5. Their plane is arriving at nine o'clock, and so—— mine.
6. I should go grocery shopping this afternoon, and so ——— my neighbor.
7. We like to swim in the pool, and they ——— too.
8. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and so ——— we.

Negative Agreement:
When the two individuals (or in other ways) are not doing a particular work, with the help of following negative
agreement rule we can easily write the expression in one sentence.
Neither + Auxiliary verb + Subject
First sentence And
Subject + Auxiliary verb+ not +either
Example:
Two sentences: Lawyers never make mistakes in taking high charge. Bankers never commit mistakes in taking
high charge as well.
One Sentence: Lawyers never commit mistakes in taking high charge and neither do Bankers.
Two sentences: Business people can hardly forget to make profit. Arbitragers can hardly forget to make profit as well.
One sentence: Business people can hardly forget to make profit and arbitragers cannot either.
Defining verb for Negative agreement:

 If ―be‖ verb (am, is, are, was, were) is used in the first sentence, ―be‖ verb will be used in the agreement.
Negative sentence + and + subject + be verb + not either
Negative sentence + and + neither + be verb + subject
Example:
She was not going to the conference, and her colleagues were not either.
She was not going to the conference, and neither were her colleagues.
 If the sentence has both auxiliary verb and principle verb, auxiliary verb will be used in the agreement.
Negative sentence + and + subject + auxiliary verb + not either
Negative sentence + and + neither + auxiliary verb + subject
Example:
They will not work in the lab tomorrow, and you will not either.
They will not work in the lab tomorrow, and neither will you.
 If the sentence does not have auxiliary verb, agreement will be done with auxiliary verb do, does or did
depending on subject and tense.
Negative sentence + and + subject + do/does/did + not either
Negative sentence + and + neither + do/does/did + subject
Example:
Jane never goes to that school, and my sister does not either.
Jane never goes to that school, and neither does my sister.
Osama hardly helped me, and Rowshan did not either.
Osama hardly helped me, and neither did Rowshan.
Class Practice 05:
1. That scientist isn't too happy with the project, and neither ——— her supervisors.
2. We can't study in the library, and they  either.
3. 1 haven't worked there long, and neither  you.
4. You didn't pay the rent, and she —— either.
5. They didn't want anything to drink, and neither  we.
6. John shouldn't run so fast, and neither  you.
7. The students won't accept the dean's decision, and the faculty —— either.
8. Your class hasn't begun yet, and neither —— mine.

-Tag Questions-
Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences to invite a response from the listener:
 You’re a teacher, aren‘t you?
 She can’t play, can she? -
Positive/negative Tag
If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative
 He’s a teacher, isn’t he?
 You live in Dhaka, don’t you?
If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.
 He isn’t a teacher, is he?
 You don’t live in Dhaka, do you?
Tag Subject
Samiul he
Rupa she
(any, some, every, no)----body/one they
(any, some, every, no)----thing it
All it
All + plural noun they
1st person+2nd person +3rd person We
2nd person +3rd person You
3rd person +3rd person they
Allah/God He
 Jamil teaches English, doesn’t he?
 Rupa plays cricket, doesn’t she?
 Allah can save me, can’t He?
 She and he play cricket, don’t they?
Without auxiliary verbs
 I said that, didn’t I?
 You don’t recognize me, do you?
 She eats meat, doesn’t she?
 I’m the fastest, aren’t I?
With auxiliary verbs
 They’ve played, haven’t they?
 They weren’t playing, were they?
 He had gone, hadn’t he?
With modals
 They couldn’t hear me, could they?
 You won’t tell anyone, will you?
Ambiguous verbs.
 He’d go there, wouldn’t he?
 He’d gone there, hadn’t he?

With imperative sentence
―will you‖ & ―won‘t you‖ are often used.
 Go there, will you/ won’t you ?
 Don’t smoke, will you?
After Let‘s + Verb use Tag question ―shall we‖
 Let’s go for a picnic, shall we?
With Negative Words like: never, hardly, rarely, barely, scarcely, seldom, few, little, nobody, no one, nothing,
neither, nowhere, none etc.
 There's little we can do about it, is there?
 It's hardly rained at all this summer, has it?
 I have a few friends, don’t I?
 He wants a little water, doesn’t he?
N.B: A few/ A little means some. So it is a positive sense.
We use ―They‖ to refer to nobody, somebody, everyone, etc., and we use ―It‖ to refer to everything, nothing,
something etc..
 Somebody wanted a drink, didn’t they?
 Something is better than nothing, isn't it?
 Neither of them was coming, were they?
 Everybody loves his/her child, don't they?
With, together with, along with, as well as, accompanied by, in addition to
 He as well as I is here, isn’t he?
 The man with his friends played here, didn’t he?
Not only…..but also; either…….or; neither………nor
 Not only Samiul but also I am here, am I?
 Either she or her friends will come, won’t they?
 Neither I nor you are here, are you?
Proverb
 An empty vessel sounds much, isn’t it/doesn’t it?
 All that glitters is not gold, is it?
To express Wish
 Happy birthday, don’t I?
Various types of words
 Sorry, aren’t I?
 Messy, isn’t it?
Long Live
 Long live our president, mayn’t he?
Or, May our president live long, mayn’t he?
When a clause is sub
 What she has is not enough, is it?
When there is a subordinated clause, ignore it
 If you play, I will play, won’t I?
 I will play if you play, won’t I?
When that is a subordinated clause marker, take it into account
 I know that she is beautiful, isn’t she?
-Class Practice: 06-
1. The tag for 'You broke the machine ?‖ is-
A. haven't you B. hadn't you C. did you D. didn't you
2. For the boys the task was easy, ____
A. weren't they? B. didn't they? C. isn't it? D. wasn't it?
3. She often visits her home town, ––––?
A. hasn't she B. don't she C. doesn't she D. has she
4. You forgot my birthday, ––––?
A. haven't you B. didn't you C. aren't you D. wouldn't you?
5. He always lags behind, ––––?
A. won't he B. can't he C. didn't he D. doesn't he
-Embedded Question-
An embedded question is contained within a statement or a question. The word ―embedded‖ means ―inserted as an
integral part of a surrounding whole‖. So when a ―question‖ is embedded in another question or a statement, it is
called embedded question. The important thing here is word order. Look at the below sentences:
1. I don't know where the library is.
2. Do you know where the library is?
3. Where is the library?
The first two examples contain an embedded question. The word order for an embedded question is subject and then verb.
The third example (Where is the library?) is just a regular question in which the word order is verb and then subject.
More Examples:
Incorrect : I didn't understood what did he say.
Correct : I didn't understand what he said.
Incorrect : Do you know how much do they cost?
Correct : Do you know how much they cost?
Incorrect : I wonder when is her birthday.
Correct : I wonder when her birthday is.
Incorrect : Could you please tell me where is the post office?
Correct : Could you please tell me where the post office is?
Incorrect : Do you know where is he?
Correct : Do you know where he is?
Incorrect : What should you do is nothing.
Correct : What you should do is nothing.
-Class Practice 07 -
1. Recently, there have been several outbreaks of disease like legionnaire's syndrome and doctors don't
know ———.
A. what is the cause B. the cause is what C. is what the cause D. what the cause is
2. The Consumer Price Index lists —————.
A. how much costs every car B. how much every car costs
C. how much does every car cost D. how much are every car cost

3. Choose the correct sentence:
A. Can they tell you what time does the movie start? B. Can they say you what time the movie starts?
C. Can they tell you when time the movie starts? D. Can they tell you what time the movie starts?
4. Choose the correct sentence:
A. Do you know when the results will be published?
B. Do you know when will the results be published?
C. Do you know when will publish the results?
D. Do you know when the results will publish?
-Conjunction-
Conjunctions are the scotch tape of the grammatical world. They join clauses. There are three kinds of conjunctions:
coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English. You can use the mnemonic device fanboysto remember them.
For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS)
They can be used with commas to create compound sentences. For example:
Ignacio loves to dance, butRocío has no rhythm.
KyongMee works hard, yet she still earns low grades.
Note: A compound sentence is a sentence made up of two independent clauses. That is, a compound sentence is
simply two complete sentences joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (i.e. a FANBOYS).
2. Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions also join ideas, but they work in pairs. They are: Both…and, neither…nor, whether…or,
either…or, not only…but also
Not only am I happy about the grades, but I am also excited that you are learning!
3. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions join an independent clause to a subordinate clause. That is, they join a clause that can
stand alone with a clause that cannot stand alone. Some frequently used subordinating conjunctions are: After,
although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, since, so that, though, unless, until, when, whenever,
where, wherever, whether, while.
Although the students were tired, they still came to class.
Other rules:
 As….as can be used in both negative and affirmative sentences but so….as can only be used in negative
sentences.
Incorrect: Shihab is so sharp as a tack.
Correct: Shihab is as sharp as a tack.
Incorrect: Assembling this equipment is not so difficult so it may appear.
Correct: Assembling this equipment is as difficult as it may appear.
Incorrect: Assembling this equipment is not as difficult as it may appear.
Correct: Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear.

 With ―Not only‖ we must use ―but also‖; using just ―but‖ or ―also‖ is not correct.
Incorrect: She is not only a famous writer but an eminent poet.
Correct: She is not only a famous writer but also an eminent poet.
Incorrect: Our latest model is not only functional also decorative.
Correct: Our latest model is not only functional but also decorative.
 Words added by ―both….and‖ will be placed closest to ―both‖ & ―and‖
Incorrect: My Job has both given me pleasure and satisfaction. Incorrect
Correct: My Job has given me both pleasure and satisfaction. Correct
 ―Both-and-as well as‖ is used to join three words
Both Mary and Ellen as well as Jean are going on the tour.
He is both talented and passionate as well as diligent.
-Sentence Completion-
Continued from the last lecture
3. Restatement or reiteration
In this type of sentence, the sense of one clause is repeated in the other clause or the clause contains the conclusion of
what has been said in the other clause. Below key words are mainly used:
; (semicolon) namely furthermore And that is
likewise to be sure in other words in fact I mean
Example 01:
For centuries there was no  between their descendants; that is,  strife continued until
modern times.
A. peace - internecine (internal) B. hostility (unfriendliness) - intermittent (irregular)
C. malevolence (meanness) - intense (intense) D. amity (friendship) - contrived (forced)
E. difference - feudal (outdated)
Here “that is” asks for a “restatement” of the first sentence in the second sentence. “Strife” is the clue for us which
means “trouble”. From option A, “peace” and “internecine” fill up the gap meaningfully. So answer is A.
Example 02:
She was the most ------- person he had ever met; in fact, her magnanimous nature knew no
limits.
A. charitable B. miserly C. ambitious D. reclusive (isolated) E. prolific
Here “in fact” asks for a “restatement” of the second sentence in the first sentence. “Magnanimous” is the key
word here. Answer is A
4. Cause and Effect

In the type of sentence, one part generally state the ―cause‖ or the ―reason‖ and the other part contains the ―effect‖ or
the ―result‖. The ―effect‖ or the ―result‖ part is actually a conclusion of the other part. Below key words are mainly
used:
Because Because of as a result resulting from due to leading to

thus therefore consequently causes hence

Example 01:
According to Hume, it is not logic that determines what we say and do; if we decide to help a
person in need, we do so because of our  not our .
A. consciousness - emotions
B. duty - rights
C. feelings - reason
D. beliefs - convictions
E. concern - kindness
Here “because of” calls for a cause and effect situation. The first sentence says that whatever we say or do, we don’t
say or do due to logic. So we need to find the reason (why). So when we are helping someone, (keeping first sentence
in mind) we don’t do it because it is our “duty” or “concern” or “belief”. For option A, “emotion” does not fit in
the second gap. So the answer is C
Please Note: Even with all the explanations, it should be clear to the learners that the most important part of the
sentence completion is having a strong vocab base. So all are encouraged to keep working on that!!
-VOCAB-
Word Meaning
501 miscreant a person without moral scruples
502 misogynist a misanthrope who dislikes women in particular
503 mitigate lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of
504 mnemonic of or relating to the practice of aiding the memory
505 modicum a small or moderate or token amount
506 mollify cause to be more favorably inclined
507 monolithic imposing in size or bulk or solidity
508 morose showing a brooding ill humor
509 motley consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds
510 multifarious having many aspects
511 mundane found in the ordinary course of events
512 necromancy conjuring up the dead, especially for prophesying
513 negate make ineffective by counterbalancing the effect of
514 neologism a newly invented word or phrase
515 neophyte any new participant in some activity
516 nexus the means of connection between things linked in series
517 nonplussed filled with bewilderment
518 nostalgia longing for something past
519 nostrum patent medicine whose efficacy is questionable
520 nugatory of no real value
521 obdurate stubbornly persistent in wrongdoing
522 obsequious attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery
523 obsequious attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery
524 obviate do away with
525 occlude block passage through
526 occult supernatural forces and events and beings collectively
527 odyssey a long wandering and eventful journey

528 officious intrusive in a meddling or offensive manner
529 olfactory of or relating to the sense of smell
530 oligarchy a political system governed by a few people
531 onerous not easily borne; wearing
532 onomatopoeia using words that imitate the sound they denote
533 opprobrium a state of extreme dishonor
534 ornithologist a scientist who studies birds
535 oscillate move or swing from side to side regularly
536 ostentatious intended to attract notice and impress others
537 overweening presumptuously arrogant
538 paean a hymn of praise
539 paleontology the earth science that studies fossil organisms
540 pallid deficient in color suggesting physical or emotional distress
541 panegyric formally expressing praise
542 paragon a perfect embodiment of a concept
543 partisan a fervent and even militant proponent of something
544 pathological relating to the study of diseases
545 patois a regional dialect of a language
546 paucity an insufficient quantity or number
547 pedantic marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning
548 pellucid transmitting light; able to be seen through with clarity
549 penchant a strong liking
550 penury a state of extreme poverty or destitution
551 peregrination traveling or wandering around
552 peremptory putting an end to all debate or action
553 perennial lasting an indefinitely long time
554 perfidious tending to betray
555 perfunctory hasty and without attention to detail; not thorough
556 perigee the nearest point in an orbit around the Earth
557 permeable allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through
558 perturb disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried
559 pervasive spreading or spread throughout
560 petulant easily irritated or annoyed
561 phlegmatic showing little emotion
562 phoenix a legendary bird that burned to death and emerged reborn
563 physiognomy the human face
564 piety righteousness by virtue of being religiously devout
565 piquant having an agreeably pungent taste
566 pique a sudden outburst of anger
567 placate cause to be more favorably inclined
568 placid calm and free from disturbance
569 plaintive expressing sorrow
570 plasticity the property of being physically malleable
571 platitude a trite or obvious remark
572 platonic free from physical desire
573 plethora extreme excess
574 plumb exactly vertical
575 plume the feather of a bird
576 plummet drop sharply
577 plutocracy a political system governed by the wealthy people
578 porous full of holes
579 poseur a person who habitually pretends to be something he is not
580 pragmatic concerned with practical matters
581 prate speak about unimportant matters rapidly and incessantly
582 prattle speak about unimportant matters rapidly and incessantly
583 preamble a preliminary introduction to a statute or constitution
584 precarious not secure; beset with difficulties
585 precept rule of personal conduct
586 precipitate bring about abruptly
587 precursor something indicating the approach of something or someone
588 preempt acquire for oneself before others can do so
589 prehensile adapted for grasping especially by wrapping around an object
590 premonition an early warning about a future event
591 presage a foreboding about what is about to happen
592 presumptuous going beyond what is appropriate, permitted, or courteous
593 preternatural existing outside of or not in accordance with nature
594 prevaricate be deliberately ambiguous or unclear
595 primordial having existed from the beginning
596 pristine immaculately clean and unused
597 probity complete and confirmed integrity
598 problematic making great mental demands
599 prodigal recklessly wasteful
600 profound situated at or extending to great depth
-Phrase and Idioms-

193. In a moment (gyn~Z© g‡a¨): He did the work in a moment.
194. In abeyance (gyjZwe) t The assembly is still in abeyance.
195. In a nutshell (ms‡¶‡c) t I Tell the story in a nutshell.
196. In black and white (wjwLZfv‡e) t Put your arguments in black and white.
197. In case of (NU‡j): In case of fire, ring up the Fire Service.
198. In defiance of (mg_©‡b): I said this in defiance of my argument.
199. In defiance of (D‡c¶vK‡i): Do not do anything in defiance of your parent's wishes.
200. In force (Kvh©Ki): The law is still in force.
201. In full swing (cyiv`‡g)tOur classes are going on in full swing.
202. In hot water (Amyweavq)tHe is in hot water over the matter.
203. In keeping with (mvgÄm¨c~Y©)t His deeds are in keeping with his principle.
204. In lieu of (cwie‡Z©)t He gave me land in lieu of cash.
205. In the face of (mivmwiwe‡ivwaZvK‡i)t 1 He persevered in the face of all opposition.
206. In order to (D‡Ïk¨)t He works hard in order to prosper in life.
207. In one's good (or bad) book my/KzbR‡i _vKv)t He is in the good book of the Principal.
208. In quest of (AbymÜv‡b)t We should go far and wide in quest of knowledge.
209. In the guise of (QÙ‡e‡k) S He came in the guise of a beggar.
210. In the good grace of (mybR‡i)t You are now in the good grace of the authorities.
211. In season and out of season (mg‡qAmg‡q)t He comes here in season and out of season.
212. In spite of (m‡Ë¡I): In spite of hard work, lie failed.
213. Instead of (cwie‡Z©): Instead of coming here, he has gone home.

214. In regard to (m¤^‡Ü) have nothing to say in regard to that matter.
215. In the dark (†KvbweQzi m¤^‡Ü AÁvZ _vKv) I am in the dark about the incident.
216. In the habit of (Af¨¯—)t I am in the habit of getting up early in the morning.
217. In the long run (cwiYv‡g)t Truth must come out in the long run.
218. In the midst of (gv‡S)t There is music in the midst of desolation.
219. In the nick of time (wVKmg‡q)t I He reached the station in the nick of time.
220. In no time (Awej‡¤^)t I shall come back in no time.
221. In the teeth of - (cÖwZK~jAe¯’vq)t He succeeded in the teeth of strong opposition.
222. In vogue (cÖPwjZ)tThis fashion is in vogue now.
223. In the wake of - (cv‡q-cv‡q, AeëwnZc‡i)t Famine came in the wake of flood.
224. Ins and outs (cÖwZwU ‰ewkó¨, LuywUbvwU I RwUjZv)t I know the ins and outs of the problem.
225. In the air (AwbwðZ, e¨vcKcÖPwjZevAv‡jvwPZ)t My plans are still quite in the air. The rumor of his sudden
disappearance is in the air.
226. In Into (m¤ú~Y©)tHe has copied my essay in Toto.
227. In vain (e„_v)tHe shouted for help in vain.
228. Jump to a conclusion (nVvrwm×vš— Kiv)tInstead of jumping to a conclusion, give careful consideration to the matter.
229. Kith and kin (AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb)t He does not take care of his kith and kin.
230. Keep one's word (K_vivLv)tI He never fails to keep his word.
231. Keep pace with (mgvbZuv‡jPjv)t We could not keep pace with him.
232. Keep abreast of (wcQv‡qbvcov, Zvj †i‡LPjv)t We are to keep abreast of the modem age.
233. Keep body and soul together (Kvq‡K¬‡k RxebhvcbKiv)t He is so poor that he can hardly keep body and soul together.
234. Keep up with (mgvbZuv‡jPjv)t You should try to keep up with the advanced students of the class.
235. Lie in wait (Iur †c‡Z _vKv)t The enemy lies in wait for us.
236. Life and soul (RxebmÂviK e¨w³¨)t He is the life and soul of the institution.
237. Loaves and fishes (‰elwqKjvf)tHe cares only for the loaves and fishes of office.
238. Long and short (mvigg©)tTell me the long and short of the story.
239. Lion's share (eo Ask)t He took the lion's share of the profit.
240. Lay heads together (GK‡Î civgk©KivtWe laid our heads together to find out the solution,
241. Lay waste (aŸsmKiv)t The enemy laid waste the land.
242. Leave no stone unturned (†P÷viÎ“wUbvKiv)t He left no stone unturned to attain his success.
243. Live from hand to mouth (w`‡bAv‡bw`‡bLvq)t The poor men of our country live from hand to mouth.
244. Look after (†`LvïbvKiv)t You should look after your ailing parents.
245. Look down upon (N„Yvi †Pv‡L †`Lv)t You should not look down upon the poor.
246. Look forward (mvb‡›` cªZ¨vkvevcÖZx¶vKiv)t We are looking forward to your kind visit here.
247. Look into (g‡bv‡hvMw`‡q †`Lv)t Please look into the matter.
248. Look daggers at (KUgUK‡iZvKv‡bv)t The angry man looked daggers at us.
249. Lose heart (nZvknIqv)t Do not lose heart amidst difficulties.
250. Lose the day (civwRZnIqv)t Our club lost the day in the final game.
251. Let the grass grow under one's feet (wej¤^)t You will have to repent if you let the grass grow under your feet.
252. Make room (¯’vcbK‡i †`qv)t Please stand up and make room for the sick old man.
253. Make for (AMÖminIqv)t The ship made for the harbor.
254. Make face (gyL †fsPv‡bv)t The naughty boy made faces at us.
255. Make nothing of (wKQybveySv)t I could make nothing of what he said.
256. Make out (eyS‡Zcviv)t1 could not make out the meaning of the passage.
257. Make a mess (Zvj‡MvjcvKvb)t He has made a mess of everything.
258. Make both ends meet (†Kvbg‡ZRxebavibKiv)t He is so poor that he can hardly make both ends meet.
259. Make one's mouth water (wRn¡vw`‡qRjcov)t The sight of the sweets made my mouth water.
260. Make a mountain of (or, out of) a molehill (wZj‡KZvjKiv)t Your statement has made a mountain of (or, out of) a molehill.
261. Make good (¶wZc~ibKiv)t You should make good my loss.
262. Make up (w¯’iKiv, wgwU‡q †djv)t I have not yet made up my mind. You were wise to make up the quarrel.
263. Maiden speech (cÖ_g e³…Zv)t His maiden speech charmed us all.
264. Make a cat's paw (make a fool) (c‡iigv_vqKuvVvjfvsMv)t You will not be able to make a cat's paw of me
265. Move heaven and earth (h_vmva¨ †PóvKiv)t He moved heaven and earth to come out successful.
266. Nook and corner (Avbv‡PKvbv‡P)t I searched every nook and corner for the pen.
267. Now and again (gv‡Sgv‡S)t Why are you looking through the window now and again ?
268. Now or never (nqGLb, bZzevAviKLbIbv)t Now or never is the time to do it.
269. Null and void (evwZj)t The former constitution was declared null and void.
270. Nine days' wonder (¯^íKv‡ji we¯§q)t His performance will remain a nine days' wonder.
271. Nip in the bud (A®‹z‡iBwebónIqv)tAll his hopes were nipped in the bud by the premature death of his brother.
272. Next to impossible (cÖvq Am¤¢e)tIt is next to impossible to do this work in a day.
273. Off and on (gv‡Sgv‡S)t I go there off and on.
274. Of one's own accord (†¯^”Qvq)t I did this of my own accord.
275. Of no avail (e„_v)t Your cry for money will be of no avail.
276. Of the first water (DuPzgv‡bi)tNurjahan is a singer of the first water.
277. On and on (µgvMZ)t Our forces marched on and on.
278. On the alert (mZK©)t Be on the alert while crossing the road.
279. On no account (†Kvbg‡ZBbv)t He will on no account be excused.
280. On the verge of (cÖvš— mxgvq)t The institution is on the verge of ruin.
281. On good terms (m™¢v‡e)t The two brothers are on good terms.
282. On the eve of (cÖv°v‡j)t A farewell party was arranged on the eve of his departure.
283. On the point of (D`¨Z)t He was on the point of starting his work when I went.
284. On the sly (†Mvc‡b)t He is used to gambling on the sly.
285. On the spur of the moment (nVvrD‡ËRbvigy‡L)t It is not wise to do a thing on the spur of the moment.
286. On the whole (†gv‡UiDci)t On the whole, his conduct is satisfactory.
287. On principle (bxwZAbyhvqx)t I do not take loan on principle.
288. One and all (mK‡j)t The play was enjoyed by one and all.
-Home Practice 01-

1. He radiation emanating from the Sun has been very nearly constant for millions of years, but the amount of heat
that falls on Earth's surface depends on both the length of the period of daylight as well as on the angle of
incidence of incoming sunlight.
A. depends on both the length of the period of daylight as well as on
B. depends both on the length of the period of daylight as well as
C. depends both on the length of the period of daylight and on
D. both depends on the length of the period of daylight and
E. both depends on the length of the period of daylight and on
2. Mainly through the efforts of Jane Goodall, apes were revealed to be not blundering, primitive automatons, but
beings with as complex and subtle social lives like us.
A. as complex and subtle social lives like us B. complex and subtle social lives just like us
C. as complex and subtle social lives as us D. social lives complex and subtle just as ours
E. social lives as complex and subtle as ours
3. Because she believed strongly that education was important for women as for men, Abigail Adams was unhappy
that she had not been allowed to receive the classical education accorded to the males of her time.
A. Because she believed strongly that education was B. Because of believing strongly in education as
C. Believing strongly that education was as D. In believing strongly in education as
E. While she believed strongly that education was
4. For tens of millions of years, a wide array of rhinoceros’ species, from small hippo-like forms and towering
giants larger than elephants, existed in forests and grasslands across most of the landmasses of the world.
A. and towering giants larger than elephants, existed B. and towering giants as large or larger than elephants, existing
C. to towering giants larger than elephants, existing D. to towering giants larger than elephants, existed
E. to towering giants as large or larger than elephants, existing
5. Because North America is the only landmass in the world both with a wide base in the subarctic and mountain
ranges running in a north-south direction, the continent is a place of climatic extremes.
A. both with a wide base in the subarctic and B. both having a wide base in the subarctic and with
C. having both a wide base in the subarctic and with D. with both a wide base in the subarctic and
E. with both a wide base in the subarctic and with
6. The state is spending $8.6 billion to renovate, build additions, and for upgrading many of its educational facilities.
A. build additions, and for upgrading B. build additions to, and upgrade
C. build additions, and for an upgrade to D. building additions to, and upgrading the
E. building additions, and to upgrade
7. You cannot expect to treat your friends badly and no one notices.
A. and no one notices B. and have no one notice
C. without notice by someone D. without notice by no one
E. without the result of somebody noticing
8. Chinese watercolors have become more popular than American and European artists who are their contemporaries.
A. American and European artists who are their contemporaries
B. contemporary American and European artists
C. those by contemporary American and European artists of the period
D. those of American and European pictures of the same period
E. those by contemporary American and European artists
9. In their zeal to make beachfront living widely available, developers have overbuilt, thereby they endanger
fragile coastlines.
A. overbuilt, thereby they endanger fragile coastlines B. overbuilt they endanger fragile coastlines as a result
C. overbuilt and thereby have endangered fragile coastlines D. overbuilt; fragile coastlines endangered thereby
E. overbuilt, the fragile coastlines are endangered by this
10. Participants in the executive leadership workshop expect a program of outstanding speakers and gaining
information about new approaches to management.
A. and gaining information B. as well as information
C. as well as being informed D. and also being informed
E. in addition, they expect to gain information
11. For decades, African American music has inspired musicians throughout the world, including in Russia.
A. including in Russia B. including those of Russia C. this includes Russia
D. one of which is Russia E. one example being Russia
12. Eating food that has a high concentration of fat causes essentially the same reaction in the stomach than if you eat too fast.
A. than if you eat B. than to eat C. as if one eats
D. as eating E. as it does when eating
13. The psychologist states that most people want the same things: interesting and meaningful work, respect, and to
have them be loved for themselves alone.
A. interesting and meaningful work, respect, and to have them be loved for themselves alone
B. to have interesting and meaningful work, respect, and loved for themselves alone
C. work that has interest and is meaningful, to have respect, and to be beloved for themselves alone
D. interesting and meaningful work, respect, and their own love
E. to have interesting and meaningful work, to be respected, and to be loved for themselves alone
14. For many a brilliant architect, being free to innovate is more important than being well paid.
A. being free to innovate is more important than B. having freedom of innovation is more important than
C. there is more importance in the freedom to innovate than D. freedom to innovate has more importance than
E. to have the freedom to innovate is more important than
15. What was not achieved in last year's county voter registration drive was more than compensated for by this year,
which registered over three thousand new voters.
A. by this year, which registered over three thousand new voters
B. by this year, having over three thousand new voters registered
C. by this year's drive, which registered over three thousand new voters
D. when they registered three thousand new voters this year
E. this year, when they registered over three thousand new voters

16. The amount of garbage produced in the United States could be reduced by recycling trash, minimizing
packaging, and developing new technology for incinerators and landfills.
A. and developing new technology B. and if they develop new technology
C. and also by developing new technology D. and new technology being developed
E. and if there was new technology
17. Until just recently many students would take lengthy trips during spring break rather than temporary jobs like now.
A. break rather than temporary jobs like now B. break instead of temporary jobs like now
C. break; now they take temporary jobs D. break; instead, students are taking temporary jobs
E. break, but now it is temporary jobs
18. In the early songs of the Beatles, one hears plaintive Blues-inspired melodies that would seem to be more a
product of rural southern America than an English industrial city.
A. a product of rural southern America than an English industrial city
B. a product from rural southern America than that of an English industrial city
C. produced in rural southern America than by an English industrial city
D. a product out of rural southern America than from an English industrial city
E. a product of rural southern America than of an English industrial city
19. In 1968 air pollution from automobile exhaust, particularly like that in the Los Angeles environs, became of an
increasingly more urgent concern to environmentalists.
A. like that in the Los Angeles environs, became of an increasingly more urgent
B. of the sort found in the Los Angeles area, became an increasingly urgent
C. such as you have in the area of Los Angeles, became of increasingly more urgent
D. like the kind in and around Los Angeles and its environs, became an increasingly urgent
E. the kind similar to the Los Angeles area, became an increasingly more urgent
20. A radio system consists of a means of transforming sounds into electromagnetic waves and of transmitting those
waves through space; after this those waves must be transformed back into sounds.
A. waves and of transmitting those waves through space; after this those waves must be transformed
B. waves, transmitting the waves through space, and transforming them
C. waves, of transmitting them through space, and then the translation of them
D. waves and of transmitting them through space; after this the waves have to be translated
E. waves, of the transmitting of those waves through space and of translating same
21. The modern city may not have new citadels or cathedrals, but there is a great many new office buildings and freeways.
A. but there is a great many new office buildings and freeways
B. but it does have a great many new office buildings and freeways
C. but a great many new office buildings and freeways
D. although many new office buildings and freeways are there
E. although a great many new office buildings and freeways are seen
22. The tiles are sorted not only by their surface appearance but also according to their hardness and their capacity
of conducting heat.
A. according to their hardness and their capacity of conducting heat
B. according to their hardness and of their heat-conducting capacity
C. by their hardness and if they have the capacity for heat conduction
D. by their hardness and their capacity for conducting heat
E. by their hardness and capacity in heat conduction
23. Someone living in a technological, consumption-oriented culture probably taxes the environment at a rate many
times that of a country such as Myanmar.
A. that of a country such as Myanmar B. that of someone living in a country like Myanmar
C. what you find in Myanmar, for instance D. the rate in a country such as Myanmar
E. a citizen of Myanmar, for instance
24. Early American factories did not so much replace household manufacturing but complement it.
A. but complement B. as complement
C. but they complemented D. and they complemented E. as they were to complement
25. After teaching, becoming involved in several fashion enterprises, and after she founded the Harlem Institute of
Fashion, Lois Alexander Lane launched the Black Fashion Museum.
A. after she founded B. after the founding of C. founding
D. she had founded E. having founded

26. Unlike with many animals, humans do not swim by instinct.
A. with many animals B. what many animals do C. many animals
D. many animals who do it E. many animals do
27. Unlike the hollow body of an acoustic guitar, which acts as a sound box to project sound, the solid-body electric
guitar is almost soundless without the aid of an amplification system.
A. the hollow body of an acoustic guitar, which acts
B. the hollow body that an acoustic guitar has, it acts
C. an acoustic guitar's hollow body, acting
D. an acoustic guitar, whose hollow body acts
E. an acoustic guitar and its hollow body, acting
28. To satisfy the curious, to protect their market, and it discouraged competitors when the earliest spice traders
spread fantastic tales of spices growing in shallow lakes guarded by winged animals and in deep glens infested
with poisonous snakes.
A. it discouraged competitors when B. it discouraged competitors,
C. discouraging competitors made D. to discourage competitors, when
E. to discourage competitors,
29. With one of the most successful African American businesses in history, the Motown Record Corporatiowas
founded in 1959 in Detroit by Berry Gordy, Jr.
A. With one B. It was one C. Being one
D. One E. As one
30. Just as his predecessor Mozart, for whom composing music seemed to come easily, Beethoven always struggled
to perfect his work.
A. Just as B. Even though C. Whereas
D. Unlike with E. Unlike
31. In psychological theory, the term social learning is used to describe learning that is influenced by one's
environment and not the influence of innate or internal forces.
A. and not the influence of B. and not, instead, C. rather than by
D. rather than when it is E. rather than being influenced due to
32. About 35 percent of the world's orange juice is produced by Florida, compared with Brazil, the world's largest
orange producer, which has nearly 50 percent.
A. Brazil, the world's largest orange producer, which has nearly 50 percent
B. Brazil, with nearly 50 percent, it is the world's largest orange producer
C. nearly 50 percent that are produced by Brazil as the world's largest orange producer
D. the production of Brazil, the world's largest orange producer, with nearly 50 percent
E. nearly 50 percent produced by Brazil, the world's largest orange producer
33. Winston knew that if he practiced often enough he would one day be able to play the piano as well as his
brother's playing.
A. his brother's playing B. that of his brother C. his brother's
D. his brother could E. what his brother did
34. Unlike flying squirrels, which may leave their young in a tree cavity while foraging, the babies of flying lemurs
are usually carried with them.
A. the babies of flying lemurs are usually carried B. the flying lemur's babies are usually carried
C. the flying lemur is usually carrying its babies D. flying lemurs usually carry their babies
E. flying lemurs' babies are usually carried
35. Inside famed actor Lily Langtry's private railroad car were a drawing room with a piano, bath fixtures of silver,
and there were draperies trimmed with Brussels lace.
A. there were draperies trimmed with Brussels lace
B. draperies trimmed with Brussels lace
C. trimmed with Brussels lace were draperies
D. the draperies were trimmed with Brussels lace
E. draperies trimmed with Brussels lace were there
36. Differing only slightly from the Greeks were the Roman theaters, which were often freestanding rather than part of a hillside.
A. Differing only slightly from the Greeks were the Roman theaters, which
B. Differing only slightly from Greek theaters, Roman theaters
C. Differing only in the slightest from the Greeks were the Roman theaters, which
D. The Greeks differed only slightly from the Romans, they
E. The Greek theaters differed from the Roman theaters only slightly, where they
37. Electronic bulletin boards, combining the convenience of a telephone with the massive information storage capacity
of a computer, present messages on diverse subjects as astronomy, artificial intelligence, and skydiving.
A. diverse subjects as B. diverse subjects that are C. subjects of such diversity as
D. subjects as diverse as E. a subject as diverse as
38. Being cleaner and longer-burning compared with bituminous coal, anthracite was the first coal widely used in
the United States for both domestic and industrial purposes.
A. Being cleaner and longer-burning compared with B. Both cleaner and more longer-burning compared to
C. Cleaner and longer-burning than D. By burning longer and more clean than
E. Cleaner as well as longer-burning, unlike
39. This legend about Admiral Nelson, like other naval heroes, are based only partially on fact.
A. like other naval heroes, are B. like those of other naval heroes, are
C. like other naval heroes, is D. like legends about other naval heroes, are
E. like legends about other naval heroes, is
40. Before the advent of industrial fishing, some regions of the ocean were too distant or too deep for fishers to
reach, with the fish living there to remain untouched.
A. with the fish living there to remain B. so the fish living there remained
C. so the fish that lived there remaining D. and so the fish that lived there remaining
E. and so with the fish that lived there remaining
41. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A. D. 79 sent a column of tephra—dust, smoke, and pumice—nearly
seventeen miles into the air so that it covered the city of Pompeii with over eight feet of pumice.
A. so that it B. and so C. and
D. and they E. so that they
42. As executives of the newspaper seek to make the paper more competitive and to broaden an advertising base
heavily dependent on business-related advertising, they are exploring the addition of a Saturday edition to its
weekday schedule.
A. As executives of the newspaper seek to B. As executives of the newspaper, seeking that they
C. As executives of the newspaper, seeking to D. With executives of the newspaper seeking to
E. With executives of the newspaper seeking that they
43. With 12 national forests, Idaho is at the center of the battle between those who want to profit from federal
timberlands or the ones wanting them to be saved.
A. or the ones wanting them to be saved B. and the ones wanting that they are saved
C. and those who want to save them D. as well as others, wanting to save them
E. as well as those who want that it be saved
44. Industrial growth that was being stifled by the country's dictatorship, but now they are developing their full
economic potential.
A. Industrial growth that was being stifled by the country's dictatorship, but now they are developing their full
economic potential.
B. The dictatorship had stifled industrial growth, but the country is now developing their full economic
potential.
C. Industrial growth was stifled by the country's dictatorship, and so now they are developing their full
economic potential.
D. Though the dictatorship had stifled industrial growth, the country is now developing its full economic
potential.
E. Now developing their full economic potential, the country's dictatorship had stifled industrial growth.
45. My grandfather never learned to use a calculator, as he shops he can accurately compute his grocery bill in his
head to within a dollar.
A. as he shops B. while shopping C. but as he shops
D. therefore, when shopping E. however, he shops so that
46. Because its early history is not fully known, origami, the art of folding objects out of paper without cutting,
pasting, or decorating, seems to have developed from the older art of folding cloth.
A. Because B. In that C. Since
D. Although E. As
47. Babe Ruth is regarded by many having been the greatest baseball player in history, and he remains arguably the
most celebrated figure in North American sports.
A. having been B. that he was C. for being
D. to be E. as
48. Gold leaf is pure gold that is hammered so thin for it to take 300,000 units to make a stack one inch high.
A. for it to take B. so that it takes C. so it takes
D. as for it to take E. that it takes
49. Galileo was probably the first to discover Saturn's rings, although his telescope was so small, he could not see
the rings properly and assumed that they were satellites.
A. although B. but because C. since
D. and E. nevertheless
50. American photographer Annie Leibovitz is renowned for her revealing, eye-catching portraits of
celebrities, and characterized by carefully staged settings and the use of vivid primary colors.
A. and B. and she is C. each of them are
D. each of which are E. which are
51. The Bretons who began emigrating to the United States from the Brittany region of France in the early twentieth
century were distinguished from other French citizens by their Celtic origin, but about 40 percent of those who
emigrated spoke a Celtic language closely related to Welsh.
A. but about 40 percent of those who emigrated spoke
B. about 40 percent of whom spoke
C. about 40 percent of which were speaking
D. with about 40 percent of those who emigrated speaking
E. where 40 percent of them were speaking
52. In science fiction stories, robots are generally depicted as working in the service of humanity, often escaping the
control of their human masters and doing them harm.
A. often escaping the control of their human masters and doing
B. often escaping being controlled by their human masters, which does
C. but they often escape the control of their human masters and do
D. but they often escaped their controlling human masters, and it does
E. but often escaping their controlling human masters, which does
53. Many psychologists do not use hypnosis in their practices, it is because they know very little about it and are
wary of it as a result.
A. practices, it is because they know very little about it and are wary of it as a result
B. practices because they know very little about it and are therefore wary of it
C. practices for the reason that they know very little about it, with resulting wariness
D. practices because of knowing very little about it and therefore they are wary of it
E. practices, their knowledge of it being very little results in wariness of it
54. My grandson thinks he can cook better than any other person at the fair; and he has the blue ribbons to prove it.
A. My grandson thinks he can cook better than any other person at the fair; and he
B. My grandson thinks he can cook better than any other person at the fair, and he
C. My grandson thinks he can cook better than any person at the fair, consequently he
D. To think he can cook better than any other person at the fair, my grandson
E. Thinking he can cook better than any other person at the fair, my grandson
55. At graduation, the speaker assured us that our many courses in the liberal arts had prepared us equally well for
the challenges of working and further study.
A. had prepared us equally well for the challenges of working and further study
B. had prepared us equally well for the challenges of work and of further study
C. has supplied the preparation for challenging work along with further study
D. leaves us prepared for the challenges of work and further study both
E. were the preparation for making the challenges of work or further study easier
-Home Practice 02-

Select the most appropriate Option (01-04)
1. A. I like you more than him B. I like money more than him
C. I take care you more than he D. I likes you more than him
E. A + C
2. A. Since Earth is spherical the, the larger the area, on a flat map the worse the distortion.
B. Since the Earth is spherical, the larger the area, the worse the distortion on a flat map.
C. Since the Earth is spherical, the larger the area, the worst the distortion on a flat map.
D. Since the Earth is spherical, the large the area, the worse the distortion on a flat map.
E. Since the Earth is spherical, the more larger the area, the worse the distortion on a flat map.
3. A. The eyes of an octopus are remarkably similar to that of a human being.
B. The eyes of an octopus are remarkably similar to those of a being.
C. The eyes of a human an octopus are remarkably similar to those of being.
D. The eyes of being an octopus are remarkably similar to those of a human.
E. The eyes of an octopus are remarkably similar to those of a human being.
4. A. The terms used of another text in one textbook may be different for those.
B. The terms used in one textbook may be difference for that of another text.
C. The terms used in one textbooks may be different for those of another text.
D. The terms used in one textbook may be different from those of another text.
E. The terms used in one textbook may be different for those of other text.
5. A. During very cold winters, residential utility bills are as high as sixteen hundred dollars a month in New England.
B. During very cold winters, residential utility bills are so high as sixteen hundreds dollars a month in New England.
C. During very cold winters, residential utility bills are as high so sixteen hundred dollars a month in New England.
D. During very cold winters, residential utility bills are as higher as sixteen hundred dollars a month in New England.
E. During very cold winters, as high as sixteen hundred dollars a month in New residential utility bills are England.
Sentence Completion (06-20).
6. Staying in a hotel costs  renting a room in a dormitory for a week.
A. twice more than B. as much twice as
C. twice as much as D. as much as twice E. as much as two as
7. The salary of a bus driver is much higher  .
A. in comparison with the salary of a teacher B. than a teacher
C. than that of a teacher D. to compare as a teacher. E. than those of a teacher.
8. The colder the weather gets,  I feel.
A. more sick B. sicker C. the sicker D. the more sicker E. most sick
9. I‘ve never been inside the house‘s  room.
A. most inner B. inner C. more inner D. innermost E. innerer
10. Married women are twice  married men to be depressed.
A. so likely as B. so likelihood as C. as likely than D. as likelihood as E. as likely as
11. He‘s a fast runner. I can‘t run as fast as .....
A. his B. him C. he can D. A + B E. his'
12. A new house is — expensive than an older one.
A. much B. the more C. most D. much more E. more much.
13. A feast cannot be merry with  four companions.
A. less than B. lesser than C. fewer than D. fewer to E. more lesser than
14. The more electricity you use, 
A. your bill will be higher B. will be higher your bill
C. the higher your bill will be D. will be higherly your bill
E. will be high you bill
15. This blazer costs  the other one.
A. twice more than B. twice as much as C. twice much D. twice much more as E. twice more
16. Your courage is  in defending your country.
A. as great as any other man B. so great as any other man
C. great like any other man D. as great as that of any other man
E. as that of any man
17. This ship is —
A. slower B. slow C. slowest D. much slower E. more slower
18. Your complaint is  the last customer who expected a refund.
A. no different from B. not different from that of C. similar to
D. no different than that of E. the same as
19. More ivory is obtained from elephants in Africa  elephants in Asia.
A. rater than B. more than C. than from D. as well as E. C+D
20. Of the four dresses, I like the red one -----.
A. better B. most C. good D. more better E. None of the above.

Sentence correction (21 - 35)
A. Steve reads more quickly than his brother. B. She does twice as much work as her brother.
C. The more he rowed the boat, the farther he got away. D. Both B+C E. A+B+C
A. The formerer world cup champion France failed to show their prowess.
B. One of the more upper rooms is damaged.
C. I chose neither of them.
D. One of the most upper rooms is damaged.
E. All of the above
A. You are one of the most honest man I have ever seen.
B. You are more honester than anybody I have ever seen.
C. You are more honest than anybody else I have ever seen is.
D. You are one of the most honest men I have ever seen.
E. You are one of the mostly honest men I have ever seen.
A. Monisha is clearly superior than the other candidates.
B. This was the more unique achievement.
C. The fable was more round of all
D. The most outer wall of the house was affected.
E. His book ranks high on our list.
A. Her taste is different from mine. B. Manam is more clever as you.
C. Hasib plays the guitar as better as AyubBachchu.
D. The empire state building is much more taller than the statue of liberty.
E. Manisha is more superior as you.
A. His drawings are as perfect as his instructor.
B. The Sundarbans is one of the thickest forests in the world.
C. Today it is more chilly than yesterday.
D. I am wiser than him.
E. The Sundarbans is one of the thickest forests of the world.
A. The higher we flew, the worst Alicia felt. B. The cinema hall is further away of the four buildings
C. Ratna is the more polite of the two girls. D. She takes her responsibility more seriously than anyone else I know.
E. Both C+D
A. I have much more books than her. B. February has less fewer days than the March.
C. The salary of Manna is higher than Didar. D. Classes in the university are more difficult than those in the college.
E. I have much more books than she.
A. The first step is the most important of all.
B. The Mexico earthquake of 1985 was far worser than that of 1979.
C. Nannu is as cleverer as bulbul.
D. Nannu is more cleverer than bulbul.
E. A+B
30. Choose the incorrect option.
A. Of the four exams this one was the harder. B. This job is more boring than the previous one.
C. She looks as pretty as a doll. D. Oporna looks more radiant
E. None.
A. The university is farther than the mall. B. The more you practice your steps will be more perfect.
C. Today is hotter than yesterday’s. D. This verdict is more supreme than that
E. Both A+C

32. Find the correct option.
A. These two lines are more parallel the others. B. These two lines are parallel and the others are not.
C. The box is more square than the other. D. Rehnuma called me louderly than Ria
E. both B+C
A. Her lips are drier than mine. B. The color of her eyes was nice.
C. Antarctica is the most lone place on earth. D. Abrar is not different than his sister.
E. A+B
A. Her look was more glassier than the sunshine. B. Sandra sat nearer to the window than I.
C. The bridge was as narrow as a lane D. Both B+C
E. None of us noticed that we were more sicker
A. This summary is the best of the pair. B. My last test was bad than this one.
C. We have less gas this year than we had last year. D. She loves me thrice as many as Ria
E. She is the loveliest girl of the class.
Transformation of Degree (36-50)
36. A. The salesman showed we either of them but I choose the best.
B. The salesman showed us either of they but I choose the best.
C. The salesman showed us both of them but I chose the better.
D. The salesman showed our either of them but me choose the best.
E. The salesman showed us either of them but I choose best.
37. A. Sumon is more brilliant than one other boys of this area.
B. Sumon is brilliant than any other boys of this area.
C. Sumon is more brilliant than any other boy of this area.
D. Sumon is more brilliant than any other boy in this area.
E. Sumon is more brilliant than no other boys of this area.
38. A. Faria is prettier than few other girl.
B. Faria is prettier than few other girls.
C. Faria is prettier than few others girls.
D. Faria is pretty than few other girls.
E. Faria is prettier then few other girls.
39. A. Vary few workers are as skillful so Tisran.
B. Very few worker are as skillful as Tisran.
C. Very few workers are as skillful as Tisran's.
D. Very few workers are as skillful as Tisran.
E. Vary few workers are so skillful as Tisran.
40. A. Kakiba is cleverer than more other boys in this area.
B. Kakiba is cleverer than most boys in this area.
C. Kakiba is cleverer then most other boys in this area.
D. Kakiba is cleverer than most other boys in this area.
E. Kakiba is clever than most other boys in this area.
41. A. They was more qualified than any body else applying for the past.
B. They were more qualified than any body else applying for the post.
C. They were more qualify than any body else applyed for the post.
D. They were more qualifier than any body else applying for the post.
E. They were more qualified than any else applying for the post.
42. A. Very few boys are as industrious as he.
B. Vary few boys are as industrious as him.
C. Very few boy are as industrious as him.
D. Very little boys is as industrious as him.
E. Very few boys are so industrious as him.
43. A. Ria is one of tallest girls. B. Ria is one of the tallest girl.
C. Ria is some of the tallest girls. D. Ria is one of the tallest girls.
E. Ria is one of the taller girls.
44. A. These two girls are not alike. B. These two girl are not alike.
C. These two girls are not likely. D. These two girls are not same as.
E. These two girls are not alike but likely.
45. A. MasudVai feels sleepier then any other computer operator in Farm.
B. MasudVai feels most sleepier than any other computer operators in Farm.
C. MasudVai feels more sleep than any other computer operators in Farm.
D. MasudVai feels sleepier than any other computer operator in Farm.
E. MasudVai feels sleepy than any other computer operators of Farm.
46. A. No other boy is as tall as Rana. B. No other boy is as taller as Rana.
C. No other boy is as tallest as Rana. D. No other boy is not so tall as Rana. E. A or D
47. A. I don't find any one who is as tall so Rana. B. I don't find any one who is as tall as Rana.
C. I don't find any one who is such tall as Rana. D. I don't find no one who is as tall as Rana.
E. I don't find some one who are as tall so Rana.
48. A. Few other boys is so punctual as Ria B. Few other boys are as punctually as Ria
C. Few other boys is as punctual as Ria D. Few other boys are as punctual as Ria
E. Few other boy are as punctual as Ria
49. A. Monju is the taller of the two boys. B. Monju is the tall of the two boys.
C. Monju is the tallest of the two boys. D. Monju is the taller of the two boy.
E. Monju is taller of the two boys.
50. A. Sila is most brilliant among them. B. Sila is the more brilliant among them.
C. Sila is the most brillianter among them. D. Sila is the most brilliant between them.
E. Sila is the most brilliant among them.
51. The ‗D‘ Aulaires were the husband and wife team who  children‘s books.
A. writes and illustrated B. wrote and illustrates C. writing and illustrated
D. wrote and illustrated E. wrote and illustrating
52. The ‗D‘ Aulaires were a team consisting of  who wrote and illustrated children‘s books.
A. husband and wife B. husband and a wife C. husbands and the wife
D. husbands and wife E. husbands and wives
53. The ‗D‘ Aulaire team comprised a  who wrote and illustrated children‘s books.
A. husband and wife B. husband and a wife C. husband and the wife
D. husbands and wife E. husbands and a wife
54. The ‗D‘ Aulaires were a team who illustrated children‘s books and  .
A. adult's novels B. adult novels C. adults' novels
D. adult novel E. adults novels
55. The ‗D‘ Aulaires were a team who assiduously wrote,  children‘s books.
A. illustrated and sold B. illustrated and eventually sold
C. diligently illustrated and sold D. diligently illustrated and eventually sold
E. both A + D
56. The brain centers of  and hearing enable a person to understand written and spoken language.
A. vision B. visual C. the vision D. a visual E. visionary
57. The brain centers of vision and hearing enable a person to understand,  written and spoken language.
A. comprehend and make others understand B. comprehend, make and others understand
C. comprehend, make and understand D. comprehend and others understand
E. comprehend and understand
58. The brain centers of vision and hearing enable a person to understand written  language.
A. spoken; in fact verbal B. speaking; in fact verbal C. and spoken; in fact verbal
D. and spoken and verbal E. spoken and verbal

59. Masud was eager to be appointed  .
A. as a teacher and welcome by his colleagues B. as a teacher and to welcome colleagues
C. as a teacher and to welcome by his colleagues D. as a teacher and be welcome by his colleagues
E. as a teacher and to be welcomed by his colleagues
60. She showed me a well decorated car as  .
A. well as an apartment was painted excellently
B. well as an excellently painted apartment
C. well as an apartment which painted excellently
D. well as an apartment excellently which was painted
E. well as which was painted excellently an apartment
61. Insects provide many beneficial services, such as ——, breaking down deadwood, and pollinating plants.
A. they condition soils B. to condition soil C. conditioning the soil
D. soil conditioned E. none
62. Frozen orange juice must be packed, —— , and stored when the fruit is ripe.
A. be frozen B. must be frozen C. frozen D. it must be frozen E. none
63. The Sioux language is spoken not only—— Sioux but also by the Crow and Osage tribes.
A. by the B. the C. do the D. and the E. none
64. In 1900, electrically powered cars were more popular than gasoline powered cars because they were
quiet, operated smoothly, and ———.
A. handled easily B. ease of handling C. handling easily
D. easy to handle E. none
65. Roger Williams was a clergyman,  the colony of Rhode Island, and an outspoken advocate of
religious and political freedom.
A. founded B. the founder of C. was the founder of D. he founded E. none
66. Paint can be applied to a surface with rollers,  , or spray guns.
A. brushes B. brushes can be used C. with brushes D. by brush E. none
67. The use of labor-saving devices in homes, ——, and in factories added to the amount of leisure time
people had.
A. at office B. used in offices C. offices D. in offices E. none
68. A dulcimer can be played by either striking its strings with a hammer or ——.
A. to pluck them with the fingers B. fingers are used to pluck them
C. they are plucked with the fingers D. plucking them with the finger E. none
69. Throughout history, trade routes have increased contact between people, ——and greatly affected the
growth of civilization.
A. have resulted in an exchange of ideas B. an exchange of ideas has resulted
C. resulted in an exchange of ideas D. resulting in an exchange of ideas E. none
70. Walt Disney made many technical advances in the use of sound, color, and  in animated films.
A. photographing B. using photography C. photography D. use of photographs E. none
71. Artist Paul Kane traveled throughout Northwest Canada on foot, by canoe, and —— to sketch Native
Canadians going about their ordinary lives.
A. on horseback B. riding a horse C. was on horseback D. by a horse E. none
72. I found Barbara Jordan welcoming the representatives and .
A. to serve the guests B. served guests C. serving the guests
D. has served the guests E. none
73. Photographers' choice of a camera depends on what kind of pictures they want to take, how much control
they want over exposure, and —— they want to spend.
A. the amount of money B. what money C. how much money D. so much money that E. none
74. Atlanta is the commercial, financial, and  of Georgia.
A. center of administration B. administrative center
C. center for administering D. administering center E. none
75. Even after the Revolutionary War, American importers obtained merchandise from Britain because
British merchants understood American tastes, offered attractive prices, and ——.
A. easy credit was provided B. because of easy credit C. easy credit
D. provided easy credit E. none
76. I cannot understand why she hates  .
A. walking, reading and singing B. walk, reading and singing
C. walking, read and singing D. walking, reading and sing
E. walking, to read and singing
77. the best car to buy is a Mercedes Benz.
A. Because of its durability and economy.
B. Because it lasts a long time, and it is very economical
C. Because of its durability and it is economical.
D. Because durability and economy wise it is better than all the others
E. none
78. She not only was competent but also friendly.
A. not only was competent but also friendly B. not was only competent but friendly also
C. not only was competent but friendly also D. was not only competent but also friendly
E. was not only competent but friendly also
79. I like people who .
A. earn from legal means, to spend in right ways and behave in good manner.
B. earn from legal means, to be spent in right ways and behave in good manner.
C. earn from legal means, spend in right ways and behave in good manner.
D. earn from legal means, spending in right ways and behave in good manner.
E. earning from legal means, spending in right ways and behave in good manner.
80. The reforms gained support of the clan chiefs by raising them in rank and freeing many of them from
paying taxes.
A. them in rank and freeing many B. they in rank and to free many
C. them in rank and to freeing many D. them in rank and to be freed many
E. they in rank and to have freed free many
81. The aspects of modern anthropology that will be considered are ecological, psychological and culture.
A. are ecological, psychological and culture B. are ecological, psychological for culture
C. are ecological, psychological and cultural D. are ecologic, psychological and culture
E. are ecological, psychology and culture
82. In this particular job, we have discovered that to be diligent is more important than being bright.
A. to be diligent is more important than being bright
B. for one to be diligent is more important than being bright
C. diligence is more important than brightness
D. being diligent is more important than to be bright
E. by being diligent is more important than being bright
83. On their return, they not only witnessed the sinking ship but the amazing escape of the passengers.
A. not only witnessed the sinking ship but the
B. not only witnessed the sinking ship, but the
C. not only witnessed the sinking ship, but also the
D. witnessed not only the sinking ship but also the
E. witnessed the sinking ship and also the
84. Either you transfer the data which was demanded or file a report explaining why you did not submit the
overall annual figures.
A. Either you transfer the data which was dernanded
B. You either transfer the data, which was demanded
C. You either transfer the data which were demanded
D. Either you transfer the data, which was demanded
E. Either you transfer the data, which were demanded
85. The students have always had a most sincere interest and admiration for the important work of Professor Jakobsen.
A. a most sincere interest and admiration for B. a most sincere interest in and admiration for
C. mostly a sincere interest and admiration for D. a most sincere interest, and admiration for
E. a most sincere interest and an admiration for
86. Rafiq told me that he was suffering from fever, and .
A. so did she B. so were they C. neither do they D. did not either E. had not either
87. The people of this village demanded a library be established, and  .
A. so did the officers B. so were they C. neither do they
D. did not either E. had not either
88. I see some girls, who are gossiping among themselves, and .
A. so did he B. so do they C. neither do they D. did not either E. had not either
89. She never listened to me, and .
A. so did he B. so were they C. neither do they D. did not either E. Ria did not either
90. He can tell me who came here, and .
A. so did he B. so were they C. neither do they D. did not either E. so can they
91. Some teachers were gossiping outside the class room, and .
A. so were some students B. so did he C. neither do they
92. They identified who called me suds a late at night, and .
A. so did he B. so were they C. neither do they
D. did not either E. none of the above
93. Farhana has never been to Saint Martins, and .
A. so did he B. so were they C. neither do they D. did not either E. Rakib has not either
94. Oligopoly is prevailing in the market, and .
A. so did he B. so were they C. neither do they D. capitalism is also E. had not either
95. You can not exchange a cheque until it is dually signed and properly dated, and .
A. so did he B. so were they C. neither can they
96. Each bank should have a minimum balance reserved in the central bank of respective country, and
.
A. so did he B. so should the broker houses C. neither do they
D. did not either E. vandalism is also
97. Terrorism is against humanity and hence it be eradicated, and .
D. so is vandalism E. had not either
98. She came here before I called, and .
A. so did Shammi B. so were they C. neither do they
99. She walks fast lest she should miss the last trip, and .
D. did not either E. Tarina does also
100. They were reluctant to move, and .
A. so did he B. so were they C. neither do they D. did not either E. so was Rimi

-Writing-
01. Précis Writing (Summary)
a) Write in a brief way in your own words regarding the below passage
b) Give an appropriate title for your précis
A spate of question leaks in public examinations has left the education authorities deeply embarrassed and, it appears,
at a loss about what they can do. It is part of a larger problem of quality and good management of education which
need serious attention. However, there is a simple technical solution for question leaks, which can be and should be
implemented for the next round of public examinations. There are various distinct steps now followed in the question
preparation process. These include initial drafting of questions, reviewing the content and quality of the questions,
selecting acceptable versions, choosing a final version out of two approved sets by lottery, printing the one final set,
distribution of the question papers and storing them securely all over the country. On the examination day, the papers
are transported to the centers, and finally handed to the examinees in the examination halls.
At any of the steps, the process may be compromised. Measures have been taken and are being taken to protect the
process. But it can be seen that these measure have not quite worked. The critical step is the very last one—giving out
to the examinees the question papers which have not been already leaked. The last step can be ensured, irrespective of
what happens earlier, by using multiple sets of question papers for the same subject. All the sets can be used in the
examination, with each examinee receiving randomly one of the multiple sets in the examinational hall at the last
moment. The total number of copies of questions printed would still be the same as the number of examinees, but
divided into different sets.
To illustrate the process, several, say eight, sets of question papers can be prepared and printed for a subject. For one
thousand students in an examination centre, 125 copies of each of the eight sets can be available, and a student would
randomly receive one set at the time of examination. The students would not know until the last moment which set of
questions they would answer. There would be no incentive for or advantage from leaking questions in advance. Until
last year, there were actually eight sets of questions for SSC and HSC examinations prepared by each board for their
students. Common questions for the whole country were introduced this year. As a result, the incentive for leaks in
theory was increased eightfold. There were good reasons for having a common set of questions for all eight boards—
ensuring comparable levels of difficulty in questions and assessment standards. These advantages can be and should
be maintained.
A large number of questions has to be prepared for each subject in order to construct multiple sets of questions. At
present, a large collection of questions is prepared, out of which two sets for each subject are put together and one set
is finally selected by lottery, which is printed, distributed and used in the examination. For the suggested approach,
instead of one final set, eight acceptable sets have to be prepared and printed.
The Examination Development Unit located at Dhaka Board (BEDU) needs to have an expert team to make sure that
the quality of the multiple sets are maintained, the topics in them are similar and the level of difficulty are comparable.
Both multiple choice and short essay questions can be included as it is done now. The prior preparation steps until the
final step can be the same as now. An expert committee appointed by the Ministry of Education last year, based on
consultation with teachers, students and specialists, made recommendations regarding necessary reforms in assessment
of students' learning through public examinations and in-school evaluation. It also made suggestions about related
issues in curriculum and the teaching-learning process. This writer was a member of the committee.
Among the steps suggested was to look at the nature of public examinations. The committee proposed that these
examinations should focus more on competencies in Bangla, English, math, science and social studies, rather than
make it a test of every subject and every textbook. The latter should be more a job of annual and half-yearly exams in
schools and regular classroom assessments of students. The public exams then can be less drawn out and can be
completed in no more than five days. Student's performance could be shown by both public exam results and
transcripts from school.
The committee also proposed that co-curricular activities should be an opportunity for all-round development of
students; practicing their skills and competencies related to academic, social, cultural and moral-ethical development
of students; and taken into account in overall assessment of student and teacher performance. The committee also
suggested making practical examination in the science subjects part of school evaluation rather than public exam. As it
is conducted now, it does not add any value to student assessment and leads to an undue disadvantage for students in
non-science subjects. The education decision-makers need to consider the recommendations and decide on appropriate
short and longer term actions. One short term action should be the measure proposed for plugging question leaks.
2. Letter writing: Write a letter to the branch manager of a bank requesting to enquire the case of withdrawal money
from your bank account without any authorization.[SBL.(PO)-2016 & DhakaBL.(TACO)-2018]

3. Short Notes:
a) Financial Inclusion
b) Money Laundering
c) Padma Multipurpose Bridge
d) Mobile Banking
4. Write an Essay on: Future of E-commerce in Bangladesh (Dhaka Bank-2018)
-Answer Keys to Home Practice 01-

1 C 2 E 3 C 4 D 5 D 6 B 7 B 8 E
9 C 10 B 11 B 12 D 13 E 14 A 15 C 16 A
17 C 18 E 19 B 20 B 21 B 22 D 23 B 24 B
25 C 26 C 27 D 28 E 29 D 30 E 31 C 32 E
33 D 34 D 35 B 36 B 37 D 38 C 39 E 40 B
41 A 42 A 43 C 44 D 45 C 46 D 47 E 48 E
49 B 50 E 51 D 52 C 53 B 54 B 55 B
-Answer to Home Practice 02-

1. E 2. B 3. E 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. B 10. E
11. C 12. D 13. C 14. C 15. B 16. D 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. B
21. E 22. C 23. D 24. E 25. A 26. B 27. E 28. D 29. E 30. A
31. A 32. B 33. E 34. D 35. C 36. C 37. D 38. B 39. D 40. D
41. B 42. A 43. D 44. A 45. D 46. E 47. B 48. D 49. A 50. E
51. D 52. E 53. B 54. C 55. E 56. A 57. A 58. C 59. E 60. B
61. C 62. C 63. A 64. A 65. B 66. A 67. D 68. D 69. C 70. C
71. A 72. C 73. C 74. B 75. D 76. A 77. A 78. D 79. C 80. A
81. C 82. C 83. D 84. C 85. B 86. A 87. A 88. B 89. E 90. E
91. A 92. A 93. E 94. D 95. C 96. B 97. D 98. A 99. E 100. E
-Answer to Class Practice 01-

1. Like the shirt of Adnan, Farhan had a very colorful shirt.
2. Unlike that ofTammana, the tooth of Nabil is giving a lot of pain.
3. His pants and hers are very alike.
4. Like the color of T shirt, that of Polo shirt can make us happy.
5. Unlike that of his brother, his laptop is of high configuration.
-Answer Key TO Class Practice 2-

1. the better 2. Prettiest 3.Anybody else 4.Farthest 5. Farther 6.E 7.C 8.D 9.A 10.B 11.C 12.C 13.E 14.D 15.D
-Answer to Class Practice 03-

1.A, 2. A, 3.B 4.B, 5.A, 6.C, 7.C, 8.C, 9. C, 10 .A
-Answers Class Practice 04-

1. does 2. will 3. do 4. have 5. is 6. should 7. do 8. do

1. Are, 2.can't, 3. Have, 4. didn't, 5. Did, 6.Should, 7.won't, 8. has
-Answer to Class Practice: 06-

1. D 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.

1. D, 2.B, 3. D, 4.A

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Lecture- 04

-Class Exam 04-

Choose the correct item:

One word Substitution

Excellence in Education; For Admission : 01713 28 91 49 Page | 1

Excellence in Education; For Admission : 01713 28 91 49 Page | 2

-Class practice 01-

Rule 2:- Determiner/Preposition + Gerund/ Participle + Noun

Excellence in Education; For Admission : 01713 28 91 49 Page | 4

Washing Machine I saw a Russian writing.

 Machine For Washing (Gerund)  Gerund : ( I saw a writing which is Russian)

 Some verbs are always followed by infinitive:

Excellence in Education; For Admission : 01713 28 91 49 Page | 5

-Class Practice 04-

By virtue of In front of Instead of

 The friend in front of me is my friend. (Prep)

As though So that Together with Along with

Not only….But also Either….. Neither Both…..And

 Karim as well as his friends goes there.

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-Phrase and Idioms-

-Home Practice 01-

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-Home Practice 02-

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Answer Sheet Home Practice 01:

Answer to Home Practice 02

Answer key to the passage

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Tense of Principal Clause Tense of Subordinate Clause

-Class Practice 01: -

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-Class Practice 02-

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-Class Practice 03-

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-Class Practice 04-

4. Monem –––––––––––– the first time.

5. Players wanted to retain fame. So they –––––––––––––– from Juventus.

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Incorrect: So rare this coin is that it belongs in a museum.

Only at Only in Only on

 Only recently did I understand what she meant.

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and in the same way for instance similarly furthermore as

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Although but yet unlike on the other hand

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