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Topic 8 - Short-Circuit and Open Circuit Test of Transformer

Here are the steps to solve this problem: a) % VR at 0.866 lagging pf Given: Eoc = 240 V, Esc = 72 V %VR = (Eoc - Esc)/Eoc * 100% = (240 - 72)/240 * 100% = 70% b) Efficiency at full-load condition at 0.7 pf. Given: Rated KVA = 25 KVA Full load = 25 KVA PSc = 380 W, Isc = 10.4 A Zp = ESc/Isc = 72/10.4 = 6.92 Ω Rp = PSc/Isc^2 = 380/10.4

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Randred Garcia
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276 views20 pages

Topic 8 - Short-Circuit and Open Circuit Test of Transformer

Here are the steps to solve this problem: a) % VR at 0.866 lagging pf Given: Eoc = 240 V, Esc = 72 V %VR = (Eoc - Esc)/Eoc * 100% = (240 - 72)/240 * 100% = 70% b) Efficiency at full-load condition at 0.7 pf. Given: Rated KVA = 25 KVA Full load = 25 KVA PSc = 380 W, Isc = 10.4 A Zp = ESc/Isc = 72/10.4 = 6.92 Ω Rp = PSc/Isc^2 = 380/10.4

Uploaded by

Randred Garcia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Short-Circuit & Open-Circuit Test for

Transformer Impedance

TOPIC 7
Short-Circuit Test in Transformer

• Figure 1 below shows


the illustration of
short-circuit test
which can be
performed using
ammeter, voltmeter
and wattmeter
connected only at the
primary side of
transformer with the
secondary being short
circuited.

Figure 1. Short-circuit diagram for Transformer Impedance


Short-Circuit Test in Transformer

Test Objective:
The objective of short-circuit test in
transformer are as follows:
Caution: The applied voltage
(autotransformer) at the primary
windings of transformer must be 3-5%
primary voltage of transformer enough
to reach the rated primary current.
1) Determine the rated primary
current (as short-circuit current)
based on ammeter reading:
Ammeter is connected to primary
windings.
Short-Circuit Test in Transformer

2) Determine the rated load loss (copper loss) as


short-circuit power based on wattmeter reading:
Wattmeter is connected at the primary side of
transformer windings.
Short-Circuit Test in Transformer

3) The equivalent resistance (Re-p)


immediately referred at the HV side of
transformer can be obtained using short-
circuit power (wattmeter) (Psc) and short-
circuit current (ammeter) (Isc).
Short-Circuit Test in Transformer

4) The equivalent impedance of the primary


windings can be obtained immediately at the
primary side of transformer on short circuit
voltage based on voltmeter and ammeter
reading:
Ammeter connected in series with the
primary windings while Voltmeter is
connected across the primary windings:
Short-Circuit Test in Transformer

5) The equivalent reactance (X e-p) referred at the HV side of


transformer can be obtained also using the vector difference of the
square of equivalent impedance (Ze-p) and equivalent resistance
(Re-p), that is,
Short-Circuit Test in Transformer

• Consideration on Short-Circuit Test Method

👉 Remember
• By using short circuit test we can measure and determine the following:
1) Rated or full-load copper losses
2) Rated or full-load current
3) Equivalent resistance (referred to HV side of transformer)
4) Equivalent impedance (referred to LV side of transformer)
5) Equivalent reactance
Remember ! Short-Circuit Test in Transformer
Open-Circuit Test in Transformer

Consideration on Open-Circuit Test in


Transformer:
• The open-circuit test, or no-load test, is
one of the methods used in electrical
engineering to determine the no-load
impedance in the excitation branch of a
transformer as reflected in Figure 1.

• A transformer is said to be on “no-


load” when its secondary side winding is
open circuited, in other words, nothing is
attached and the transformer loading is
zero.
Open-Circuit Test in Transformer

• When an AC sinusoidal supply is connected


to the primary winding of a transformer, a
small current, IOPEN will flow through the
primary coil winding due to the presence
of the primary supply voltage.

• With the secondary circuit open, nothing


connected, a back EMF along with the
primary winding resistance acts to limit
the flow of this primary current.
Open-Circuit Test in Transformer

Test Objective of Open-Circuit Test in Transformer

• The main purpose of open-circuit test as applied to


transformer is to determine the no-load loss (core
loss) based on no-load current which as shown in
Figure.

• The supply voltage will be applied at the secondary


windings of transformer while the primary side is
kept OPEN hence this test is dangerous.

Caution: Do not go to the testing area while Open


Circuit test is in progress consider that the HV is hot
and EMF is available.
• 22
Open-Circuit Test in Transformer

• The no-load loss or core loss of transformer is


determined as open circuit power (P oc)
through the wattmeter reading where
wattmeter is connected at the secondary side
of transformer windings as shown in the
figure.

• Ammeter is connected at the LV windings of


transformer to test the no-load current while
the voltmeter is ti test the no-load voltage

Figure 2. Open-Circuit Test Diagram


Problem Solving:

The following information is given in connection with test performed on a


50 kVA, 460/230-volt, 60 Hertz transformer:
Open-Circuit Test .. Eoc = 230 Volts, P oc = 285 watts
Short-Circuit Test ...Esc = 150 volts, P sc = 615 watts,
I sc = 10.87 A
Determine the following:
a) Equivalent primary resistance
b) Equivalent primary impedance
c) Equivalent primary reactance
d) Efficiency at 30kW at 0.6 power factor
e) Voltage regulation at 0.55 lagging and unity power factor
• Solution:

a)
• Solution:

b)
• Solution:

c)
• Solution:

d)
• Solution:

e)
Short Quiz 3: (April 5,2022)

A 25-kVA, 2400/240V, 60-Hz step-down transformer is given in connection


with the following tests performed:
SC test : E sc = 72 volts, PSc = 380 watts, Isc = 10.4 amp.
OC test : E oc = 240 volts, Poc = 250 watts
Evaluate the following:
a) % VR at 0.866 lagging pf (10 pts)
b) Efficiency at full-load condition at 0.7 pf. ( 5 pts)
b) Efficiency at 1.5 times the rated KVA at 0.8 pf. (5 pts)
d) KVA load on transformer when the efficiency is maximum (5 pts)
e) Maximum efficiency when the pf = 0.8 (5 pts)

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