PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32

SAMPLE PAPER TEST 01 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024

(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. A resistance R is to be measured using a meter bridge. Student chooses the standard resistance S
to be 100 Ω. He finds the null point at l1 = 2.9 cm. He is told to attempt to improve the accuracy.
Which of the following is a useful way?
(a) He should measure l1 more accurately.
(b) He should change S to 1000 Ω and repeat the experiment.
(c) He should change S to 3 Ω and repeat the experiment.
(d) He should give up hope of a more accurate measurement with a meter bridge.
Ans: (c) He should change S to 3 Ω and repeat the experiment.

2. The variation potential V with r and electric field E with r for a point charge is correctly shown
in the graphs.

Ans: (b)

3. A proton, a neutron, an electron and an α-particle have the same energy. Then their de Broglie
wavelengths compare as
(a) λp = λn > λe > λα (b) λα < λp = λn < λe
(c) λe < λp = λn > λα (d) λe = λp = λn = λα
Ans: (b) λα < λp = λn < λe

4. There are two coils A and B as shown in figure. A current starts flowing in B as shown, when A
is moved towards B and stops when A stops moving. The current in A is counter clockwise. B is
kept stationary when A moves. We can infer that:

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 (a) there is a constant current in the clockwise direction in A.
(b) there is a varying current in A.
(c) there is no current in A.
(d) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise direction in A.
Ans: (d) there is a constant current in the counter clockwise direction in A.

5. The direction of ray of light incident on a concave mirror is shown by PQ while directions in
which the ray would travel after reflection is shown by four rays marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 (figure).
Which of the four rays correctly shows the direction of reflected ray:

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Ans: (b) 2

6. The spatial distribution of the electric field due to two charges (A, B) is shown in figure. Which
one of the following statements is correct?

(a) A is + ve and B is – ve and |A|>|B|

(b) A is – ve and B is + ve, |A|=|B|
(c) Both are + ve but A>B
(d) Both are – ve but A>B
Ans: (a) A is + ve and B is – ve and |A|>|B|

7. In a Young’s double-slit experiment the source is white light. One of the holes is covered by a
red filter and another by a blue filter. In this case,
(a) there shall be alternate interference patterns of red and blue.
(b) there shall be an interference pattern for red distinct from that for blue.
(c) there shall be no interference fringes.
(d) there shall be an interference pattern for red mixing with one for blue.
Ans: (c) there shall be no interference fringes.

8. A metal rod of length 10 cm and a rectangular cross-section of 1 cm × 1/2 cm is connected to

battery across opposite faces. The resistance will be
(a) maximum when the battery is connected across 1 cm × 1/2 cm faces
(b) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm × 1 cm faces
(c) maximum when the battery is connected across 10 cm × 1/2 cm faces

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 (d) same irrespective of the three faces
Ans: (a) maximum when the battery is connected across 1 cm × 1/2 cm faces

9. Consider sunlight incident on a slit of width 104 Å. The image seen through the slit shall:
(a) be a fine sharp slit white in colour at the centre.
(b) a bright slit white at the centre diffusing to zero intensities at the edges.
(c) a bright slit white at the centre diffusing to regions of different colours.
(d) only be a diffused slit white in colour. 1
Ans: (a) be a fine sharp slit white in colour at the centre.

10. The electrostatic potential on the surface of a charged conducting sphere is 100 V. Two
statements are made in this regard:
S1 : At any point inside the sphere, electric intensity is zero.
S2 : At any point inside the sphere, the electrostatic potential is 100 V.
Which of the following is a correct statement?
(a) S1 is true but S2 is false.
(b) Both S1 and S2 are false.
(c) S1 is true, S2 is also true and S1 is the cause of S2.
(d) S1 is true, S2 is also true but the statements are independent.
Ans: (c) S1 is true, S2 is also true and S1 is the cause of S2.

11. A square of side L metres lies in the x–y plane in a region where the magnetic field is given by

B  B0 (2i  3 j  4k ) Tesla, where, B0 is constant.
The magnitude of flux passing through the square is:
(a) 2B0 L2Wb (b) 3B0 L2Wb (c) 4B0 L2Wb (d) 29B0 L2Wb
Ans: (c) 4B0 L2Wb

12. A silver wire has a resistance of 2.1 Ω at 27.5 °C, and a resistance of 2.7 Ω at 100 °C. What is
the temperature coefficient of resistivity of silver?
(a) 0.0059 (b) 0.0039 (c) 0.0129 (d) 0.0159
Ans: (b) 0.0039

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): The drift velocity of electrons in a metallic conductor decreases with rise of
temperature of conductor.
Reason (R): On increasing temperature, the collision of electrons with lattice ions increases; this
hinders the drift of electrons.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

14. Assertion (A): In series LCR resonance circuit, the impedance is equal to the ohmic resistance.
Reason (R): At resonance, the inductive reactance exceeds the capacitive reactance.
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.

15. Assertion (A): In an electromagnetic wave, electric field vector and magnetic field vector are
mutually perpendicular.
Reason (R): Electromagnetic waves are transverse.

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 Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

16. Assertion (A): Magnetic field lines always form closed loops.
Reason (R): Moving charges or currents produce a magnetic field.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. Two monochromatic radiations of frequencies 1 and 2 (1 > 2) and having the same intensity
are, in turn, incident on a photosensitive surface to cause photoelectric emission. Explain, giving
reason, in which case (i) more number of electrons will be emitted and (ii) the maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted photoelectrons will be more.
Ans: (i) Intensity of incident radiation I = nh, where, n is the number of photons incident per
unit time per unit area. For same intensity of two monochromatic radiations of frequency 1 and
2.
n1h1 = n2h2
As, 1 > 2 ⇒ n2 > n1
Therefore, the number of electrons emitted for monochromatic radiation of frequency 2, will be
more than that for radiation of frequency 1.
(ii) h = 0 + Kmax
∴ For given 0 (work function of metal),
Kmax increases with .
∴ The maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons will be more for monochromatic light
of frequency 1 (as 1 > 2).

18. Draw the energy band diagram when intrinsic semiconductor (Ge) is doped with impurity atoms
of Antimony (Sb). Name the extrinsic semiconductor so obtained and majority charge carriers in
it.
Ans:

This is an n-type extrinsic semiconductor.

Majority carriers are electrons.

19. A proton and a deuteron are accelerated through the same accelerating potential. Which one of
the two has:
(a) greater value of de-Broglie wavelength associated with it, and
(b) less momentum?
Give reasons to justify your answer.
h
Ans: (a) de-Broglie wavelength is given by  
2mqV
As mass of proton < mass of deuteron
and qp = qd and V is same.
∴ λp > λd for same accelerating potential.

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 h
(b) Momentum =

∵ λp > λd
∴ Momentum of proton will be less than that of deuteron.

20. (a) Which charge carriers in intrinsic semiconductor will have conduction?
(b) How does the resistance of a semiconductor change when heated?
Ans: (a) Electrons and holes. These are the change carriers which are responsible for conduction.
In p type of semiconductor holes are majority charge carriers while in n-type, electrons are
majority charge carriers.
(b) Resistance decreases. As with rise in temperature, number of free charge carriers increases
due to breaking of more and more covalent bonds and hence its resistivity decreases.

21. State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted
photon in a transition.
Ans: Bohr’s third postulate: It states that an electron might make a transition from one of its
specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is emitted
having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states.
The frequency of the emitted photon is given by hν = Ei – Ef
where Ei and Ef are the energies of the initial and final states and Ei > Ef.
OR
Write the shortcomings of Rutherford atomic model. Explain how these were overcome by the
postulates of Bohr's atomic model.
Ans: Rutherford proposed planetary model of an atom in which electrons revolve around the
nucleus. An electron revolving around the nucleus has an acceleration directed towards the
nucleus. Such accelerated electron must radiate electromagnetic radiation. But, if a revolving
electron radiates energy, the total energy of the system must decrease. In such situation, the
electron must come closer to the nucleus and hit the nucleus. Also, the radiation spectrum of
emitted electromagnetic waves should be continuous.
However, this does not happen in an atom. Atom is not unstable and the spectrum is not
continuous. Rutherford atomic model cannot explain these two observations. These are the
shortcomings of Rutherford atomic model.
To overcome this discrepancy, Neils Bohr put forward three postulates combining classical
Physics and Planck’s quantum hypothesis. Bohr’s 1st postulate provides stability to the atomic
model. Bohr’s 2nd postulate provides justification that electrons may revolve in stationary orbit.
Bohr’s 3rd postulate provides the explanation of line spectrum.

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. A device ‘X’ is connected to an a.c source. The variation of voltage, current and power in one
complete cycle is shown in the below figure.
(a) Which curve shows power consumption over a full cycle?
(b) What is the average power consumption over a cycle?
(c) Identify the device ‘X’.

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 Ans: (a) The curve of power will have maximum amplitude and the is equal to the product of
amplitudes of voltages and current. Therefore, curve A represents power.
(b) The average power consumption over a cycle is zero as the full cycle in the graph consists of
one positive and one negative symmetrical area.
(c) X might be an inductor or capacitor or a combination of both.
OR
State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric
energy over long distances done with the use of transformers?
Ans: A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction which states that due to
continuous change in the current in the primary coil, an emf gets induced across the secondary
coil. Electric power generated at the power station, is stepped-up to very high voltages by means
of a step-up transformer and transmitted to a distant place. At receiving end, it is stepped down
by a step-down transformer.
23. Name the type of EM waves having a wavelength range of 0.1 m to 1 mm. How are these waves
generated? Write their two uses.
Ans: Type of electromagnetic waves having wavelength range 0.1 m to 1 mm is microwaves
and are produced by klystron valve or magnetron valve.
These are produced by vacuum tubes devices that operate on the ballistic motion of electron
controlled by magnetic or electric fields. They can also be produced by traveling wave
tube(TWT) and gyrotron.
These waves work in density modulated mode rather than current modulated mode.
Uses of microwaves electromagnetic waves are (any two)
1) Used for point to point telecommunications.
2) Used for high data transmission.
3) T.V. and telephone communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves.
4) Microwaves are also employed in microwave ovens and in radar technology.
5) They are also be used in navigation and radio signals
OR
What should be the width of each slit to obtain 10 maxima of double slit pattern within the
central maxima of single slit pattern?
Ans: Let the width of each slit is a.
D
Linear separation between 10 fringes is given by x  10   10
d
x 10
Corresponding angular separation is 1  
D d

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 Now the angular width of central maximum in the diffraction pattern of a single slit is given by
2
2 
a
Since  2  1 ,
2 10 2d d 1.00
  a a   0.2 mm
a d 10 5 5

24. A coil of wire enclosing an area 100 cm2 is placed with its plane making an angle 60° with the
magnetic field of strength 10–1 T.
What is the flux through the coil? If magnetic field is reduced to zero in 10–3 s, then find the
induced emf.
Ans:  = BA cos θ, B = 10–1 T, A = 100 cm2 = 10–2 m2
3
cos θ = cos (90° – 60°) = cos 300 =
2
3
∴  = 10–1 × 10–2 ×
2
3
∴= × 10–3 Wb
2
3
10 3 3
Induced emf = || = d/dt  2 3  V
10 2
25. Explain the formation of potential barrier and depletion region in a p–n junction diode. What is
effect of applying forward bias on the width of depletion region?
Ans: Formation of depletion region: In the p-type semiconductor, holes are the majority carrier
and in the n-type semiconductor, electrons are the majority carrier.

When a p–n junction is formed, some of the electrons from the n-region which have reached the
conduction band are free to diffuse across the junction and combine with holes.
Filling a hole, makes a negative ion in p-side and a positive ion in the n-side. Thus, free charges
get depleted and a depletion region is formed, which inhibits any further electron transfer.
OR
(a) In the following diagram, which bulb out of B1 and B2 will glow and why?

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 (b) Draw a diagram of an illuminated p-n junction solar cell.
(c) Explain briefly the three processes due to which generation of emf takes place in a solar cell.
Ans: (a) In the diagram, diode D1 is in forward bias and diode D2 is in reverse bias, So current
will flow through D1 and D2 will not allow flowing the current, So bulb B1 will glow and bulb B2
will not glow.
(a)

(c) When the photodiode is illuminated with light, with energy greater than the energy gap of the
semiconductor, then electron-hole pairs are generated due to the absorption of photons, in or near
the depletion region. Due to the electric field of the junction, electrons and holes are separated
before the recombine electrons reach n-side and holes reach p-side. Electrons are collected on n-
side and holes are collected on p-side giving rise to an emf. When connected to an external load
is current flows, whose magnitude depends on the intensity of incident light. The photodiode can
be used as a photodetector to detect optical signals.

26. A 200 F parallel plate capacitor having plate separation of 5 mm is charged by a 100 V dc
source. It remains connected to the source. Using an insulated handle, the distance between the
plates is doubled and a dielectric slab of thickness 5 mm and dielectric constant 10 is introduced
between the plates. Explain with reason, how the (i) capacitance, (ii) electric field between the
plates, (iii) energy density of the capacitor will change?
Ans: Given: Capacitance of the capacitor, C= 200 F
Potential of dc source, V = 100 V
Let 'A' be the area of the plate and 'd' be the separation between the plates,
The capacitance of the capacitor is given as,
 A
C  0   0 A  Cd ...(i)
d
When the capacitor remains connected with the dc source, then there will be no change in
potential difference.
(i) Now, according the problem
Separation between the plates = 2d
Thickness of dielectric slab, t = 5 mm = 5.0 × 10–3 m
Dielectric constant, K = 10
A 0
New capacitance of the capacitor, C ' 
t
( d ' t ) 
K
Here, d' = 2d and t = d

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 A 0 A 0 A 0
C'  
d d  1
(2d  d )  d d 1  
K K  K
KC 10  200  F
C'   182 F
K 1 (10  1)
Hence, new capacitance of the capacitor will decrease.
(ii) Since, there in no change in the potential difference.
Hence, there would not be any change in electric field.
100
It will be  18,182 V/m.
5.5  103
(iii) The energy will decrease because:
1
E  CV 2  E  C [∵ V is constant]
2
Hence, the energy density will also decrease.

27. (a) Define mutual inductance and write its S.I. unit.
(b) A square loop of side 'a' carrying a current I2 is kept at distance x from an infinitely long
straight wire carrying a current I1 as shown in the figure. Obtain the expression for the resultant
force acting on the loop.

Ans: (a) Mutual inductance equals the magnetic flux associated with a coil when unit current
flows in its neighbouring coil. Alternatively, mutual inductance equals the induced emf in ac coil
when the rate of change of current in its neighbouring coil is one ampere/second.
S.I unit: Henry (H) or weber/ampere (or any other correct SI unit)
 2I I
(b) Force per unit length between two parallel straight conductors, F  0 1 2
4 d
Force on the part of the loop which is parallel to infinite straight wire and at a distance x from it.
 II
F1  0 1 2 (away from the, infinite straight wire)
4 x
Force on the part of the loop which is at a distant (x + a) from it
 IIa
F2  0 1 2 (towards the infinite straight wire)
2 ( x  a )
 II  I I a  I I a 1 1 
Net force F = F1 – F2  F  0 1 2  0 1 2  0 1 2  
4 x 2 ( x  a) 4  x x  a 
 0 I1 I 2 a 2
F (away from the infinite straight wire)
2 x( x  a )

28. Draw the curve showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with the mass number of
nuclei. Using it explain the fusion of nuclei lying on ascending part and fission of nuclei lying on
descending part of this curve.

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 Ans: From the graph, it is clear that it has a peak near A = 60. Nuclei around this are most stable.
(Example: Iron)

The shape of this curve suggests two possibilities for converting significant amounts of mass into
energy :
(i) Fission reactions: From the curve, the heaviest nuclei are less stable than the nuclei near A =
60. This suggests that energy can be released if heavy nuclei split apart into smaller nuclei. This
process is called fission.
(ii) Fusion reactions: The curve also suggests energy can be released from the lighter elements
(like hydrogen and helium) as they are less stable than heavier elements up to A~60. Thus,
sticking two light nuclei together to form a heavier nucleus can also release energy. This process
is called fusion. In both fission and fusion reactions, the total masses after the reaction are less
than those before. Thus “missing mass” appears as energy.

SECTION – D
Questions 29 to 31 carry 5 marks each.

29. (a) In Rutherford scattering experiment, draw the trajectory traced by a-particles in the coulomb
field of target nucleus and explain how this led to estimate the size of the nucleus.
(b) Describe briefly how wavelength is related to kinetic energy?
(c) Estimate the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with deuterons and a-particles when
they are accelerated from rest through the same accelerating potential V.
Ans: (a) The trajectory, traced by the a-particles in the Coulomb field of target nucleus, has the
form as shown below:

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 The size of the nucleus was estimated by observing the distance (d) of closest approach, of the -
1 2eZe
particles. This distance is given by d  .
4 0 K
where, K = kinetic energy of the a-particles when they are far away from the target nuclei.
(b) There is inverse relation between wavelength and kinetic energy. Mathematically,
h

2mK
h h h
(c)       
p mv 2mqV
h
 2md qdV m q
Hence, d   (accelerated potential is same for both particles)
 h md qd
2m q V
d 4 2
  2
 2 1

OR
(a) Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the total energy of the electron in the
stationary states of the hydrogen atom.
(b) Using Rydberg formula, calculate the wavelengths of the spectral lines of the first member of
the Lyman series and of the Balmer series.
nh nh
Ans: (a) mvr  v
2 2 mr
2 2
mv 1 e e2
  r 
r 4 0 r 2 4 0 mv 2
e2  0n2h2
r 2
r 
 nh   me 2
4 0  
 2 mr 
1 e2 me 4
Potential Energy, U  
4 0 r 4 0 2 n 2 h 2
2
1 1  nh  n 2 h2 2 m2 e4
Kinetic Energy, K .E .  mv 2  m   
2 2  2 mr  8 2 m 0 2 n 4 h 4
me 4
 K .E. 
8 0 2 n 2 h 2
me 4
Total Energy = K.E. + P.E.  
8 0 2 n 2 h 2
(b) Rydberg's formula: For first member of Lyman series,
1 1 1  1  1 3 4 4 o o
 R  2  2    R 1    R      912 A  1216 A
 1 2    4 4 3R 3
For first member of Balmer Series.
1  1 1 1 1 1 5
 R 2  2    R    R
 2 3   4 9 36
36 36 o o
    912 A  6566.4 A
5R 5

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30. (a) Define the term wavefront.
(b) Use Huygens’ geometrical construction to show how a plane wave front at t = 0 propagates
and produces a wave front at a later time. Using Huygen's wave theory, verify the law of
reflection.
Ans: (a) Wave front is a surface of constant phase. Alternatively, it is the locus of all those points
which are in the same phase of disturbance.
(b) Let us consider a plane wavefront X1Y1 at t = 0. According to Huygen’s principle each point
on this wavefront may be considered as a point source. Points are considered for the convenience
of drawing. 3 circular arcs are drawn centring each point with radius ct where c is the velocity
of light and t is the time difference. A common tangent is drawn to these 3 arcs which gives the
new wavefront X2Y2 parallel to X1Y1 after time t.

Consider a plane wave AB incident at an angle ‘i’ on a reflecting surface MN

let t = time taken by the wave front to advance from B to C.
∴ BC = vt
Let CE represent the tangent plane drawn from the point E to the sphere of radius ‘vt’ having A
as its center.

then AE = BC = vt
it follows that ∆EAC ≅ ∆BAC
Hence, ∠i = ∠r (cpct)
∴ Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
OR
Answer the following questions:
(a) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width.
How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
(b) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double-slit
experiment?
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot
is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?
(d) Two students are separated by a 7 m partition wall in a room 10 m high. If both light and
sound waves can bend around obstacles, how is it that the students are unable to see each other
even though they can converse easily.
(e) Ray optics is based on the assumption that light travels in a straight line. Diffraction effects
(observed when light propagates through small apertures/slits or around small obstacles)

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 disprove this assumption. Yet the ray optics assumption is so commonly used in understanding
location and several other properties of images in optical instruments. What is the justification?
Ans: (a) In a single-slit diffraction experiment, if the width of the slit is made double the original
width, then the size of the central diffraction band reduces to half and the intensity of the central
diffraction band increases up to four times.
(b) The interference pattern in a double-slit experiment is modulated by diffraction from each
slit. The pattern is the result of the interference of the diffracted wave from each slit.
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot
is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. This is because light waves are diffracted
from the edge of the circular obstacle, which interferes constructively at the centre of the
shadow. This constructive interference produces a bright spot.
(d) Bending of waves by obstacles by a large angle is possible when the size of the obstacle is
comparable to the wavelength of the waves. On the one hand, the wavelength of the light waves
is too small in comparison to the size of the obstacle. Thus, the diffraction angle will be very
small. Hence, the students are unable to see each other. On the other hand, the size of the wall is
comparable to the wavelength of the sound waves. Thus, the bending of the waves takes place at
a large angle. Hence, the students are able to hear each other.
(e) The justification is that in ordinary optical instruments, the size of the aperture involved is
much larger than the wavelength of the light used.

31. (i) Describe briefly the process of transferring the charge between the two plates of a parallel
plate capacitor when connected to a battery. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a
capacitor.
(ii) A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery to a potential difference V. It is
disconnected from battery and then connected to another uncharged capacitor of the same
capacitance. Calculate the ratio of the energy stored in the combination to the initial energy on
the single capacitor.
Ans: (a)Let us consider, an uncharged capacitor of capacitance which is connected with a
battery of e.m.f . Potential Difference across the capacitor will build up. Such that, the plate
with positive terminal of the battery will lose electrons and the other plate will gain the electron.
There is no transfer of charge in between the plates.

When the emf of the battery becomes equal to the potential difference across the capacitor, then
the capacitor would be fully charged and will act as an open switch.
Derivation : Let the charge on the capacitor is increased by dq amount then,
Then, the work done:-

On integrating it, we have

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 We know,

This is the work done is stored as energy on the capacitor

(b) We know, the energy stored by the capacitor when it is charged is given as :

, is the charge on the capacitor.

Now, when the capacitor is connected to the other Capacitor, they both get some charge in
equilibrium.
Hence, the total charge remains the same, the charge on each capacitor is :

Now, the energy stored is -

Hence, the Ratio is

OR
A capacitor of capacitance C1 is charged to a potential V1 while another capacitor of capacitance
C2 is charged to a potential difference V2. The capacitors are now disconnected from their
respective charging batteries and connected in parallel to each other.
(a) Find the total energy stored in the two capacitors before they are connected.
(b) Find the total energy stored in the parallel combination of the two capacitors.
(c) Explain the reason for the difference of energy in parallel combination in comparison to the
total energy before they are connected.
Ans:
(a) Total energy before they are connected.
1 1
E  C1V12  C2V2 2
2 2
(b) Let be the potential across the parallel combination
Applying conservation of charge, we can write
C V  C2V2
(C1  C2 )V  C1V1  C2V2  V  1 1
C1  C2
1
The total energy stored in parallel combination is E  CV 2
2
2
1  C V  C2V2  1 (C1V1  C2V2 ) 2
 E  (C1  C2 )  1 1   E 
2  C1  C2  2 C1  C2

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 (c) The total energy of the parallel combination is different (less) from the total energy before the
capacitors are connected. This is because some energy gets used up due to the movement of
charges.

SECTION – E(Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 32 to 33 carry 4 marks each.

32. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
For an RLC circuit driven with voltage of amplitude vm and frequency , we found that the
v vm
current amplitude is given by i  m 
Z R  ( X C  X L )2
2

with XC = 1/C and XL = L. and the impedance is minimum (Z = R 2  O 2 = R). This
frequency is called the resonant frequency:
1 1
X C  X L or  0 L  0 
0C LC
At resonant frequency, the current amplitude is maximum; im = Vm/R.
Figure shows the variation of im with  in a RLC series circuit with L = 1.00 mH, C = 1.00 nF
for two values of
R: (i) R = 100  and (ii) R = 200 . For the source applied Vm = 100 V.
We see that the current amplitude is maximum at the resonant frequency.

(i) What is the value of resistance for graph (i) and graph (ii)?
(ii) What happens to the inductive and capacitive reactance at resonance?
(iii) Can we have resonance in RL and RC circuit?
OR
What is the phase difference between voltage and current at resonance?

Ans: (i) For graph (i), R = 200 

For graph (ii), R = 200 
(ii) At resonance XC = XL
(iii) No. The resonance phenomenon is exhibited by a circuit only if both L and C are present in
the circuit. Only then the voltages across L and C cancel each other and the current amplitude is
Vm /R, the total source voltage appears across R. But this cannot happen in RL and RC circuit.
So, resonance does not occur in RL and RC circuits.
OR
Since at resonance the circuit becomes completely resistive, there is no phase difference between
voltage and current at resonance.

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33. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Galvanometer can sense/measure current. Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by
William Thomson, later to become Lord Kelvin, in 1858. Thomson intended the instrument to
read weak signal currents on very long submarine telegraph cables.
The fundamental problems of transmitting/ receiving a signal through a lengthy submarine cable
was that the electrical current tended to be very low (as little as 1/1,00,000th of a standard light
bulb). So, it was very difficult to detect it. To solve the problem it was thought that larger
amount of electric current would be sent through the line. But Thomson had a different approach.
He thought the best response was to devise a device that could read faint signals. The
galvanometer, first invented in 1802, was a means of detecting electric current. It consisted of a
needle that was deflected by the magnetic field created by the electric current. But the
galvanometers of the day couldn't detect the weak signals that came through a long underwater
cable. But the improved version of galvanometer was highly sensitive to detect the lowest
current.

The mirror galvanometer consists of a long fine coil of silk-covered copper wire. In the heart of
that coil, within a little air-chamber, a small round mirror is hung by a single fibre of floss silk,
with four tiny magnets cemented to its back.
A beam of light is thrown from a lamp upon the mirror and reflected by it upon a white screen or
scale a few feet distant, where it forms a bright spot of light; when there is no current on the
instrument, the spot of light remains stationary at the zero position on the screen; but the instant a
current traverses the long wire of the coil, the suspended magnets twist themselves horizontally
out of their former position, the mirror is inclined with them, and the beam of light is deflected
along the screen to one side or the other, according to the nature of the current. If a positive
electric current gives a deflection to the right of zero, a negative current will give a deflection to
the left of zero and vice versa.
The air in the little chamber surrounding the mirror is compressed, so as to act like a cushion,
and deaden the movements of the mirror; the mirror is thus prevented from idly swinging about
at each deflections.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions
(i) The credit for improved galvanometer development goes to whom? And what is its primary
function? [1]
(ii) Define the basic principle of galvanometer. [1]
(iii) The mirror galvanometer consists of what components? [2]
OR
How the ideal swinging of the mirror of mirror galvanometer is prevented? [2]
Ans: (i) Improved mirror galvanometer was developed by William Thomson, later to become
Lord Kelvin, in 1858. It is used to detect small currents in the circuit.

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 (ii) The galvanometer, was a means of detecting electric current. It consisted of a needle that was
deflected by the magnetic field created by the electric current.
(iii) The mirror galvanometer consists of a long fine coil of silk-covered copper wire. In the heart
of that coil, within a little air-chamber, a small round mirror is hung by a single fibre of floss
silk, with four tiny magnets cemented to its back.
OR
The air in the little chamber surrounding the mirror is compressed, so as to act like a cushion,
and deaden the movements of the mirror; the mirror is thus prevented from ideal swinging about
at each deflections.

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 02 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. A point positive charge is brought near an isolated conducting sphere in given figure. The
electric field is best given by

(a) Fig. (i) (b) Fig. (ii) (c) Fig. (iii) (d) Fig. (iv)
Ans: (a) Fig. (i)

2. If an ammeter is to be used in place of a voltmeter, then we must connect with the ammeter a
(a) low resistance in parallel (b) low resistance in series
(c) high resistance in parallel (d) high resistance in series
Ans: (d) high resistance in series

3. A positively charged particle is released from rest in a uniform electric field. The electric
potential energy of the charge
(a) remains a constant because the electric field is uniform.
(b) increases because the charge moves along the electric field.
(c) decreases because the charge moves along the electric field.
(d) decreases because the charge moves opposite to the electric field.
Ans: (c) decreases because the charge moves along the electric field.

4. Which of the following has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity?

(a) metal (b) metal and semiconductor (c) semiconductor (d) metal and alloy
Ans: (c) semiconductor

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5. In the circuit the galvanometer shows zero deflection. If the batteries A and B have negligible
internal resistance, the value of resistance R will be

(a) 100  (b) 200  (c) 500  (d) 1000 

Ans: (a) 100 

6. The relationship between angle of incidence i, prism of angle A and angle of minimum deviation
for a triangular prism is:
(a) A +  m = i (b) A +  m = 2i (c) A +  /2 (d) 2A +  m = i
Ans: (b) A +  m = 2i

7. A network of six identical capacitors, each of value C is made as shown in fig. The equivalent
capacitance between points A and B is

(a) C/4 (b) 3C/4 (c) 3C/2 (d) 4C/3

Ans: (d) 4C/3

8. As shown in figure, P and Q are two co-axial conducting loops separated by some distance.
When switch S is closed, a clockwise current IP flows in P (as seen by eye E) and an induced
current IQ1 flows in Q. The switch S remains closed for a long time. When S is opened, a current
IQ2 flows in Q. Then the directions of (as seen by eye E) are

(a) respectively clockwise and anticlockwise

(b) both clockwise
(c) both anticlockwise
(d) respectively anticlockwise and clockwise
Ans: (d) respectively anticlockwise and clockwise

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9. Two identical junctions may be connected in series with a battery in three ways. The potential
drops across the two junctions are equal in

(a) circuits (1) and (2) (b) circuits (2) and (3)
(c) circuits (1) and (3) (d) circuit (1) only
Ans: (b) circuits (2) and (3)

10. An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown. The abed is a coil adjacent to the path of
electron. What will be the direction of current, if any, induced in the coil?

(a) The current will reverse its direction as the electron goes past the coil
(b) No current induced
(c) abcd
(d) adcb
Ans: (a) The current will reverse its direction as the electron goes past the coil
According to Lenz’s law, the current induced in coil will opposes the increasing magnetic field
when electron pass the coil from X to Y.

11. In a Young‘s double slit experiment, the source is white light. One of the holes is covered by a
red filter and another by a blue filter. In this case
(a) there shall be alternate interference patterns of red and blue.
(b) there shall be an interference pattern for red distinct from that for blue.
(c) there shall be no interference fringes.
(d) there shall be an interference pattern for red mixing with one for blue.
Ans: (c) there shall be no interference fringes.

12. In an ac circuit the voltage and current are given by the following expressions V = V0 sin t and
I = I0 cos t, where the symbols have their usual meaning. Which of the following statement is
correct?
(a) Voltage lead the current by a phase angle of /2.
(b) Voltage lags behind the current by phase angle of .
(c) Voltage and current are in phase.
(d) Voltage lags behind the current by phase angle of /2.
Ans: (d) Voltage lags behind the current by phase angle of /2.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infinitely close
to each other.
Reason (R): Fringe width is inversely proportional to separation between the slit.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
When d is negligibly small, fringe width. β which is proportional to 1/d may become too large.
Even a single fringe may occupy the whole screen. Hence the pattern cannot be detected.

14. Assertion (A): A ray of light is incident from outside on a glass sphere surrounded by air. This
ray may suffer total internal reflection at second interface.
Reason (R): If a ray of light goes from denser to rarer medium, it bends away from the normal.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
They ray will suffer total internal reflection at second interface only if its angle of incidence is
greater than the critical angle.

15. Assertion (A): In the absence of an externally applied electric field, the displacement per unit
volume of a polar dielectric material is always zero.
Reason (R): In polar dielectrics, each molecule has a permanent dipole moment but these are
randomly oriented in the absence of an externally applied electric field.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
In polar dielectrics, each molecule has a permanent dipole moment but these are randomly
oriented in the absence of an externally applied electric field.

16. Assertion (A): The resistance of a given mass of copper wire is inversely proportional to the
square of length.
Reason (R): When a copper wire of given mass is stretched to increase its length, its cross-
sectional area also increases.
Ans: (d) A is false but R is true.
By stretching the conductor wire then its cross-section area decreases to keep volume of wire
constant. But mass of the wire remain same.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. Explain briefly how electromagnetic waves are produced by an oscillating charge. How is the
frequency of EM waves produced related to that of the oscillating charge?
Ans: An oscillating or accelerated charge is supposed to be source of an electromagnetic wave.
An oscillating charge produces an oscillating electric field in space which further produces an
oscillating magnetic field which in turn is a source of electric field. These oscillating electric and
magnetic field, hence, keep on regenerating each other and an electromagnetic wave is produced
The frequency of EM wave = Frequency of oscillating charge.

18. A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.48 J/T. Find the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field produced by the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from the centre of magnet on (i)
the axis, (ii) equatorial lines (normal bisector) of the magnet.
Ans:

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19. Draw the intensity pattern for single slit diffraction and double slit interference. Hence, state two
differences between interference and diffraction patterns.
Ans:

Difference between Interference and Diffraction:

Interference Diffraction

Fringe width is constant. Fringe width varies.

Fringes are obtained with Fringes are obtained with the monochromatic
the coherent light coming from two slits. light coming from single slit.
It is superposition of waves. It is superposition of wavelets from same
wavefront.
It depends upon the distance between It depends upon the aperture of single slit
two openings. opening.
Many fringes are visible. Fewer fringes are visible.
All fringes are of same brightness. Central fringe has maximum brightness, then
it reduces gradually.

20. Two stable isotopes of lithium 36 Li and 7

3 Li have respective abundances of 7.5% and 92.5%.
These isotopes have masses 6.01512 u and 7.01600 u respectively. Find the atomic weight of
lithium.
Ans:

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 OR
In a typical nuclear reaction, e.g.,
2 2
1 H  1 H   23 He  n  3.27 MeV ,
although number of nucleons is conserved, yet energy is released. How? Explain.
Ans: In nuclear reaction
2 2
1 H  1 H  23 He  n  3.27 MeV ,
Cause of the energy released:
(i) Binding energy per nucleon of 23 He becomes more than the (BE/A) of 12 H
(ii) Mass defect between the reactant and product nuclei
E  mc 2  [2m( 12 H )  m( 23 He)  m(n)]c 2

21. An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. The image formed is real
and three times the size of the object. Calculate the distance of the object from the mirror.
Ans:

OR
Calculate the radius of curvature of an equi-concave lens of refractive index 1.5, when it is kept
in a medium of refractive index 1.4, to have a power of -5D?
Ans:

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. Draw the magnetic field lines for a current carrying solenoid when a rod made of (i) copper, (ii)
aluminium and (iii) iron are inserted within the solenoid as shown.

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 Ans: (i) When a bar of diamagnetic material (copper) is placed in an external magnetic field, the
field lines are repelled or expelled and the field inside the material is reduced.

(ii) When a bar of paramagnetic material (Aluminium) is placed in an external field, the field
lines gets concentrated inside the material and the field inside is enhanced.

(iii) When a ferromagnetic material (Iron) is placed in an internal magnetic field, the field lines
are highly concentrated inside the material.

OR

Write the expression for the magnetic moment ( M ) due to a planar square loop of side ‘l’
carrying a steady current I in a vector form. In the given figure this loop is placed in a horizontal
plane near a long straight conductor carrying a steady current I1 at a distance 'l' as Shown. Give
reasons to explain that the loop will experience a net force but no torque. Write the expression
for this force acting on the loop.

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  
Ans: Magnetic moment due to a planar square loop of side l carrying current I is m  I A
For square loop A = l2

∴ m  Il 2 n , where n is unit vector normal to loop.
Magnetic field due to current carrying wire at the location of loop is directed downward
perpendicular to plane of loop. Since the magnetic moment is parallel to area vector hence torque
is zero.
Force on QR and SP are equal and opposite, so net force on these sides is zero.
  
Force on side PQ, F PQ  Il  B1

23. The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are shown alongside. Which of the shown transitions
will result in the emission of a photon of wavelength 275 nm? Which of these transitions
correspond to emission of radiation of (i) maximum and (ii) minimum wavelength?

Ans:

24. Explain the terms ‘depletion layer’ and ‘potential barrier’ in a p-n junction diode. How are the (i)
width of depletion layer, and (ii) value of potential barrier affected when the p-n junction is
forward biased?
Ans: Depletion region: Due to the diffusion of electrons and holes across the junction, a region
of (immobile) positive charge is created on the n-side and a region of (immobile) negative charge

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 is created on the p-side, near the junction. This space charge region on either side of the junction
together is known as depletion region.
Barrier potential: It is formed due to loss of electrons from n-region and gain of electrons by p-
region. Its polarity is such that it opposes the movement of charge carriers across the junction.
In forward biased (a) width of depletion layer decreases and (b) the value of barrier potential also
decreases as V0 – V.

25. Explain with a proper diagram how an ac signal can be converted into dc (pulsating) signal with
output frequency as double than the input frequency using p-n junction diode. Give its input and
output waveforms.
Ans: A junction diode allows current to pass only when it is forward biased. So, if an alternating
voltage is applied across a diode the current flows only in that part of the cycle when the diode is
forward biased. This property is used to rectify alternating voltages and the circuit used for this
purpose is called a rectifier.
Circuit Diagram

Input and output waveforms.

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26. Three concentric metallic shells A, B and C of radii a, b and c (a < b < c) have surface charge
densities +σ, -σ and +σ respectively as shown in the figure. If shells A and C are at the same
potential, then obtain the relation between the radii a, b and c.

Ans:

27. In an experimental arrangement of two coils C1 and C2 placed coaxially parallel to each other,
find out the expression for the emf induced in the coil C1 (of N1 turns) corresponding to the
change of current I, in the coil C2 (of N2 turns).
Ans:

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 It shows that varying current in a coil induces emf in the neighbouring coil.
OR
A device X is connected to an ac source. The variation of voltage, current and power in one
complete cycle is shown in the figure.

(i) Which curve shows power consumption over a full cycle?

(ii) What is the average power consumption over a cycle?
(iii) Identify the device ‘X’.
Ans: (i) A
(ii) Zero
(iii) L or C or LC Series combination of L and C

28. A long straight wire AB carries a current of 4 A. A proton P travels at 4 x 106 m/s parallel to the
wire 0.2 m from it and in a direction opposite to the current as shown in the figure. Calculate the
force which the magnetic field due to the current carrying wire exerts on the proton. Also
specify its direction.

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 Ans:

SECTION – D
Questions 29 to 31 carry 5 marks each.

29. (i) Give a brief description of the basic elementary process involved in the photoelectric emission
in Einstein’s picture.
(i) Light of wavelength 2500 Å falls on a metal surface of work function 3.5 eV. What is the
kinetic energy (in eV) of (a) the fastest and (b) the slowest electronic emitted from the surface?
If the same light falls on another surface of work function 5.5 eV, what will be the energy of
emitted electrons?
Ans: (i) Einstein’s Explanation of Photoelectric Effect:
Einstein explained photoelectric effect on the basis of quantum theory. The main points are
1. Light is propagated in the form of bundles of energy. Each bundle of energy is called a
quantum or photon and has energy hν where h = Planck’s constant and ν = frequency of light.
2. The photoelectric effect is due to collision of a photon of incident light and a bound electron
of the metallic cathode.
3. When a photon of incident light falls on the metallic surface, it is completely absorbed. Before
being absorbed it penetrates through a distance of nearly 10–8 m (or 100 Å). The absorbed photon
transfers its whole energy to a single electron.

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 The energy of photon goes in two parts: a part of energy is used in releasing the electron from
the metal surface (i.e., in overcoming work function) and the remaining part appears in the form
of kinetic energy of the same electron. If ν be the frequency of incident light, the energy of
photon = hν. If W be the work function of metal and EK the maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectron, then according to Einstein’s explanation.
hν = W + EK
or EK = hν – W ...(i)
This is called Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
If ν0 be the threshold frequency, then if frequency of incident light is less then ν0 no electron will
be emitted and if the frequency of incident light be ν0 then EK = 0; so from equation (i)
0 = hν0 – W or W = hν0
If λ0 be the threshold wavelength, then ν0 = c/λ0
where c is the speed of light in vacuum
∴ Work function W = hν0 = hc/λ0 ...(ii)
Substituting this value in equation (i), we get
1
EK = hν – hν0 ⇒ mv2 = hν – hν0 ...(iii)
2
This is another form of Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
(ii) Wavelength of incident radiation ( λ ) = 2500 Å
Work function (W) = 3·5 eV
According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation,

(a) KE of fastest electron = 1· 47 eV

(b) KE of slowest electron= 0 eV
If the same light (having energy 4. 97 eV) falls on the surface (of work function 5.5 eV), then no
photoelectrons will emit.
OR
(i) State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency of emitted
photon in a transition.
(ii) When four hydrogen nuclei combine to form a helium nucleus, estimate the amount of
energy in MeV released in this process of fusion. (Neglect the masses of electrons and neutrinos)
Given:
(a) mass of 11H =1.007825 u
(b) mass of helium nucleus = 4.002603 u, 1 u = 931 MeV/c2
Ans: (i) Bohr’s postulate: It states that an electron might make a transition from one of its
specified non-radiating orbits to another of lower energy. When it does so, a photon is emitted
having energy equal to the energy difference between the initial and final states. The frequency
of the emitted photon is given by
hν = Ei –Ef
where Ei and Ef are the energies of the initial and final states and Ei > Ef .
(ii) Energy released =Δm × 931 MeV
Δm =4m ( 11H ) – m( 24 He )
Energy released (Q) = [4m( 11H ) – m( 24 He )] × 931 MeV
= [4 × 1.007825 – 4.002603] × 931 MeV = 26.72 MeV

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30. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up transformer. Obtain the ratio of secondary to primary
voltage in terms of number of turns and currents in the two coils.
(ii) A power transmission line feeds input power at 2200 V to a step-down transformer with its
primary windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of turns in the secondary to get the power
output at 220 V.
Ans: (i) Transformer: A transformer converts low voltage into high voltage ac and vice-versa.
Construction: It consists of laminated core of soft iron, on which two coils of insulated copper
wire are separately wound. These coils are kept insulated from each other and from the iron-core,
but are coupled through mutual induction. The number of turns in these coils are different. Out of
these coils one coil is called primary coil and other is called the secondary coil. The terminals of
primary coils are connected to ac mains and the terminals of the secondary coil are connected to
external circuit in which alternating current of desired voltage is required. Transformers are of
two types:

1. Step up Transformer: It transforms the alternating low voltage to alternating high voltage
and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is more than that in primary coil (i.e., NS > NP).
2. Step down Transformer: It transforms the alternating high voltage to alternating low voltage
and in this the number of turns in secondary coil is less than that in primary coil (i.e., NS < NP).
Working: When alternating current source is connected to the ends of primary coil, the current
changes continuously in the primary coil; due to which the magnetic flux linked with the
secondary coil changes continuously, therefore the alternating emf of same frequency is
developed across the secondary.
Let NP be the number of turns in primary coil, NS the number of turns in secondary coil and φ the
magnetic flux linked with each turn. We assume that there is no leakage of flux so that the flux
linked with each turn of primary coil and secondary coil is the same. According to Faraday’s
laws the emf induced in the primary coil

and emf induced in the secondary coil

From (i) and (ii)

If the resistance of primary coil is negligible, the emf (εP) induced in the primary coil, will be
equal to the applied potential difference (VP) across its ends. Similarly if the secondary circuit is
open, then the potential differenceVS across its ends will be equal to the emf (εS) induced in it;
therefore

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 where r = NS/NP is called the transformation ratio. If iP and iS are the instantaneous currents in
primary and secondary coils and there is no loss of energy; then
For about 100% efficiency, Power in primary =Power in secondary

(ii) Given, VP = 2200 V, NP = 3000 turns, VS = 220 V

OR
A 2uF capacitor, 100  resistor and 8 H inductor are connected in series with an ac source.
(i) What should be the frequency of the source such that current drawn in the circuit is
maximum? What is this frequency called?
(ii) If the peak value of emf of the source is 200 V, find the maximum current.
(iii) Draw a graph showing variation of amplitude of circuit current with changing frequency of
applied voltage in a series LCR circuit for two different values of resistance R1 and R2 (R1 > R2).
(iv) Define the term ‘Sharpness of Resonance’. Under what condition, does a circuit become
more selective?
Ans:

Circuit is more selective if it has greater value of sharpness. The circuit should have smaller
bandwidth Δ.
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31. (a) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. Using this law derive an expression for the electric field
due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet.
(b) In the figure there are three infinite long thin sheets having surface charge density +2, -2
and + respectively. Give the magnitude and direction of electric field at a point to the left of
sheet of charge density +2 and to the right of sheet of charge density +.

Ans: (a) Gauss’ Law states that the total flux through a closed surface is 1/εo times the net charge
  q
enclosed by E   E.ds 
o
Let s be the surface charge density (charge per unit
 area) of the given sheet and let P be a point at
distance r from the sheet where we have to find E .
Choosing point P’, symmetrical with P on the other side of the sheet, let us draw a Gaussian
cylindrical surface cutting throughthe
 sheet as shown in the diagram. As at the cylindrical
 part

of the Gaussian surface, E and ds are at a right angle, the only surfaces having E and ds
parallel are the plane ends.
   
E    E .ds   E.ds [As E is outgoing from both plane ends, the flux is positive.]
 E   E.ds  
 E.ds  EA  EA  2 EA
This is the total flux through the Gaussian surface.
q
Using Gauss’ law, E 
o
q A 
 2 EA   E
o o 2 o
This value is independent of r. Hence, the electric field intensity is same for all points near the
charged sheet. This is called uniform electric field intensity.
  q
(b) As per gauss’ law flux, E   E.ds 
o
2 2  
E  E1  E2  E3    
o  o  o  o

(i) Net electric field towards left = (left)
o

(ii) Net electric field towards right = (right)
o
OR
(a) Define an ideal electric dipole. Give an example.
(b) Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an electric dipole in a uniform electric
field. What is net force acting on this dipole.
(c) An electric dipole of length 2 cm is placed with its axis making an angle of 600 with respect
to uniform electric field of 105 N/C.
If it experiences a torque of 8√3 Nm, calculate the (i) magnitude of charge on the dipole, and (ii)
its potential energy.
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 Ans: (a) Electric dipole. A system of two equal and opposite charges (q and –q) separated by a
certain distance (2a). For example, bar magnet.

SECTION – E(Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 32 to 33 carry 4 marks each.

32. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Wave-Particle Duality of Matter
Wave and particle light and other electromagnetic radiation sometimes act like wave and
sometimes like particles. Interference and diffraction demonstrate wave behaviour, while
emission and absorption of photons demonstrate the particle behaviour. In 1924, the French
physicist Prince Louis Victor de Broglie put forward the bold hypothesis that moving particles of
matter should display wave-like properties under suitable conditions. His reasoning, freely
paraphrased, went like this: Nature loves symmetry. Light is dualistic in nature, behaving in
some situations like waves and in other like particles. If nature is symmetric, this duality should
also hold for matter. Electrons and protons, which we usually consider as particles may in some
situations behave like wave. If a particle acts like a wave, it should have a wavelength and a
frequency. The relation was proposed by de Broglie in his Ph.D. thesis for which he was
awarded the Noble Prize in Physics in 1929. The wavelength is given by
h

p
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 where þ in momentum of the particle and h is the Planck constant. This wavelength is known as
the de Broglie wavelength of the particle. The dualism of matter is inherent in the de Broglie
relation which contains a wave concept (A) and a particle concept (p). In fact, the equation also
h
applies to light when light shows its photon character, each photon has a momentum p 


(i) State de-Broglie hypothesis.

(ii) Are matter waves electromagnetic? Write de-Broglie equation.
(iii) What consideration led de-Broglie to suggest that material particles can also show wave
property?
OR
(iii) An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 100 V. What is the de Broglie
wavelength associated with it? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does this value of
wavelength correspond?
Ans: (i) According to hypothesis of de Broglie “The atomic particles of matter moving with a
given velocity, can display the wave like properties.”
h h
(ii) No, matter waves are not electromagnetic. The de-Broglie equation is   
mv p
(iii) (a) Light is dualistic in nature i.e., it behaves as matter and wave both, so this duality should
hold good for material particles also.
(b) The two physical quantities which govern all the forms of physical universe are mass and
energy. Matter (mass) can be converted into energy and vice versa.
E = mc2
OR
 h h
(iii) de Broglie wavelength,     
 p 2meV

This wavelength belongs to X-ray spectrum.

33. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
The Parallel-Plate Condensator
A condensator is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive
electronic component with two terminals. Condenser or condensator are commercial names of
capacitor. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. Today capacitors (condensator) are
widely used in electronic circuits for blocking dc current while allowing ac current to pass. In
electric power transmission system, they stablize voltage and power flow. The property of

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 energy storage in capacitor was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital computers, and
still in modern DRAM.

The simplest model of capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates each with an area
filled with a dielectric with permittivity . It is assumed that the gap d is much smaller than the
dimensions of the plates. Since, the separations between the plates is uniform over the plate area,
the electric field between the plates E is constant and directed perpendicularly to the plate
surface, except for an area near the edges of the plate where field decreases because the electric
field lines bulge out of the sides of capacitor.
(i) A parallel plate capacitor is charged. What happens when the plates are pulled apart?
(ii) If a parallel plate capacitor has n number of interleaved plates, area of plates is A and
separation between them is d. What would be the total capacitance of combined plate system?
(iii) A capacitor of capacitance 1 F is filled with two dielectric of dielectric constant 4 and 6 (in
Fig.) What would be the new capacitance?

OR
(iii) The plates of a parallel plate capacitor are 4 cm apart, the first plate is at 300 V and the
second plate at - 100 V. What is the voltage at 3 cm from the second plate?
Ans: (i) ∵ V = Ed,
As E remains the same, so V increases as distance increases.
(ii) For n number of plates in an interleaved capacitor, the total capacitance would be

where C0 = 0A/d is the capacitance for a single plate and n is the number of interleaved plates.
(iii) The arrangement is equivalent to a parallel combination of two capacitors, each with plate
area A/2 and separation d,

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 OR

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 03 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. Two parallel large thin metal sheets have equal surface densities 26.4 x 10-12 C/m2 of opposite
signs. The electric field between these sheets is
(a) 1.5 N/C (b) 15 x 10-16 N/C (c) 3 x 10-10 N/C (d) 3 N/C
Ans: (d) 3 N/C

2. In a Young's double-slit experiment the fringe width is found to be 0.4 mm. If the whole
apparatus is dipped in water of refractive index 4/3, without disturbing the arrangement, the new
fringe width will be
(a) 0.30 mm (b) 0.40 mm (c) 0.53 mm (d) 0.2 mm
Ans: (a) 0.30 mm

3. Figure here shows electric field lines in which an electric dipole p is placed as shown. Which of
the following statements is correct?

(a) The dipole will not experience any force.

(b) The dipole will experience a force towards right.
(c) The dipole will experience a force towards left.
(d) The dipole will experience a force upwards.
Ans: (c) The dipole will experience a force towards left.

4. The electromagnetic radiations used for water purification and eye surgery is:
(a) Infrared (b) Microwave (c) X-rays (d) None of these
Ans: (d) None of these
Ultraviolet rays are used for water purification and eye surgery.

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5. The output of a step-down transformer is measured to be 24 V when connected to a 12 W light
bulb. The value of the peak current is 1
1
(a) (b) 2A (c) 2A (d) 2 2 A
2A
1
Ans: (a)
2A

6. The variation of magnetic susceptibility with the temperature of a ferromagnetic material can be
plotted as

Ans: (b)

7. A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position with a frequency of 109 Hz. The
electromagnetic waves produced.
(a) will have frequency of 109 Hz.
(b) will have frequency of 2 x 109 Hz.
(c) will have a wavelength of 0.2 m.
(d) fall in the region of micro-waves.
Ans: (a) will have frequency of 109 Hz.

8. Time period of a charged particle undergoing a circular motion in a uniform magnetic field is
independent of
(a) speed of the particle (b) mass of the particle
(c) charge of the particle (d) magnetic field
Ans: (a) speed of the particle

9. Angular width of central maxima of a single slit diffraction pattern is independent of:
(a) slit width (b) frequency of the light used
(c) wavelength of the light used (d) distance between slit and screen
Ans: (d) distance between slit and screen
 
10. A charge moves with velocity v in a region where electric field E and magnetic field B both
exist. The force on the particle is
          
(a) q(v  B ) (b) qE  q(v  B ) (c) qE  q( B  r ) (d) qE  q( E  v )
  
Ans: (b) qE  q(v  B )

11. A +q charge is placed in the centre of a cubical box. The total flux coming out of a wall has a
value of:

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 q q 6q q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 o o o 3 o
q
Ans: (a)
6 o

12. When a voltage measuring device is connected to AC mains, the metre shows the steady input
voltage of 220 V. This means:
(a) Input voltage cannot be AC voltage, but a DC voltage.
(b) Maximum input voltage is 220 V.
(c) The metre reads not V but V2 and is calibrated to read V 2 .
(d) The pointer of the meter is stuck by some mechanical defect.
Ans: (c) The metre reads not V but V2 and is calibrated to read V 2 .
The voltmeter in AC circuit reads root mean square value of AC voltage.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): If a proton and an electron a replaced in the same uniform electric field, they
experience different acceleration.
Reason (R): Electric force on a test charge is independent of its mass.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
If a proton & electron are placed in the same uniform electric field they experience different
acceleration. Electric force on test charge is independent of its mass. Hence both statements are
true. But reason is not explanation of assertion.

14. Assertion (A): Ferromagnetic substances become paramagnetic beyond Curie temperature.
Reason (R): Domains are destroyed at high temperature.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
C
From Curie Weiss law,   .
T  TC
As temperature increases beyond Curie temperature, susceptibility decreases and the
ferromagnetic substances become paramagnetic. So, the assertion is true. Paramagnetic
substance has no magnetic domain. At a very high temperature, the domains of ferromagnetic
substance get destroyed and the substance transforms into paramagnetic substance. So, the
reason is also true and properly explains the assertion.

15. Assertion (A): The current in a.c. circuit is said to be wattless if average power consumed in the
circuit is zero. It is the component Irms sin of the a.c.
Reason (R): In an inductive (L) or capacitive (C) circuit as  = /2 so power factor = 0 and so
the current is wattless.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

16. Assertion (A): In the phenomenon of mutual induction, self induction of each of the coil
persists.
Reason (R): Self-induction arises when strength of current in one coil changes. In mutual
induction, current is changing in both the individual coils.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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 SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and point out any two characteristic properties of photons
on which this equation is based.
Ans. If radiation of frequency (ν) greater than threshold frequency (ν0) irradiate the metal
surface, electrons are emitted out from the metal. So, Einstein’s photoelectric equation can be
given as

Characteristic properties of photons:

(i) Energy of photon is directly proportional to the frequency (or inversely proportional to the
wavelength).
(ii) In photon-electron collision, total energy and momentum of the system of two constituents
remains constant.
(iii) In the interaction of photons with the free electrons, the entire energy of photon is absorbed.

18. A bar magnet is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD.
Predict the directions of induced current in each coil.

Ans: In figure, N-pole is receding away coil (PQ), so in coil (PQ), the nearer faces will act as S-
pole and in coil (CD) the nearer face will also act as S-pole to oppose the approach of magnet
towards coil (CD), so currents in coils will flow clockwise as seen from the side of magnet. The
direction of current will be from P to Q in coil (PQ) and from C to D in coil (CD).

OR
A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown in figure when two specimens A and B are
placed in it.

(i)Identify the specimen A and B.

(ii) How is the magnetic susceptibility of specimen A different from that of specimen B?
Ans: (i) Specimen A is diamagnetic and specimen B is paramagnetic.

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 (ii) The magnetic susceptibility of A is small negative and that of B is small positive.

19. Draw the ray diagram of an astronomical telescope showing image formation in the normal
adjustment position. Write the expression for its magnifying power.
Ans:

fo 
Magnification = m
fe 
20. (a) There are uniform electric and magnetic fields in a region pointing along X-axis. An a-
particle is projected along Y-axis with a velocity v. What will be the shape of the trajectory?
(b) An electron is accelerated through a potential difference V. Write the expression for its final
speed, if it was initially at rest.
Ans: (i) Trajectory will be helical with its axis parallel to X-axis.
2eV
(ii) v 
m
21. Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen atom varies as n2, where n is the principal quantum
number of the atom.
Ans: Let r be the radius of the orbit of a hydrogen atom. Forces acting on electron are centrifugal
force (Fc) and electrostatic attraction (Fe)
At equilibrium, Fc = Fe

According to Bohr’s postulate

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. (i) What are the necessary conditions for total internal reflection to occur?
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of an optical fibre and show how light propagates through the
optical fibre using this phenomenon.

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 Ans: (i) (a) Rays of light have to travel from optically denser medium to optically rarer medium
and
(b) Angle of incidence in the denser medium should be greater than critical angle.
(ii)

23. Explain briefly the reasons why wave theory of light is not able to explain the observed features
of photo-electric effect.
Ans. The observed characteristics of photoelectric effect could not be explained on the basis of
wave theory of light due to the following reasons.
(i) According to wave theory, the light propagates in the form of wavefronts and the energy is
distributed uniformly over the wavefronts. With increase of intensity of light, the amplitude of
waves and the energy stored by waves will increase. These waves will then, provide more energy
to electrons of metal; consequently, the energy of electrons will increase. Thus, according to
wave theory, the kinetic energy of photoelectrons must depend on the intensity of incident light;
but according to experimental observations, the kinetic energy of photoelectrons does not depend
on the intensity of incident light.
(ii) According to wave theory, the light of any frequency can emit electrons from metallic
surface provided the intensity of light be sufficient to provide necessary energy for emission of
electrons, but according to experimental observations, the light of frequency less than threshold
frequency cannot emit electrons; whatever the intensity of incident light may be.
(iii) According to wave theory, the energy transferred by light waves will not go to a particular
electron, but it will be distributed uniformly to all electrons present in the illuminated surface.
Therefore, electrons will take some time to collect the necessary energy for their emission. The
time for emission will be more for light of less intensity and vice versa. But experimental
observations show that the emission of electrons take place instantaneously after the light is
incident on the metal; whatever the intensity of light may be.

24. A charge is distributed uniformly over a ring of radius 'a'. Obtain an expression for the electric
field intensity at a point on the axis of the ring. Hence, show that for points at large distances
from the ring, it behaves like a point charge.
Ans: Given a charge uniformly distributed over a ring of radius ‘a’. We have to find electric field
intensity E at a point on the axis of ring.
Let λ be the linear density of ring. Let P be a point on the axis of ring at a distance x from the
center of the ring. Consider a small element of length dl distant r from point P. Charge on the
element dq=λdl
Let this element be considered a point charge, then electric field intensity due to this element at
1 dq 1  dl
point P is given by, dE  2
 ------ (i) (∵ dq=λdl)
4 0 r 4 0 r 2
Now, r2 = x2 + a2 (from right angled ΔAOP )

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 1  dl
dE 
4 0 ( x  a 2 )
2

where dE makes an angle θ with the axis of the ring.

Resolve dE into two components: i) dEcosθ parallel to the axis of the ring.
ii) dEsinθ perpendicular to axis of ring.

The ring consists of many such elements. Each element in the ring gives rise to the electric field
intensity dE having horizontal and vertically components at point P.
Horizontal components (dEcosθ) due to all elements are added up as they are in the same
direction. However, dEsinθ component of electric field due to one element is cancelled by
dEsinθ component due to element opposite to this element as they are equal and opposite in
direction.
Therefore, net electric field intensity at P due to charge on the ring is:
E  EdE cos    dE cos 
whole ring

(∵ elements are very small in size and very large in number)

1  dl
Using equation (i), we have E   cos 
whole ring
4 0 (x  a 2 )
2

x x
From ΔAOP, cos    2
r (x  a 2 )1/ 2
1  dl x x
E  2 2
 2 2 1/ 2
 
whole ring
4 0 ( x  a ) ( x  a ) 4 0 ( x 2  a 2 )3/ 2 whole ring

Now,  d l  circumference of ring =2πa

whole ring

x
E   2 a
4 0 (x 2  a 2 )3/ 2
But, λ(2πa)= total charge on the ring = q
qx
E 
4 0 ( x 2  a 2 )3/ 2
Direction of total field intensity is along the axis of the ring.
When x >> a, then x2 + a2 ≈ x2 then,
1 q
E along OP
4 0 x 2

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 This expression is same as the electric field intensity due to a point charge at a distance x from
the point charge q. Thus, ring behaves like a point charge if the point of observation is far away
from the ring as compared to the radius of the ring.
OR
(a) Derive the expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole at a point on its axial
line.
(b) Depict the equipotential surface due to electric dipole.
Ans: (a) Let P be an axial point at distance r from the center of the dipole. Electric potential at
point P is given as V  V1  V2
V1 and V2 are the potentials at point P due to charges +q and –q respectively
1  q q 
V   
4 0  r  2a r  2a 
1  4a 
⇒ V  2 2 
4 0  (r  4a ) 
1  2P 
⇒ V  2 2 
4 0  (r  4a ) 
1  2P 
Hence, the electric potential is  2 2 
4 0  (r  4a ) 
(b) Dipole consist of two charges of opposite nature and the same magnitude having a small
distance between them. The axis between the two dipoles, perpendicular to the plane, is where
the potential due to the dipole is zero (straight line joining the arrows between the two dipoles).

25. An a.c. source generating a voltage ε = ε0 sin ωt is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C.

Find the expression for the current I flowing through it. Plot a graph of ε and I versus ωt to show
that the current is ahead of the voltage by π/2.
Ans: The following figure shows an AC source, generating a voltage ε = ε0 sin ωt, connected to a
capacitor of capacitance C. The plates of the capacitor get charged due to the applied voltage. As
the alternating voltage is reversed in each half cycle, the capacitor is alternately charged and
discharged.

If q is the charge on the capacitor, the corresponding potential difference across C the plates of
Q
the capacitor is  
C

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 Q and V are functions of time, with V = ε = ε0 sin ωt.
The instantaneous current in the circuit is
dQ d dV d
i = (CV )  C  C ( o sin t )  C o cos t
dt dt dt dt
0     0
i  sin   t   = i 0 sin   t   where i0  is the peak value of the current
 1   2  2  1 
   
 C   C 
Graph of ε and I versus ωt

OR
An ac voltage V = V0 sin ωt is applied across a pure inductor of inductance L. Find an expression
for the current i, flowing in the circuit and show mathematically that the current flowing through

it lags behind the applied voltage by a phase angle of . Also draw graphs of V and i versus ωt
2
for the circuit.
Ans: AC circuit containing pure inductance: Consider a coil of self-inductance L and negligible
ohmic resistance. An alternating potential difference is applied across its ends. The magnitude
and direction of AC changes periodically, due to which there is a continual change in magnetic
flux linked with the coll. Therefore according to Faraday’s law, an induced emf is produced in
the coil, which opposes the applied voltage. As a result the current in the circuit is reduced. That
is inductance acts like a resistance in ac circuit.

The instantaneous value of alternating voltage applied V = V0sinωt. ...(i)

If i is the instantaneous current in the circuit and di/dt the rate of change of current in the circuit
at that instant, then instantaneous induced emf
di
  L
dt
di
According to Kirchhoff's loop rule, V    0  V  L  0
dt
di di V di V0 sin  t
 V  L or   
dt dt L dt L
V0 sin  t
 di  dt
L
Integrating with respect to time 't':

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 V0 V  cos  t  V0 V  
i  sin tdt  0    cos  t   0 sin    t 
L L   L L  2 
V  
 i   0 sin    t  ------ (ii)
L  2 
This is required expression for Current
 
i  i 0 sin  t   ------- (iii)
 2
V
where i 0  0 is the peak value of alternating current
L
Also comparing (i) and (iii), we note that current lags behind the applied voltage by an angle π/2

26. (a) Three photo diodes D1, D2 and D3 are made of semiconductors having band gaps of 2.5 eV, 2
eV and 3 eV respectively. Which of them will not be able to detect light of wavelength 600 nm?
(b) Why photodiodes are required to operate in reverse bias? Explain.
Ans: (a) Energy of incident light photon

For the incident radiation to be detected by the photodiode, energy of incident radiation photon
should be greater than the band gap. This is true only for D2. Therefore, only D2 will detect this
radiation.
(b) When a photodiode is illuminated with energy hc greater than the energy gap of the
semiconductor, then electron hole pairs are generated due to absorption of photon. The
photodiode is operated in reverse bias so that electric field applied at junction electrons and holes
are separated before they re-combine.

27. Define the terms (i) ‘cut-off voltage’ and (ii) ‘threshold frequency’ in relation to the phenomenon
of photoelectric effect.
Using Einstein’s photoelectric equation show how the cut-off voltage and threshold frequency
for a given photosensitive material can be determined with the help of a suitable plot/graph.
Ans: (i) Cut off or stopping potential is that minimum value of negative potential at anode which
just stops the photo electric current.
(ii) For a given material, there is a minimum frequency of light below which no photo electric
emission will take place, this frequency is called as threshold frequency.
By Einstein’s photo electric equation

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28. How are electromagnetic waves produce? What is the source of energy of these waves? Write
mathematical expressions for electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave
propagating along the z-axis. Write any two important properties of electromagnetic waves.
Ans: EM waves are produced by oscillating charged particle.
Mathematical expression for electromagnetic waves travelling along z-axis:
Ex =E0 sin (kz –  t) and [For electric field]
By =B0 sin (kz –  t) [For magnetic field]
Properties:
(i) Electromagnetic waves have oscillating electric and magnetic fields along mutually
perpendicular directions.
(ii) They have transverse nature.

SECTION – D
Questions 29 to 31 carry 5 marks each.

29. (a) Consider a beam of electron (each electron with energy E0) incident on a metal surface kept
in an evacuated chamber What may happen?

(b) What should be the wavelength of a photon required to remove a proton from a nucleus
which is bound to the nucleus with 1 MeV energy?
(c) Define intensity of radiation on the basis of photon nature of light. Write its SI unit.
Ans: (a) If a beam of electrons having energy Eo is incident on a metal surface kept in an
evacuated chamber the electrons may be emitted with maximum energy Eo (due to elastic
collision) and with any energy less than Eo (when part of energy of incident electron is used in
liberating electron from the metal).

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 (b) Energy of the photon must be equal to the binding energy of proton.
So, energy of photon = 1 MeV = 106 ×1.6 × 10–19 J

(c) Intensity of radiation is proportional to (equal to) the number of energy quanta (photons) per
unit area per unit time.
OR
(a) State Bohr’s postulate to define stable orbits in hydrogen atom. How does de Broglie’s
hypothesis explain the stability of these orbits?
(b) A hydrogen atom initially in the ground state absorbs a photon which excites it to the n = 4
level. Estimate the frequency of the photon.
(c) The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are given below. Which of the shown transitions
will result in the emission of photon of wavelength 275 nm?

Ans: (a) Bohr’s postulate, for stable orbits, states

“The electron, in an atom, revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits for which its angular
momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π (h = Planck’s constant).”
h h
As per de Broglie’s hypothesis,   
p mv
For a stable orbit, we must have circumference of the orbit= nλ (n=1,2,3,…….)
nh nh
∴ 2 r   mvr 
mv 2
Thus de-Broglie showed that formation of stationary pattern for integral ‘n’ gives rise to stability
of the atom.
This is nothing but the Bohr’s postulate.
(b) Energy in the n = 4 level = –Eo/42 = –Eo/16
∴ Energy required to take the electron from the ground state, to the

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30. A capacitor is charged to potential V1. The power supply is then disconnected and the capacitor
is then connected in parallel to another capacitor (uncharged).
(a) Derive the expression for the common potential of the combination of capacitors.
(b) Show that the total energy of combination is less than the sum of the energy stored in them
before they were connected.
Ans: Let the capacitor of capacitance C1 be charged to potential V1, then charge stored on it is Q1
= C1V1.
Now this capacitor after disconnecting is connected to another uncharged capacitor of
capacitance C2, then charge will flow from one to another until potential on both is same. Let it is
V.
Q1 = C1V1
or C1V1 = C1V + C2V
or C1V1 = (C1 + C2)V
C1V1
Common potential is V =
C1  C2
1 1
(b) Loss in energy on connecting = (C1  C2 )V 2  C1V12
2 2

As ∆U is negative, so, it indicates some energy is lost due to connection.

OR
State Gauss theorem in electrostatics. Apply this theorem to obtain the expression for the electric
field at a point due to an infinitely long, thin, uniformly charged straight wire of linear charge
density  C/m.
Ans: Gauss Theorem: It states that the total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to
times the net charge enclosed by the surface
Electric field due to infinitely long, thin and uniformly charged straight wire: Consider an infinitely long
line charge having linear charge density λ coulomb metre−1 (linear charge density means charge per unit
length). To find the electric field strength at a distance r, we consider a cylindrical Gaussian surface of
radius r and length 1 coaxial with line charge. The cylindrical Gaussian surface may be divided into three
parts:
(i) Curved surface S1 (ii) Flat surface S2 and (iii) Flat surface S3.

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 By symmetry, the electric field has the same magnitude E at each point of curved surface S1 and is
directed radially outward.
We consider small elements of surfaces S1, S2 and S3. The surface element vector dS1 is directed along
the direction of electric field (i.e., angle between E and dS1 is zero); the elements dS2 and dS3 are directed
perpendicular to field vector E (i.e., angle between dS2 and E is 90∘ and so also angle between dS3 and E).
Electric Flux through the cylindrical surface
       
∮E  dS  ∮E  dS 1+∮E  dS 2  ∮E  dS 3
S S1 S2 S3
 
 ∮E  dS  ∮E  dS1 cos 00  ∮E  dS 2 cos 900  ∮E  dS3 cos 900
S S1 S2 S3

 EdS1  0  0
 E∮dS1 (since electric field E is the same at each point of curved surface)
=E2πrl (since area of curved surface =2πrl)
As λ is charge per unit and length of cylinder is l therefore, charge enclosed by assumed surface =
(λl)
∴ By Gauss's theorem
  1
E  dS  0  charge enclosed
1 
 E.2 rl  ( l)  E 
0 2n 0 r
Thus, the electric field strength due to a line charge is inversely proportional to r.

31. (a) Define a wave front.

(b) Draw the diagram to show the shape of plane wave front as they pass through (i) a thin prism
and (ii) a thin convex lens. State the nature of refracted wave front.
(c) Verify Snell’s law of refraction using Huygens’s principle.
Ans: (a) Wavefront is defined as the continous locus of all such particles of the medium which
are vibrating in the same phase at any instant.
(b) (i) Diagram of wavefront passing through a prism:

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 (ii) Diagram of wavefront passing through a convex lens:

(c) We take a plane wavefront AB incident at a plane surface XY. We use secondary wavelets
starting at different times. We get refracted wavefront only when the time taken by light to travel
along different rays from one wavefront to another is same. We take any arbitrary ray starting
from point ‘P’ on incident wavefront to refracted wavefront at point ‘Q’. Let total time be ‘t’.

As time should be independent of the ray to be considered. The coefficient of AO in the

above equation should be zero.

Where 12 is called refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t. medium 1. This is Snell’s law of
refraction.
OR
(a) State two main considerations taken into account while choosing the objective of
astronomical telescope.
(b) Draw a ray diagram of reflecting type telescope. State its magnifying power.
(c) State the advantages of reflecting type telescope over the refracting type.

Ans: (a) The objective of astronomical telescope should be of (i) large aperture and (ii) large
focal length.
(b)

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 Magnifying power (m) = Ratio of focal length of objective and eye piece (f0/fe).
(c) Advantages of reflecting telescope over a refracting telescope:
1. Due to large aperture of the mirror used, the reflecting telescopes have high resolving power.
2. This type of telescope is free from chromatic aberration.
3. The use of paraboloidal mirror reduces the spherical aberration (formation of non-point,
blurred image of a point object).
4. Image formed by reflecting telescope is brighter than refracting telescope.
5. A lens of large aperture tends to be very heavy and therefore difficult to make and support by
its edges. On the other hand, a mirror of equivalent optical quality weighs less and can be
supported over its entire back surface.

SECTION – E(Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 32 to 33 carry 4 marks each.

32. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
A dielectric slab is a substance which does not allow the flow of charges through it but permits
them to exert electrostatic forces on one another. When a dielectric slab is placed between the
plates, the field E0 polarises the dielectric. This induces charge –Qp on the upper surface and +Qp
on the lower surface of the dielectric. These induced charges set up a field Ep inside the dielectric

in the opposite direction of E0 as shown.

(i) In a parallel plate capacitor, the capacitance increases from 4F to 80F, on introducing a
dielectric medium between the plates. What is the dielectric constant of the medium?
(ii) A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF. The
separation between the plates is now reduced half and the space between them is filled with a
medium of dielectric constant 5. Calculate the value of capacitance of the capacitor in second
case.
OR
(ii) A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance 1 pF has separation between the plates is d. When
the distance of separation becomes 2d and wax of dielectric constant x is inserted in it the
capacitance becomes 2 pF. What is the value of x?
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 (iii) A parallel plate capacitor having area A and separated by distance d is filled by copper plate
of thickness b. Write the expression of the new capacity.
Capacitance with dielectric 80  F
Ans: (i) k  k  20
Capacitance without dielectric 4 F
 A
(ii) Capacitance of the capacitor with air between plates, C '  0  8 pF
d
With the capacitor is filled with dielectric (k = 5) between its plates and the distance between the
plates is reduced by half, capacitance become
 A   5 A
C 0  0  10C '  10  8  80 pF
d /2 d /2
OR
0 A
(ii) C '   1 pF ...(i)
d
x A
C  0  2 pF ...(ii )
2d
Dividing (ii) by (i), we get x/2 = 2/1 ⇒ x = 4
 A
(iii) As capacitance, C0  0
d
 A
∴ After inserting copper plate, C  0
d b

33. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
The relation between self-inductance and mutual inductance of two coils is M = L1L2 .
However, the above equation assumes zero flux leakage and 100% magnetic coupling between
the two coils. In reality there is always some loss due to leakage and position, so the magnetic
coupling between the two coils can never reach or exceed 100%. The fraction of magnetic flux
produced by the current in one coil that links with the other coil is called the coefficient of
coupling between the two coils. It is denoted by (k). k = 1, when the flux produced by one coil,
completely links with the other coil and is called magnetically tightly coupled. k = 0, when the
flux produced by one coil, does not link at all with the other coil and thus the coils are said to be
magnetically isolated.
(i) Under which condition the relation between self-inductance and mutual inductance of two
coils M = L1L2 is valid?
(ii) What is coefficient of coupling?
(iii) When two coils are said to be magnetically isolated?
OR
When two coils are said to be magnetically tightly coupled?
Ans: (i) The equation is valid for zero flux leakage and 100% magnetic coupling between the
two coils.
(ii) The fraction of magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil that links with the other coil
is called the coefficient of coupling between the two coils.
(iii) When coefficient of coupling = 0, magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil does not
at all link with the other coil, then the coils are said to be magnetically isolated.
OR
When coefficient of coupling = 1, magnetic flux produced by the current in one coil links with
the other coil 100%, then the coils are said to be magnetically tightly coupled.

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 04 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each
and Section E contains three long questions of five marks each
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. The self-inductance L of a solenoid of length l and area of cross-section A, with a fixed number
of turns N increases as:
(a) l and A increase. (b) l decreases and A increases.
(c) l increases and A decreases. (d) both l and A decrease.
Ans: (b) l decreases and A increases.

2. Consider the two idealised systems: (i) a parallel plate capacitor with large plates and small
separation and (ii) a long solenoid of length L, R, radius of cross-section. In (i), E is ideally
treated as a constant between plates and zero outside. In (ii), magnetic field is constant inside the
solenoid and zero outside. These idealised assumptions, however, contradict fundamental laws as
below:
(a) Case (i) contradicts Gauss' law for electrostatic fields.
(b) Case (ii) contradicts Gauss' law for magnetic fields.
(c) Case (i) agrees with  E.dl  0
S

(d) Case (ii) contradicts  H .dl  I en

Ans: (b) Case (ii) contradicts Gauss' law for magnetic fields.

3. Which of the following characteristics of electrons determines the current in a conductor?

(a) Drift velocity alone. (b) Thermal velocity alone.
(c) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity. (d) Neither drift nor thermal velocity.
Ans: (a) Drift velocity alone.

4. In Young’s double slit experiment, the distance between the slits is reduced to half and the
distance between the slits and the screen is doubled. The fringe width
(a) will be double. (b) will be half. (c) will remain same. (d) will be four times.
Ans: (d) will be four times.

5. You are given four sources of light each one providing a light of a single colour- red, blue, green,
and yellow. Suppose the angle of refraction for a beam of yellow light corresponding to a
particular angle of incidence at the interface of two media is 90o. Which of the following

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 statements is correct if the source of yellow light is replaced with that of other lights without
changing the angle of incidence?
(a) the beam of red light would undergo total internal reflection
(b) the beam of red light would bend towards normal while it gets refracted through the second
medium
(c) the beam of blue light would undergo total internal reflection
(d) the beam of green light would bend away from the normal as it gets refracted through the
second medium
Ans: (c) the beam of blue light would undergo total internal reflection

6. Suppose a closed square loop whose area is 5i  6 j is placed in an electric field of 2i  4 j , then
what will be the electric flux?
(a) (2i  4 j ) Vm (b) 34 Vm (c) 10 Vm (d) (3i  2 j ) Vm
Ans: (b) 34 Vm

7. The electric flux through the surface:

(a) in Figure (iv) is the largest.

(b) in Figure (iii) is the least.
(c) Figure (ii) is the same as Figure (iii) but is smaller than Figure (iv).
(d) is the same for all the figures.
Ans: (d) is the same for all the figures.

8. An EM wave radiates outwards from a dipole antenna, with E0 as the amplitude of its electric
field vector. The electric field E0 which transports significant energy from the source falls off as:
(a) 1/r3 (b) 1/r2 (c) 1/r (d) remains constant.
Ans: (c) 1/r

9. A circular current loop of magnetic moment M is in an arbitrary orientation in an external

magnetic field B. The work done to rotate the loop by 30° about an axis perpendicular to its
plane is:
(a) MB (b) √3MB/2 (c) MB/2 (d) zero.
Ans: (d) zero.

10. The radius of curvature of the curved surface of a plano-convex lens is 20 cm. If the refractive
index of the material of the lens be 1.5, it will:
(a) act as a convex lens only for the objects that lie on its curved side.
(b) act as a concave lens for the objects that lie on its curved side.
(c) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies.
(d) act as a concave lens irrespective of side on which the object lies.
Ans: (c) act as a convex lens irrespective of the side on which the object lies.

11. If m1 and m2 be the linear magnifications of the objective and eyepiece of a compound
microscope, then the magnifying power of the compound microscope is:
(a) m1 + m2 (b) m1 – m2 (c) m1 × m2 (d) (m1 + m2)/2
Ans: (c) m1 × m2

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12. When cell of e.m.f. E is connected with an external resistance R, the p.d. across the cell becomes
V. The expression for the internal resistance of the cell is
(a) (E – V)R/V (b) (E + V)R/E (c) (V – E)R/V (d) (V – E)R/E
Ans: (a) (E – V)R/V

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infinitely close
to each other.
Reason (R): Fringe width is inversely proportional to separation between the slit.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
When d is negligibly small, fringe width β which is proportional to 1/d may become too large.
Even a single fringe may occupy the whole screen. Hence the pattern cannot be detected.

14. Assertion (A): The magnetic field configuration with three poles is not possible.
Reason (R): No torque acts on a bar magnet itself due to its own field. 1
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

15. Assertion (A): X-ray travels with the speed of light.

Reason (R): X-ray is an e.m. wave.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

16. Assertion (A): An electron and a proton moving with same velocity enter a magnetic field. The
force experienced by the proton is more than the force experienced by the electron.
Reason (R): The mass of proton is more than the mass of the electron.
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. Geiger–Marsden scattering experiment, the trajectory of a-particles in Coulomb’s field of a

heavy nucleus is shown in the figure.

(a) What do ‘b’ and ‘’ represent in the figure?

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 (b) What will be the value of ‘b’ for (i)  = 0°, and (ii)  = 180° ?
Ans: (a) b represents impact parameter
 represents scattering angle
(b) (i) For  = 0° impact parameter is large or infinite
(ii) For  = 180° impact parameter is zero

18. (a) A concave (or convex mirror) is held under water. Will its focal length change?
(b) What will happen in case of concave (or convex lens)?
Ans: (a) No, the focal length of mirror does not depend upon the refractive index of the
surrounding medium.
(b) The focal length of lens depends on the refractive index of the surrounding medium So, the
focal length of the lens will increase when immersed in water.
OR
Draw the graph showing intensity distribution of fringes with phase angle due to diffraction
through single slit.
Ans: Plot of intensity distribution of diffraction with proper labelling.

19. (a) Why a pure semiconductor behaves like an insulator at 0 K?

(b) Why is the energy gap much more in silicon than in germanium?
Ans: (a) The main cause for the conduction of any semiconductor is the number of free electrons
in it. The free electrons has the kinetic energy which depends upon the temperature. As the
temperature is 0 K, the kinetic energy will be zero and the free electrons are not available for
conduction.
(b) The behaviour of semiconductor depends upon the extent of the energy gap between the
valence band and conduction band. Thus, the valence electrons are quite tightly bound to the
parent nuclei in case of silicon as compared to germanium.

20. Deduce an expression for the frequency of revolution of a charged particle in a magnetic field
and show that it is independent of velocity or energy of the particle.
Ans: Magnetic force on charged particle in magnetic field is given by F  qvB
This is equal to the centripetal force acting on the particle.
mv 2 v qB
F  qvB  
r r m
v qB
Frequency is given by f  
2 r 2 m
Hence, frequency is independent of velocity of the particle.

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21. Draw V–I characteristics of a p–n junction diode. Explain, why the current under reverse bias is
almost independent of the applied voltage up to the critical voltage.
Ans:

Since, reverse current is due to flow of minority charge carriers across the junction, it is limited
due to the concentration of minority carriers on either side of the junction. It is therefore
independent of the voltage applied.

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. A capacitor made of two parallel plates, each of area ‘A’ and separation ‘d’ is charged by an
external dc source. Show that during charging, the displacement current inside the capacitor is
same as the current charging the capacitor.
Ans: The charge on the plates is because of the conduction current flowing in the wires.
dq
Ic  …(i)
dt
According to Maxwell’s equation, displacement current between the plates is given by,
d
Id  0 E …(ii)
dt
where, E is the electric flux.
q
Now, using Gauss' theorem, E 
0
dq
So, from Eq. (ii), I d   0  
dt   0 
dq
 Id  …(iii)
dt
Therefore, from Eqs. (i) and (iii), both the displacement current and conduction currents are
equal.
Outside the capacitor, Id = 0 so I = Ic
Inside the capacitor, Ic = 0 so I = Id

23. An a-particle and a proton are accelerated through the same potential. Find the ratio of their de-
Broglie wavelengths.

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 Ans: The de-Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m and moving with velocity v is given by
h
 ( p  mv)
mv
de-Broglie wavelength of a proton of mass m1 and kinetic energy k is given by
h
1  ( p  2mk )
2 m1k
h
1  .(i) [∵ k = qV]
2 m1qV
For an alpha particle mass m2 carrying charge q is accelerated through potential V, then
h
2 
2 m2 q0 V
∵ For   particle ( 42 He) q0  2q and m2  4 m1
h
 2   (ii )
2  4 m1  2q  V
The ratio of corresponding wavelength, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 h 2  m1  4  2qV 4 2 2 2
    
2 2 m1qV h 2 2 1
OR
Figure shows the stopping potential (V0) for the photoelectron versus 1/λ graph, for two metals A
and B, λ being the wavelength of incident light.

(a) How is the value of Planck’s constant determined from the graph?
(b) If the distance between the light source and the surface of metal A is increased, how will the
stopping potential from electrons emitted from it be effected? Justify your answer.
Ans: (a) Planck’s constant can be determined from the gradient of the graph.
Gradient = hc/e
h = Planck’s constant
c = Velocity of light in vacuum
e = Charge of electron
Gradient to be measured from graph. The values of c and e are known. Hence, h can be
determined.
(b) If distance between source of light and surface of metal A is increased, the intensity of
incident light decreases. But stopping potential does not depend on the intensity of the incident
light. So, the stopping potential will not be affected.

24. Explain giving reasons for the following:

(a) Photoelectric current in a photocell increases with the increase in the intensity of the incident
radiation.

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 (b) The stopping potential (V0) varies linearly with the frequency () of the incident radiation for
a given photosensitive surface with the slope remaining the same for different surfaces.
(c) Maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of incident
radiation.
Ans: Ans: (a) The collision of a photon can cause emission of a photoelectron (if the frequency is
above the threshold frequency). As intensity of the frequency increases, number of photons
increases. Hence, the current increases.
hv hv0
(b) We have, eV0  h(v  v0 )  V0  
e e
 h
Graph of V0 and v is a straight line and slope    is a constant.
 e

(c) Maximum K.E. for different surfaces = h(v – v0). Hence, it depends on the frequency and not
on the intensity of the incident radiation.

25. Using Kirchhoff's rules, calculate the current through the 40  and 20  resistors in the
following circuit:

Ans: In loop ABCDA,

+80 – 20I2 + 40I1 = 0
⇒ 4 = I2 – 2I1
In loop FCDEF,
–40I1 – 10(I1 + I2) + 40 = 0
⇒ –50I1 – 10I2 + 40 = 0
⇒ 5I1 + I2 = 4
Solving these two equations, we get
I1 = 0 A and I2 = 4 A
OR
(a) Define the term ‘conductivity’ of a metallic wire. Write its SI unit.

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 (b) Using the concept of free electrons in a conductor, derive the expression for the conductivity
of a wire in terms of current density and relaxation time. Hence, obtain the relation between
current density and the applied electric field E.
Ans: (a) Conductivity of a metallic wire is the ratio of current density (J) to electric field strength
(E). SI Unit is Siemens/meter.
(b) Expression for the conductivity of a wire in terms of number density and relaxation time:
V
As we know that i  neAVd   neAV  V  neAVd  R
R
l
 El  neAVd   E  neVd 
A
eE ne 2 1 ne2
 E  ne     1   
m m  m
ne 2
  ....(1)
m
Relation between current density and the applied electric field E:
From 1st equation of motion, v  u  at
eE
Vd  at  Vd  
m
 i  neAV
i
 J  current density
A
 eE  ne 2
 J  ne(v d )  ne     J   E
m  m
ne 2
 J E 
m

26. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier and explain the working. Also, give the input
and output waveforms.
Ans: The circuit diagram of full wave rectifier is shown below:

Because of the centre tap in the secondary of the transformer, diodes 1 and 2 get forward biased
in successive halves of the input ac cycle. However, the current through the load flows in the
same direction in both the halves of the input ac cycle. We therefore, get a unidirectional
(rectified) current through the load for the full cycle of the input ac.
The input and output wave forms are as shown below.

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27. An optical instrument uses an objective lens of power 100 D and an eyepiece of power 40 D. The
final image is formed at infinity when the tube length of the instrument is kept at 20 cm.
(a) Identify the optical instrument.
(b) Calculate the angular magnification produced by the instrument.
Ans: (a) The instrument is called compound microscope because the focal length of objective
lens is smaller than the focal length of eyepiece.
(b) Power of objective, Po = 100 D
∴ fo = 1/100 m = 1 cm
Power of eyepiece, Pe = 40 D
∴ fe = 1/40 m = 2.5 cm
Length of tube, L = 20 cm
D = Least distance of distinct vision = 25 cm
L D
Angular magnification = 
fo fe
20 25
∴ Angular magnification =   200
1 2.5
OR
(a) If one of the two identical slits producing interference in Young’s experiment is covered with
glass, so that the light intensity passing through it is reduced to 50%, find the ratio of the
maximum and minimum intensity of the fringe in the interference pattern.
(b) What kind of fringes do you expect to observe if white light is used instead of
monochromatic light?
Ans: (a) After the introduction of the glass sheet (say, on the second slit),
I 1
we have, 2  50% 
I1 2
a2 1 1
∴ Ratio of the amplitudes =  
a1 2 2
2
 1 
2 1 2
I max  a1  a2   2   2 1 
Hence,         34
I min  a1  a2   1  1   2 1 
 
 2 

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 (b) The central fringe remains white.
No clear fringe pattern is seen after a few (coloured) fringes on either side of the central fringe.

28. A bar magnet of dipole moment 3 Am2 rests with its centre on a frictionless pivot. A force F is
applied at right angles to the axis of the magnet, 10 cm from the pivot. It is observed that an
external magnetic field of 0.25 T is required to hold the magnet in equilibrium at an angle of 30°
with the field. Calculate the value of F. How will the equilibrium be affected if F is withdrawn?
Ans: Dipole moment of the magnet, M = 3 Am2
F = force applied at a distance 10 cm from the centre

It is now in equilibrium at an angle, θ = 30˚

External magnetic field strength, B = 0.25 T
The magnet will be at rest when the total torque acting on it is 0.
It means that the torque due to applied force F is equal to the torque due to magnetic force.
Torque due to applied force, F × r
= F × 10 × 10–2
Torque due to magnetic force = MB sin θ
= 3 × 0.25 × sin 30˚ 1
Since, torque due to applied force F = Torque due to magnetic force, so
F × 10–1 = 3 × 0.25 × sin 30˚
F = 10 × 3 × 0.25 x sin 30˚ = 10 × 3 × 0.25 × 0.5
= 3.75 N
If F is withdrawn, the magnet will go back to its original position.

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
The total number of electric field lines passing a given area in a unit time is defined as the
electric flux.

If the plane is normal to the flow of the electric field, the total flux is given as:
 = EA
When the same plane is tilted at an angle , the projected area is given as A cos q and the total
flux through this surface is given as
 = EA cos 
where,
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 • E is the magnitude of the electric field.
• A is the area of the surface through which the electric flux is to be calculated.
•  is the angle made by the plane and the axis parallel to the direction of flow of the electric
field.
(i) If a unit positive charge is kept in the air, then what is the total flux coming out of unit
charge?
(ii) On which factor the net flux through a closed surface in a given medium depends?
(iii) When is the flux through a surface taken as positive?
OR
What is the value of electric flux () on a plane of area 1 m2 on which an electric field of 2 V/m
crosses with an angle of 30°.
q
Ans: (i) The total flux coming out is  0 1 , as  
0
(ii) It depends on the net charge enclosed. by the surface is positive.
(iii) It will be positive when the flux lines are directed outwards.
OR
 = EA cos  = (2)(1)(cos 90° – 30°) = (2)(1)(cos 60°) = (2)(1)(1/2) = 1 Vm

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
The triboelectric series is a list that ranks materials according to their tendency to gain or lose
electrons. The process of electron transfer as a result of two objects coming into contact with one
another and then separating is called triboelectric charging. During such an interaction, one of
the two objects will always gain electrons (becoming negatively charged) and the other object
will lose electrons (becoming positively charged). The relative position of the two objects on the
triboelectric series will define which object gains electrons and which object loses electrons.
In triboelectric series, materials are ranked from high to low in terms of the tendency for the
material to lose electron. If an object high up on this list (glass, for example) is rubbed with an
object low down on the list (teflon, for example), the glass will lose electrons to the teflon. The
glass will, in this case, become positively charged and the teflon will become negatively charged.
Materials in the middle of the list (steel and wood, for example) are items those do not have a
strong tendency to give up or accept electrons.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions

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 (i) Which materials have the tendency to become positively charged. [1]
(ii) Name two materials which do not have a strong tendency to give up or accept electrons. [1]
(iii) If human hair is rubbed with amber, how those will be charged? [2]
OR
How the triboelectric processing takes place? [2]
Ans: (i) In triboelectric series, materials are ranked from high to low in terms of the tendency for
the material to lose electron i.e., they are ranked high to low tendency of getting positively
charged.
(ii) Materials in the middle of the list (steel and wood, for example) are items those do not have a
strong tendency to give up or accept electrons.
(iii) Since, human hair is placed at the upper portion of the list, it will leave electron and will be
positively charged. Since, Amber is placed at the lower portion of the list, it will accept electron
and will be negatively charged.
OR
The process of electron transfer as a result of two objects coming into contact with one another
and then separating is called triboelectric charging.

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. (a) State the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom and derive the expression for Bohr
radius.
(b) Find the ratio of the longest and the shortest wavelengths amongst the spectral lines of
Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom.
Ans: (a) Postulates of Bohr Model of hydrogen atom:
Postulate–I: The electrons revolve in a circular orbit around the nucleus. The electrostatic force
of attraction between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons provide
necessary centripetal force for circular motion.
Postulate – II: The electrons can revolve only in certain selected orbits in which angular
h
momentum of electrons is equal to the integral multiple , where h is Planck’s constant. These
2
orbits are known as stationary or permissible orbits. The electrons do not radiate energy while
revolving in these orbits.
Postulate–III: When an electrons jumps from higher energy orbit to lower energy orbit, energy is
radiated in the form of a quantum or photon of energy hv, which is equal to the difference of the
energies of the electron in the two orbits.
Expression for Bohr radius:
Let us consider
m = Mass of an electron
r = Radius of the circular orbit in which the
electron is revolving
v = Speed of electron
e = Charge of electron
From 1st postulate
Centripetal force = Electrostatic force
mv 2 1 e2 2 1 e2
 v  ….. (1)
r 4 0 r 2 4 0 mr
From 2nd postulate,
nh nh n2 h2
mvr  v  v2  2 2 2 …. (2)
2 2 mr 4 m r
Comparing (1) and (2), we get

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 1 e2 n2h2  n 2h2
 2 2 2 r 0 2
4 0 mr 4 m r  me
(b) Shortest wavelength in Balmer series:
1  1 1 4
 R  2    S 
S 2  R
Longest wavelength in Balmer series:
1 1 1 36
 R  2  2   L 
L 2 3  5R
36
L 5R 9
So,  
S 4 5
R
OR
In the Auger process an atom makes a transition to a lower state without emitting a photon. The
excess energy is transferred to an outer electron which may be ejected by the atom. (This is
called an Auger electron). Assuming the nucleus to be massive, calculate the kinetic energy of an
n = 4 Auger electron emitted by Chromium by absorbing the energy from a n = 2 to n = 1
transition.
Ans: The energy En of the nth state
1 1 1 1 
E n   Z2 R  2  2   Z 2 R    (for n1  1, n 2  2 )
 n1 n 2  1 4 
Z = 24
R = Rydberg constant.
3
 E n  Z2 R
4
The energy required to eject an electron from n = 4 state is
1 1
E 4  Z2 R 2  Z 2 R
4 16
Energy given to electron is converted into K.E. of ejected electron.
Hence, the K.E. of Auger (ejected) electron  E n  E 4
3 1 11 11
K.E  Z2 R  Z2 R  Z2 R   24  24  13.6eV
4 16 16 16
K.E.  11 36  13.6  5385.6eV

32. A capacitor of capacitance C1 is charged to a potential V1 while another capacitor of capacitance

C2 is charged to a potential difference V2. The capacitors are now disconnected from their
respective charging batteries and connected in parallel to each other.
(i) Find the total energy stored in the two capacitors before they are connected.
(ii) Find the total energy stored in the parallel combination of the two capacitors.
(iii) Explain the reason for the difference of energy in parallel combination in comparison to the
total energy before they are connected.
Ans: (a) Total energy before they are connected.

(b) Let be the potential across the parallel combination

Applying conservation of charge, we can write

The total energy stored in parallel combination

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 (c) The difference of energy is due to the loss of energy which is due to the movement of charge
during the sharing of the charge.

OR
(a) Derive an expression for drift velocity of electrons in a conductor. Hence, deduce Ohm’s law.
(b) A wire whose cross-sectional area is increasing linearly from its one end to the other, is
connected across a battery of V volts. Which of the following quantities remain constant in the
wire? (i) drift speed (ii) current density (iii) electric current (iv) electric field
Justify your answer.
Ans: (a) Let an electric field E be applied to the conductor.
eE
Acceleration of each electron is a  
m
eE
Velocity gained by the electron, v   t
m
Let the conductor contains n electrons per unit volume. The average value of time 't', between
their successive collisions, is the relaxation time, ''.
eE
Hence, average drift velocity, vd   
m
The amount of charge, crossing area A, in time t,
= neAvdt = It
 eE 
Substituting the value of vd, we get I t  neA    t
m 
2
 e A n 
I  E
 m 
I  e 2 n  e 2 n
   E   E , where   is the conductivity
A  m  m
But I = JA, where, J is the current density
 e 2 n 
J  E E
 m 
This is Ohm's law
(b) (c) Electric current will remain constant in the wire.
All other quantities, depend on the cross sectional area of the wire.

33. (a) Describe any two characteristic features which distinguish interference and diffraction
phenomena. Derive the expression for the intensity at a point of the interference pattern in
Young's double slit experiment.
(b) In the diffraction due to a single slit experiment, the aperture of the slit is 3 mm. If
monochromatic light of wavelength 620 nm is incident normally on the slit, calculate the
separation between the first order minima and the 3rd order maxima on one side of the screen.
The distance between the slit and the screen is 1.5 m.
Ans: (a) (i) Interference pattern has number of equally spaced bright and dark bands while
diffraction pattern has central bright maximum which twice as wide as the other maxima.

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 (ii) lnterference is obtained by the superposing two waves originating from two narrow slits. The
diffraction pattern is the superposition of the continuous family of waves originating from each
point on a single slit.
(iii) In interference pattern, the intensity of all bright fringes are same, while in diffraction
pattern, intensity of bright fringes go on decreasing with the increasing order of the maxima
(iv) In interference pattern, the first maximum falls at an angle of λ/a, where a is the separation
between two narrow slits, while in diffraction pattern, at the same angle first minimum occurs
.(where ‘a’ is the width of single slit.)
Displacement produced by source ‘S1’
Y1 = acos t
Displacement produced by the other source ‘S2’
Y2 = acos (wt + f)
Resultant displacement Y = Y1 + Y2
   
= a [cos t + cos (t + )]  2a cos   cos   t  
2  2
 
Amplitude of resultant wave, A  2a cos  
2
2
Intensity, I  A
 
 I  KA2  K 4a 2 cos 2  
2
D
(b) Distance of first order minima from centre of the central maxima = X D1 
a
7 D
Distance of third order maxima from centre of the central maxima, X B 3 
2a
∴ Distance between first order minima and third order maxima =
7 D  D 5 D
X B 3  X D1   
2a a 2a
9
5 1.5  620 10
  775 10 6 m  7.75 104 m
2  3 10 3
OR
(a) Under what conditions is the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light observed?
Obtain the relation between the critical angle of incidence and the refractive index of the
medium.
(b) Three lenses of focal lengths + 10 cm, – 10 cm and + 30 cm are arranged coaxially as in the
figure given below. Find the position of the final image formed by the combination.

Ans: (a) (i) Light travels from denser to rarer medium

(ii) Angle of incidence is more than the critical angle
1
For the grazing incidence,  sin iC  sin 900  1   
sin iC
(b) For convex lens of focal length 10 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
      v1  15cm
f1 v1 u1 10 v1 30
Object distance for concave lens u2 = 15 – 5 = 10 cm
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 1 1 1 1 1 1
      v2  
f 2 v2 u2 10 v2 10
For third lens v2 = u3
1 1 1 1 1 1
      v3  30cm
f3 v3 u3 30 v3 

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 05 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each
and Section E contains three long questions of five marks each
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. A battery consists of a variable number ‘n’ of identical cells having internal resistances
connected in series. The terminals of battery are short circuited and the current i is measured.
Which of the graph below shows the relationship between i and n?

Ans: (d)
nE E
I  ⇒ current is independent of n
nr r

2. The correct arrangement of colours in the descending order of their wavelength is

(a) yellow, violet, green, orange.
(b) orange, yellow, green, violet.
(c) violet, green, yellow, orange.
(d) yellow, green, orange, violet.
Ans: (b) orange, yellow, green, violet.
The visible colors from shortest to longest wavelength are Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,
Orange, and Red.

3. A positive charge enters in a magnetic field and travels parallel to but opposite the field. If
experiences

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 (a) an upward force. (b) a downward force.
(c) an accelerated force. (d) no force.
Ans: (d) no force
Since force F = qvB sin 180° = 0

4. If the net electric flux through a closed surface is zero, then we can infer
(a) no net charge is enclosed by the surface
(b) uniform electric field exists within the surface
(c) electric potential varies from point to point inside the surface
(d) charge is present inside the surface.
Ans: (a) no net charge is enclosed by the surface

5. If a ferromagnetic material is inserted in a current carrying solenoid, the magnetic field of

solenoid
(a) largely increases. (b) slightly increases.
(c) largely decreases. (d) slightly decreases.
Ans: (a) largely increases
Due to high permeability of the ferromagnetic material, magnetic field inside the solenoid is
largely increased.

6. A capacitor is charged by using a battery which is then disconnected. A dielectric slab is then
slipped between the plates, which results in
(a) reduction of charge on the plates and increase of potential difference across the plates.
(b) increase in the potential difference across the plate, reduction in stored energy, but no change
in the charge on the plates.
(c) decrease in the potential difference across the plates, reduction in the stored energy, but no
change in the charge on the plates.
(d) none of these
Ans: (c) decrease in the potential difference across the plates, reduction in the stored energy, but
no change in the charge on the plates.
Battery in disconnected so Q will be constant. As C ∝ K so with introduction of dielectric slab,
Q2
the capacitance will increase and using Q = CV, V will decrease. Using U = energy will
2C
decrease.

7. Two waves are said to be coherent if they have.

(a) same phase and different amplitude.
(b) different frequency phase and amplitude.
(c) same frequency but different amplitude.
(d) same frequency, phase and amplitude.
Ans: (d) same frequency, phase and amplitude.
Two waves are coherent if they have same frequency and constant phase difference but
amplitude may

8. An interference pattern is observed by Young’s double slit experiment. If now the separation
between coherent sources is halved and the distance of screen from coherent sources is doubled,
the new fringe width
(a) becomes double. (b) becomes one-fourth.
(c) remains the same. (d) becomes four times.
Ans: (d) becomes four times.
D 2  2 D
As   , '   4
d d
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9. An electric dipole
 of moment p is placed in the position of stable equilibrium in a uniform
electric field E . The couple required to rotate it through an angle θ the initial position is:
(a) –pE cos θ (b) pE tan θ (c) pE cos θ (d) pE sin θ
Ans: (a) –pE cos θ

10. If the ammeter in the given circuit shown in the diagram reads 2A, the resistance R is

(a) 1Ω (b) 2 Ω (c) 3 Ω (d) 4 Ω

Ans: (a) 1Ω
3 6
The equivalent resistance for resistors 3 and 6 is R 36   2Ω
36
and voltage across it = IR36 =2×2=4V.
Thus, voltage across R = 6 − 4 = 2V and as the current 2 A passes through R
So, R = V/I = 2/2 = 1 ohm.

11. A positive charge +Q is uniformly distributed along a circular ring of radius R. A small test
charge q is placed at the centre of ring, (see below Fig.). Then:

(a) If q > 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of ring, it will be pushed back
towards the centre.
(b) If q < 0 and is displaced away from the centre in the plane of ring, it will never return to the
centre and will continue moving till it hits the ring.
(c) If q < 0, it will perform S.H.M. for small displacement along the axis.
(d) all the above
Ans: (d) all the above
At the centre of the ring, E = 0 when a positive charge q>0 is displaced away from the centre in
the plane of the ring, say to the right, force of repulsion on q, due to charge on right half

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 increases and due to charge on left half decreases. Therefore, charge q is pushed back towards
the centre. So, option (a) is correct. When charge q is negative (q < 0), force is of attraction.
Therefore, charge q displaced to the right continues moving to the right till it hits the ring. Along
the axis of the ring, at a distance r from the centre.
Qr
E
4 0 (r 2  a 2 )3/2
If charge q is negative (q<0), it will perform SHM for small displacement along the axis.

12. Two identical conducting balls A and B have charges –Q and +3Q respectively. They are
brought in contact with each other and then separated by a distance d apart. The nature of the
Coulomb force between them is
(a) attractive (b) repulsive (c) both (a) and (b) (d) neutral
Ans: (b) repulsive
q  qB Q  3Q
Final charge on each ball =  A   Q
2 2
As both the balls have same nature of charges, hence nature of the Coulomb force is repulsive.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): Total flux through a closed surface is zero if no charge is enclosed by the surface.
Reason (R): Gauss law is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

14. Assertion (A): Coefficient of self induction of an inductor depends upon the rate of change of
current passing through it.
di
Reason (R): From e  L
dt
e 1
We can see that, L   L
 di   di 
   
 dt   dt 
Ans: (d) A is false but R is true.
Self-inductance does not depend upon current flowing or change in current flowing but it
depends upon turns N, Area of cross-section (A), length of the coil and permeability of
medium(μ).
 N2 A
Coefficient of self induction is given by the relation: L  0
l

15. Assertion (A): The alternating current lags behind the emf by a phase angle of π/2, when AC
flows through an inductor.
Reason (R): The inductive reactance increases as the frequency of AC source decreases.
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false because inductance reactance XL = 2πfL . So, higher the
frequency greater will be the inductive reactance.

16. Assertion (A): On heating ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic substances, they become

paramagnetic.
Reason (R): Both ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic are strongly attracted by the magnetic field.

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 Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.
On heating ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic substances, they become paramagnetic because the
electrons change their spin.
Ferrimagnetic substances are weakly attracted by the magnetic field.
Hence, the statement given in the reason is false.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. Find the number of unique radiations that can be emitted for a sample of hydrogen atoms excited
to the nth level.
Ans: The first excited level is 2nd line.
From the 2nd level electron can go to level 1 ⇒ one radiation
3rd level electron can go to levels 1, 2 ⇒ three radiations
4th level electron can go to levels 1, 2, 3 ⇒ six radiations
nth level electron can go to levels 1, 2, 3, ...(n – 1)
n(n  1)
∴ Total number of radiations = 1 + 2 + ...... + (n – 1) =
2
OR
The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10–11 m. What are the radii
of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?
n 2 h 2 o
Ans: Radius of innermost electron, r 
 me2
h 2 o
For n = 1, r1  2
 5.3  1011 m
 me
For n = 2, r2  (2)2 r1  2.12  10 10 m
For n = 3, r3  (3)2 r1  4.77  10 10 m

18. How does one explain the emission of electrons from a photosensitive surface with the help of
Einstein’s photoelectric equation?
Ans: The Einstein’s photoelectric equation is given as K max  h  o
Since Kmax must be non-negative implies that photoelectric emission is possible only if h  o
o
or  f  o where, o 
h
This shows that the greater the work function o , higher the threshold frequency needed to emit

photoelectrons. Thus, there exists a threshold frequency o  o for the metal surface, below
h
which no photoelectric emission is possible.

19. A conducting rod of length 2 m is placed on a horizontal table in north-south direction. It carries
a current of 5 A from south to north. Find the direction and magnitude of the magnetic force
acting on the rod. Given that the Earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.6 × 10–4 T and angle of
dip is π/6
Ans:

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20. A parallel beam of light is incident on a thin lens as shown. The radius of curvature of both
surfaces is R. Determine the focal length of this system.

Ans:

21. Two slits are made one millimetre apart and the screen is placed one metre away. What is the
fringe separation when blue-green light of wavelength 500 nm is used?
Ans: Here, d = 1 mm = 1 × 10–3 m
D = 1 m,  = 500 nm = 5 × 10–7 m
 D 5 10 7 1
Fringe spacing,    3
 5 104 m  0.5mm
d 110

OR
What should be the width of each slit to obtain n maxima of double slit pattern within the central
maxima of single slit pattern?
n  2 2d
Ans:  n
d a a
where d is separation between slit and a width of slit.

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. Explain giving reasons for the following:

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 (a) Photoelectric current in a photocell increases with the increase in the intensity of the incident
radiation.
(b) The stopping potential (V0) varies linearly with the frequency () of the incident radiation for
a given photosensitive surface with the slope remaining the same for different surfaces.
Ans: (a) The number of photoelectrons emitted, i.e., photoelectric current depends only upon its
intensity. The photo current is directly proportional to the number of photoelectrons emitted per
second. This implies that the number of photoelectrons emitted per second is directly
proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.

(b) The energy of the emitted electrons depends on the frequency of the incident radiations. The
stopping potential is more negative for higher frequencies of incident radiation. From the figure,
stopping potentials are in order V03 > V02 > V01 if the frequencies are in the order of 3> 2 > 1.
This implies that greater the frequency of incident light, greater is the maximum kinetic energy
of the photoelectrons.

23. Draw ray diagrams to show how specially designed prisms make use of total internal reflection
to obtain inverted image of the object by deviating rays (i) through 90° and (ii) through 180°.
Ans: To deviate a ray of light through 180° : When the ray of light comes to meet the hypotenuse
face BC at right angles to it, it is refracted out of prism as such along the path RS. The path of
the ray of light has been turned through 180° due to two total internal reflections.

24. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. Upto which
energy level the hydrogen atoms would be excited?
Ans: Here, ΔE = 12.5 eV

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 13.6
Energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is, En = eV
n2
In ground state, n = 1
E1 = –13.6 eV
Energy of an electron in the excited state after absorbing a photon of 12.5 eV energy will be
En = –13.6 + 12.5 = –1.1 eV
13.6 13.6
 n2    12.36  n  3.5
En 1.1
Here, state of electron cannot be in fraction.
So, n = 3 (2nd excited state).

25. How does an oscillating charge produce electromagnetic wave? Explain.

Draw a sketch showing the propagation of plane e.m. wave along the Z-direction, clearly
depicting the directions of oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors.
Ans: An oscillating or accelerated charge is supposed to be source of an electromagnetic wave.
An oscillating charge produces an oscillating electric field in space which further produces an
oscillating magnetic field which in turn is a source of electric field. These oscillating electric and
magnetic field hence, keep on regenerating each other and an electromagnetic wave is produced.
The e. m. wave propagates along z-axis.

For an e. m. wave propagating in Z-direction, electric field is directed along X-axis and magnetic
field is directed along Y-axis.
k  i  j

26. A cube of side 20 cm is kept in a region as shown in the figure. An electric field E exists in the
region such that the potential at a point is given by V = 10x + 5, where V is in volt and x is in m.

Find the (i) electric field E , and (ii) total electric flux through the cube.

 V  dV  d (10 x  5)
Ans: (i) Electric field, E     10i
r dx dx
(ii) Now the total electric flux through the cube,    E.ds
   E.ds   E.ds   E.ds   E.ds   E.ds   E.ds
I II III IV V VI

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 = 0 + 0 + (+10)(20 × 10–2)2 + (–10)(20 × 10–2)2 + 0 + 0
=0
OR
The electric potential as a function of distance ‘x’ is shown in the figure. Draw a graph of the
electric field E as a function of x.

dV
Ans: Electric field, E   ...(i)
dx
For x = 0 to 1, V = kx
x = 1 to 2, V = k
x = 2 to 3, V = –kx
where k is some constant
So, using (i) the variation of electric field is shown in figure.

27. An inductor L of inductive reactance XL is connected in series with a bulb B and an ac source.
How would brightness of the bulb change when (i) number of turn in the inductor is reduced, (ii)
an iron rod is inserted in the inductor and (iii) a capacitor of reactance XC = XL is inserted in
series in the circuit. Justify your answer in each case.
Ans: Inductive reactance, XL = L

Impedance of the circuit, Z  X L 2  R 2   2 L2  R 2

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 (i) When the number of turns in an inductor coil decreases then its inductance L decreases. So,
the net impedance of the circuit decreases and current through the bulb (circuit) increases. Hence
brightness (I2R) of bulb increases.
(ii) When an iron rod is inserted in the inductor, then its inductance L increases. So, Z will
increase and current through the bulb will decrease. Hence, brightness of the bulb will decrease.
(iii) When a capacitor is connected in series in the circuit, so its impedance is is given by,
Z  ( X L  X C )2  R 2  Z  R ( X L  X C )
This is the case of resonance so maximum current will flow through the circuit. Hence brightness
of the bulb will increase.
OR
A source of ac voltage V = V0 sint is connected to a series combination of a resistor ‘R’ and a
capacitor ‘C’. Draw the phasor diagram and use it to obtain the expression for (i) impedance of
the circuit and (ii) phase angle.
Ans: (i) V =V0 sint ...(i)
  
From diagram, by parallelogram law of vector addition, VR  VC  V
Using pythagoras theorem, we get

Z = impedance.

(ii) The phase angle  between resultant voltage and current is given by

28. Explain briefly with the help of necessary diagrams, the forward and the reverse biasing of a p-n
junction diode. Also draw their characteristic curves in the two cases.
Ans: Forward biased characteristics: The circuit diagram for studying forward biased
characteristics is shown in the figure. Starting from a low value, forward bias voltage is
increased step by step (measured by voltmeter) and forward current is noted (by ammeter). A
graph is plotted between voltage and current. The curve so obtained is the forward characteristic
of the diode.
At the start when applied voltage is low, the current through the diode is almost zero. It is
because of the potential barrier, which opposes the applied voltage. Till the applied voltage
exceeds the potential barrier, the current increases very slowly with increase in applied voltage
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 (OA portion of the graph). With further increase in applied voltage, the current increases very
rapidly (AB portion of the graph), in this situation, the diode behaves like a conductor. The
forward voltage beyond which the current through the junction starts increasing rapidly with
voltage is called threshold or cut-in voltage. If line AB is extended back, it cuts the voltage axis
at potential barrier voltage.

Reverse biased characteristics: The circuit diagram for studying reverse biased characteristics
is shown in the figure.

In reverse biased, the applied voltage supports the flow of minority charge carriers across the
junction. So, a very small current flows across the junction due to minority charge carriers.
Motion of minority charge carriers is also supported by internal potential barrier, so all the
minority carriers cross over the junction. Therefore, the small reverse current remains almost
constant over a sufficiently long range of reverse bias, increasing very little with increasing
voltage (OC portion of the graph). This reverse current is voltage independent upto certain
voltage known as breakdown voltage and this voltage independent current is called reverse
saturation current.

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Induced Current: The steady current in the coil C2 as shown below produces a steady magnetic
field. As coil C2 is moved towards the coil C1, the galvanometer shows a deflection. This
indicates that electric current is induced in coil C1. When C2 is moved away, the galvanometer
shows a deflection again, but this time in the opposite direction. This deflection is based upon the
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
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 (i) On what factors does the magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux
depend? (1)
(ii) Suggest an alternative device to demonstrate the induced current in place of a galvanometer.
(1)
(iii) A long straight current carrying wire passes normally through the centre of circular loop. If
the current through the wire increases, will there be an induced emf in the loop? Justify. (2)
OR
(iii) Write any two ways by which a large deflection can be obtained in the galvanometer G. (2)
Ans: (i) The magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit due to magnetic flux depends on the rate
of change of magnetic flux with time through the circuit.
(ii) Galvanometer is replaced by a torch bulb. Now a relative motion between two coils or switch
on and off of the key glows the bulb and shows presence of induced current.
(iii) The magnetic lines of force due to current are parallel to the plane of the loop. So angle
between magnetic field and area vector is 90°. Hence, the flux linked with the loop is zero.
Hence, there will be no induced emf in the loop.
OR
(iii) To obtain large deflection in galvanometer we can take following steps:
 Connect the coil C2 to a powerful battery for large current.
 Switch on and off the key at a rapid rate.
 Develop a relative shift/motion between the two coils.
 Use a ferromagnetic material like iron inside the coil C2 to increase the magnetic flux.

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
 A
The capacity of a parallel plate air capacitor is C0  o . When air is replaced fully by an
d
A  A
insulating medium of dielectric constant K, its capacity becomes Cm   K 0  KC0 .
d d
0 A
When thickness of dielectric is t (< d), then the capacity is Cd  . For metals, K = ∞.
 1
d  t 1  
 k
 A
Therefore, when a metal plate of thickness t < d is introduced, the capacity becomes C '  0
d t

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 (i) When area of parallel plate air capacitor is halved and distance between the plates is doubled,
find value of n for which its capacity becomes n times. (1)
(ii) What is the Potential drop in a dielectric? (1)
(iii) A metal plate of thickness t = d/2 is introduced in between the plates of an air capacitor. Find
the increase in its capacity. (2)
OR
(iii) Find the new capacity, if very thin metal foil is introduced in between the plates of an air
capacitor of capacitance C. (2)

Ans:
0 A  A / 2 0 A 1 1
(i) As C0  , C0 '  0   C0  n 
d 2d 4d 4 4
(ii) When a dielectric is introduced between the two plates of a parallel plate capacitor, the
potential difference decreases by the value of the product of electric field strength × thickness,
which is the potential difference of the dielectric.
 A 0 A 2 A
(iii) C0 '  0   0  2C0
d t d  d / 2 d
Increase in capacity = C ' C0  2C0  C0  C0
Percentage increase in capacity = 100%
OR
(iii) When a thin metal foil is introduced in between the plates, we have two capacitors, each of
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
capacity 2 C joined in series. As        CS  C
CS C1 C1 2C 2C 2C C

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. State Huygen’s principle. Show, with the help of a suitable diagram, how this principle is used to
obtain the diffraction pattern by a single slit.
Draw a plot of intensity distribution and explain clearly why the secondary maxima become
weaker with increasing order (n) of the secondary maxima.
Ans: Principle: (i) Every point on a given wavefront may be regarded as a source of new
disturbance.
(ii) The new disturbances from each point spread out in all directions with the velocity of light
and are called the secondary wavelets.
(iii) The surface of tangency to the secondary wavelets in forward direction at any instant gives
the new position of the wavefront at that time.

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 Let us illustrate this principle by the following example:
Let AB shown in the fig. be the section of a wavefront in a homogeneous isotropic medium at t =
0. We have to find the position of the wavefront at time t using Huygens’ principle. Let v be the
velocity of light in the given medium.
(a) Take the number of points 1, 2, 3, … on the wavefront AB. These points are the sources of
secondary wavelets.
(b) At time t the radius of these secondary wavelets is vt. Taking each point as centre, draw
circles of radius vt.
(c) Draw a tangent A1B1 common to all these circles in the forward direction.
Propagation of wavefront from a point source:
When monochromatic light is made incident on a single slit, we get diffraction pattern on a
screen placed behind the slit. The diffraction pattern contains bright and dark bands, the intensity
of central band is maximum and goes on decreasing on both sides.

Let AB be a slit of width ‘a’ and a parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident on it.
According to Fresnel the diffraction pattern is the result of superposition of a large number of
waves, starting from different points of illuminated slit.
Let θ be the angle of diffraction for waves reaching at point P of screen and AN the
perpendicular dropped from A on wave diffracted from B.
The path difference between rays diffracted at points A and B,
D = BP – AP = BN
In ∆ANB , ∠ANB = 90° and ∆BAN = θ
∴ sin θ = BN/AB or BN = AB sin θ
As AB =width of slit = a
∴ Path difference, D = a sin θ ....(i)
To find the effect of all coherent waves at P, we have to sum up their contribution, each with a
different phase. This was done by Fresnel by rigorous calculations, but the main features may be
explained by simple arguments given below:
At the central point C of the screen, the angle θ is zero. Hence the waves starting from all points
of slit arrive in the same phase. This gives maximum intensity at the central point C. If point P
on screen is such that the path difference between rays starting from edges A and B is, then

path difference, a sin     sin  
a

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 
If angle θ is small, sin    
a

The intensity of secondary maxima decreases with increase of order n because with increasing n,
the contribution of slit decreases.
For n = 2, it is one-fifth, for n = 3, it is one-seventh and so on.
OR
Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce an expression for
the total magnification when the final image is formed at the near point.
In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1×5 cm from the objective of
focal length 1× 25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the final image is formed at
the near point, estimate the magnifying power of the microscope.
Ans:

vo  D
Magnifying power of microscope, M   1  
uo  fe 

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32. Figure shows a plot of stopping potential (V0) with frequency () of incident radiation for two
photosensitive material M1 and M2.
Explain (i) why the slope of both the lines is same?
(ii) for which material emitted electrons have greater kinetic energy for the same frequency of
incident radiation?

V
Ans: (i) Slope of line = [ eV  h ]

h
Slope of line = ⇒ It is a constant quantity and does not depend on nature of metal surface.
e
(ii) Maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron,
KE = eV0 = h – h0, ...(i)
For a given frequency V1 > V2 (from the graph)
So from equation (i), we get (KE)1 > (KE)2
Since the metal M1 has smaller threshold frequency i.e., smaller work function. It emits electrons
having a larger kinetic energy.
OR
(a) Using Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, derive the expression for the total energy of the
electron in the stationary states of the atom.
(b) If electron in the atom is replaced by a particle (muon) having the same charge but mass
about 200 times as that of the electron to form a muonic atom, how would (i) the radius and (ii)
the ground state energy of this be affected?
Ans: (a) According to Bohr’s postulates, in a hydrogen atom, as single electron revolves around
a nucleus of charge +e. For an electron moving with a uniform speed in a circular orbit of a given
radius, the centripetal force is provided by coulomb force of attraction between the electron and
the nucleus. The gravitational attraction may be neglected as the mass of electron and proton is
very small.
mv 2 ke 2  1  2 ke 2
So,  2  where, k    mv  ….. (i)
r r  4 o  r
Where, m = mass of electron, = radius of electronic orbit, v = velocity of electron
nh
Again, by Bohr’s second postulates, we have mvr 
2
nh
Where, n = 1, 2, 3...... or v 
2 mr

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 2
 nh  ke 2 n2h2
Putting the value of v in eq. (i), we get: m     r  ….. (ii)
 2 mr  r 4 2 kme 2
1 ke 2  mv 2 ke 2 
Kinetic energy of electron, Ek  mv 2    2 
2 2r  r r 
ke 2 4 2kme 2 2 2 k 2me 4
Using eq. (ii) we get Ek  . 
2 n2h2 n 2h 2
k (e )  (e ) ke 2
Potential energy of electron, E p   
e r
2 2
4 kme 4 k me 4
2 2
Using eq. (ii), we get E p  ke 2   
n2h2 n2h2
Hence, total energy of the electron in the nth orbit
4 2 k 2me 4 2 2 k 2 me 4 2 2 k 2 me4 13.6
E  E p  Ek   2 2
 2 2
 2 2
  2 eV
nh nh nh n
When the electron in a hydrogen atom jumps from higher energy level to the lower energy level,
the difference of energies of the two energy levels is emitted as a radiation of particular
wavelength. It is called a spectral line.
n 2 h 2 o 1
(b)  Radius, r  2
r
 me m
∴ when we increase the mass 200 times, the radius reduces to 200 times.
 me 4
(ii) Similarly, ground state energy for hydrogen, E  ⇒E∝m
8 o n 2 h 2
∴ when we increase the mass 200 times, the ground state energy also increases by a factor 200.

33. A small conducting sphere of radius ‘r’ carrying a charge +q is surrounded by a large concentric
conducting shell of radius R on which a charge +Q is placed. Using Gauss’s law derive the
expressions for the electric field at a point ‘x’
(a) between the sphere and the shell (r < x < R).
(b) outside the spherical shell.
Ans: (a) Consider a sphere of radius r with centre O surrounded by a large concentric conducting
shell of radius R.
To calculate the electric field intensity at any point P, where OP = x, imagine a Gaussian surface
with centre O and radius x, as shown in the figure.

The total electric flux through the Gaussian surface is given by   

 Eds  E  ds
 ds  E  4 x
2
Now,
  E  4 x 2 … (i)
Since the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface is q, according to Gauss’s theorem,
q
 ...(ii)
o

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 q q
From (i) and (ii), we get E  4 x 2  E
o 4 o x 2
(b) (ii) To calculate the electric field intensity at any point P′, where point P′ lies outside the
spherical shell, imagine a Gaussian surface with centre O and radius x′, as shown in the figure

q Q qQ
According to Gauss’s theorem, E ' 4 x '2   E'
o 4 o x '2
As the charge always resides only on the outer surface of a conduction shell, the charge flows
essentially from the sphere to the shell when they are connected by a wire. It does not depend on
the magnitude and sign of charge Q.

OR
Derive an expression for the potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field.
Explain conditions for stable and unstable equilibrium.
Ans: Since net force on electric dipole in uniform electric field is zero, so no work is done in
moving the electric dipole in uniform electric field, however some work is done in rotating the
dipole against the torque acting on it. So, small work done in rotating the dipole by an angle dθ
in uniform electric field E is
dW = t dθ = pE sinθ dθ
Hence, net work done in rotating the dipole from angle θi to θf in uniform electric field is
f 
W   pE sin  d  pE[ cos  ] f
i i
or W = pE [–cosθf + cosθi] = pE [cosθi – cosθf]
If initially, the dipole is placed at an angle θi = 90° to the direction of electric field, and is then
rotated to the angle θf = θ, then net work done is
W = pE [cos90° – cosθ]
or W = – pE cosθ
This gives the work done in rotating the dipole through an angle q in uniform electric field,
which gets stored in it in the form of potential energy i.e.,
U = – pE cosθ
This gives potential energy stored in electric dipole of moment p when placed in uniform electric
field at an angle q with its direction.
(i) When θ = 0°, then Umin = –pE
So, potential energy of an electric dipole is minimum, when it is placed with its dipole moment p
parallel to the direction of electric field E and so it is called its most stable equilibrium position.
(ii) When θ = 180°, then Umax = + pE
So, potential energy of an electric dipole is maximum, when it is placed with its dipole moment p
anti parallel to the direction of electric field E and so it is called its most unstable equilibrium
position.

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 06 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, Section D contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each
and Section E contains three long questions of five marks each
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. Two point charges +8q and -2q are located at x = 0 and x = L respectively. The point on x axis at
which net electric field is zero due to these charges is
(a) 8L (b) 4L (c) 2L (d) L
Ans: (c) 2L

2. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance R changes by an amount ∆ in time ∆t, then the
total quantity of electric charge Q, passing during this time through any point of the circuit is
given by
   
(a) Q  (b) Q  R (c) Q   R (d) Q 
t t t R

Ans: (d) Q 
R

3. Match the followings in Column A having correct appropriate properties with in Column B.
Column A Column B
(i) Diamagnetic Substance (p) Strongly attracted by magnets
(ii) Paramagnetic substance (q) Weakly attracted by magnets
(iii) Ferromagnetic substance (r) Weakly repelled by magnets
(s) µr is slightly greater than 1.
(a) (i)-(q), (ii)-(r),(iii) (s), (p) (b) (i)-(q), (s) (ii)-(p), (iii)-(r)
(c) (i)-(r), (ii)-(q),(s) (iii)-(r) (d) (i)-(p), (ii)-(q), (s) (iii)-(r)
Ans: (c) (i)-(r), (ii)-(q),(s) (iii)-(r)

4. When an alternating voltage E = E0sint is applied to a circuit, a current I = I0sin(t + /2) flows
through it. The average power dissipated in the circuit is
(a) Erms.Irms (b) E0I0 (c) E0I0/√2 (d) zero
Ans: (d) zero

5. The simple Bohr model cannot be directly applied to calculate the energy levels of an atom with
many electrons. This is because
(a) of the electrons not being subject to a central force
(b) of the electrons colliding with each other
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 (c) of screening effects
(d) the force between the nucleus and an electron will no longer be given by Coulomb’s law
Ans: (a) of the electrons not being subject to a central force
Bohr’s model cannot be directly applied to calculate energy levels of an atom with many
electrons because of the electrons not being subjected to a central force.

6. A free electron and a free proton are placed between two oppositely charged parallel plates. Both
are closer to the positive plate than the negative plate.

Which of the following statements is true?

I. The force on the proton is greater than the force on the electron.
II. The potential energy of the proton is greater than that of the electron.
III. The potential energy of the proton and the electron is the same.
(a) I only (b) II only (c) III and I only (d) II and I only
Ans: (b) II only

7. Match the corresponding entries of column 1 with column 2. [Where m is the magnification
produced by the mirror]
Column 1 Column 2
(A) m = -2 (p) Convex mirror
1
(B) m =  (q) Concave mirror
2
(C) m = +2 (r) Real image
1
(D) m =  (s) Virtual image
2
(a) A → p and s; B → q and r; C → q and s; D → q and r
(b) A → r and s; B → q and s; C → q and r; D → p and s
(c) A → q and r, B → q and r; C → q and s; D → p and s
(d) A → p and r; B → p and s; C → p and q; D → r and s
Ans: (c) A → q and r, B → q and r; C → q and s; D → p and s

8. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission from a material is 5200 Å. Photoelectrons
will be emitted when this material is illuminated with monochromatic radiation from a:
(a) 50 watt infrared lamp (b) 1000 watt infrared lamp
(c) 1 watt ultraviolet lamp (d) 1 watt infrared lamp
Ans: (c) 1 watt ultraviolet lamp

9. On a hot summer night, the refractive index of air is smallest near the ground and increases with
height from the ground. When a light beam is directed horizontally, the Huygens’ principle leads
us to conclude that as it travels, the light beam
(a) becomes narrower (b) goes horizontally without any deflection
(c) bends downwards (d) bends upwards
Ans: (d) bends upwards

10. Monochromatic light of wavelength 667 nm is produced by a helium neon laser. The power
emitted is 9 mW. The number of photons arriving per second on the average at a target irradiated
by this beam is

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 (a) 3 x 1016 (b) 9 x 1015 (c) 3 x 1019 (d) 9 x 1017
Ans: (a) 3 x 1016

27
11. If radius of the 13 Al nucleus is taken to be RAl then the radius of nucleus is nearly
1/3 1/3
3  13   53  5
(a) RAl (b)   RAl (c)   RAl (d) RAl
5  53   13  3
5
Ans: (d) RAl
3

12. A student measures the focal length of a convex lens by putting an object pin at a distance ‘u’
from the lens and measuring the distance ‘v’ of the image pin. The graph between ‘u’ and ‘v’
plotted by the student should look like

Ans: (a) For real image u is negative and v is positive, the graph between u and v is rectangular
hyperbola.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): A current flows in a conductor only when there is an electric field within the
conductor.
Reason (R): The drift velocity of electron in presence of electric field decreases
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.
E
The expression for drift velocity is vd 
ne
e - change of the e−
E - electric field
n - electron density
σ - conductivity
As vd ∝ E, Drift velocity increases with increase of electric field.

14. Assertion (A): Forces acting between proton-proton (fpp), proton-neutron (fpn) and neutron-
neutron (fnn) are such that fpp < fpn = fnn

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 Reason (R): Electrostatic force of repulsion between two protons reduces net nuclear forces
between them.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Electrostatic force of repulsion between two protons reduces net nuclear forces between them.

15. Assertion (A): The speed of electromagnetic waves in free space is maximum for gamma rays
and minimum for radiowaves.
Reason (R): For waves with same wavelengths this just means that the speed will be equal to c.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Speed of electromagnetic waves travel in vacuum is constant. i.e., c = 3 × 108 m/s.

16. Assertion (A): Hydrogen atom consists of only one electron but its emission spectrum has many
lines.
Reason (R): Only Lyman series is found in the absorption spectrum of hydrogen atom whereas
in the emission spectrum, all the series are found.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
When the atom gets appropriate energy from outside, then this electron rises to some higher
energy level. Now it can return either directly to the lower energy level or come to the lowest
energy level after passing through other lower energy levels, hence all possible transitions take
place in the source and many lines are seen in the spectrum. At ordinary temperature, all atoms
are present at their lowest energy level (n = 1). Hence absorption can start only from n = 1 (and
not from n = 2, 3, 4, ...). Hence only Lyman series is found in the absorption spectrum of
hydrogen atom whereas in the emission spectrum, all the series are found.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

1
17. Plot a graph showing the variation of coulomb force (F) versus  2  . where r is the distance
r 
between the two charges of each pair of charges: (1 µC, 2 µC) and (2 µC, - 3 µC). Interpret the
graphs obtained.
1 q1q2
Ans: F 
4 0 r 2
1 1
The graph between F and 2 is a straight line of slope q1q2 passing through origin in both
r 4 0
the cases.

Since, magnitude of the slope is more for attraction, therefore, attractive force is greater than
repulsive force.

18. Two coils of wire A and B are placed mutually perpendicular as shown in figure. When current
is changed in any one coil, will the current induce in another coil?

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 Ans: No; this is because the magnetic field due to current in coil (A or B) will be parallel to the
plane of the other coil (A or B) Hence, the magnetic flux linked with the other coil will be zero
and so no current will be induced in it.

19. An object AB is kept in front of a concave mirror as shown in the figure.

(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half of the mirror’s
reflecting surface is painted black?
Ans: (i) Image formed will be inverted diminished between C and F.

(ii) There will be no change in the position of the image but its intensity will be reduced.
OR
The following data was recorded for values of object distance and the corresponding values of
image distance in the experiment on study of real image formation by a convex lens of power + 5
D. One of these observations is incorrect. Identify this observation and give reason for your
choice:
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Object distance (cm) 25 30 35 45 50 55
Image distance (cm) 97 61 37 35 32 30
Ans: Power of lens = + 5 D
Focal length of lens, f = 1/P = 1/5 m = 0.20 m = 20 cm

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 The observations at serial number (3) i.e., (object distance 35 cm and image distance 37 cm is
incorrect), because if the object is placed at a distance between f and 2f its image will be formed
beyond 2f, while in this observation the object and image distances, both are between f and 2f.

20. When four hydrogen nuclei combine to form a helium nucleus, estimate the amount of energy in
MeV released in this process of fusion. (Neglect the masses of electrons and neutrinos) Given:
(i) mass of 11H = 1.007825 u
(ii) mass of helium nucleus = 4.002603 u, 1 u = 931 MeV/c2
Ans:

21. Answer the following questions.

(i) Can the potential barrier across a p-n junction be measured by simply connecting a voltmeter
across the junction?
(ii) Why are elemental dopants for Silicon or Germanium usually chosen from group 13 or group
15?
Ans: (i) No, because the voltmeter must have a resistance very high compared to the junction
resistance, then later being nearly infinite.
(ii) The size of dopant atoms should be such as not to distort the pure semiconductor lattice
structure and yet easily contribute a charge carrier on forming covalent bonds with Si or Ge.

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. (i) Find equivalent capacitance between A and B in the combination given below. Each capacitor
is of 2 µF capacitance.

(ii) If a dc source of 7 V is connected across AB, how much charge is drawn from the source and
what is the energy stored in the network?
Ans:

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23. Graph showing the variation of current versus voltage for a material GaAs is shown in the figure.
Identify the region of

(i) negative resistance (ii) where Ohm's law is obeyed.

(iii) Two cells of same emf E but internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected in series to an
external resistor R (Fig.). What should be the value of R so that the potential difference across
the terminals of the first cell becomes zero.

Ans:

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24. The de Broglie wavelengths associated with an electron and a proton are equal. Prove that the
kinetic energy of the electron is greater than that of the proton.
Ans:

OR
Define the distance of closest approach. An -particle of kinetic energy ‘K’ is bombarded on a
thin gold foil. The distance of the closest approach is ‘r’. What will be the distance of closest
approach for an -particle of double the kinetic energy?

Ans: Distance of closest approach is the distance of charged particle from the centre of the
nucleus, at which the entire initial kinetic energy of the charged particles gets converted into the
electric potential energy of the system.
Distance of closest approach (ro) is given by
1 2 Ze 2
r0  .
4 0 K
r
If ‘K’ is doubled, r0 becomes 0
2
25. Figure shows a capacitor made of two circular plates each of radius 12 cm and separated by 5.0
mm. The capacitor is being charged by an external source (not shown in the figure). The
charging current is constant and equal to 0.15 A.

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 (i) Calculate the capacitance and the rate of change of potential difference between the plates.
(ii) Obtain the displacement current across the P plates.
(iii) Is Kirchhoff’s first rule function rule valid at each plate of the capacitor? Explain.
Ans: Here, I = 0.15 A, r = 12 cm = 12 × 10–2 m, d = 5.0 mm = 5 × 10–3 m
A = r2
 0 A  0 r 2 8.85 10 12  22  (12  102 ) 2
(i) Capacitance, C   
d d 7  5 103
28036.8  1016
 3
 801.05  1013 F  80.1 1012  80.1 pF
35 10
Let C be the capacitance of capacitor and q the instantaneous charge on plates, then
q = CV
dq dV dV I 0.15
 C    12
 0.00187  1012V / s  1.87  109V / s
dt dt dt C 80.1 10
dE I
(ii) Displacement current I d   0 A  0 A  I = conduction current = 0.15 A.
dt 0 A
(iii) Yes, Kirchhoff ’s law holds at each plate of capacitor since displacement current is equal to
conduction current.
OR
Electromagnetic waves of wavelengths λ1, λ2 and λ3 are used in radar systems, in water purifiers
and in remote switches of TV, respectively.
(i) Identify the electromagnetic waves, and
(ii) Write one source of each of them.
Ans: (i) (a) Radar Systems – Microwave
(b) Water purifiers – Ultra Violet (UV)
(c) Remote switches of TV–Infrared (IR)
(ii)
EM-Waves Source
(a) Microwave Magnetrons or Gunn diodes
Inner shell electrons in atoms moving from one
(b) Ultra violet (UV)
energy level to another
(c) Infrared (IR) Hot bodies and molecules.


26. (i) A point charge q moving with speed v enters a uniform magnetic field B that is acting into
the plane of the paper as shown. What is the path followed by the charge q and in which plane
does it move?

(ii) How does the path followed by the charge get affected if its velocity has a component

parallel to B ?

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 
(iii) If an electric field E is also applied such that the particle continues moving along the

original straight line path, what should be the magnitude and direction of the electric field E ?
  
Ans: (i) The force experienced by the charge particle is given by F  q(v  B ) when is

perpendicular to B the force on the charge particle acts as the centripetal force and makes it
move along a circular path. Path followed by charge is anticlockwise in X-Y plane. The point
 
charge moves in the plane perpendicular to both v and B .
(ii) A component of velocity of charge particle is parallel to the direction of the magnetic field,
the force experienced due to that component will be zero. This is because F = qvBsin0° = 0.
Thus, particle will move in straight line.

Also, the force experienced by the component perpendicular to B moves the particle in a circular
path. The combined effect of both the components will move the particle in a helical path.
(iii) Magnetic force on the charge, q
  
F B  q (v  B )  q (v (i )  B ( k )  qvB ( j )
Hence, for moving charge, q in its original path
 
FE  FB  0
 
F E  qvB ( j ) [ E  vB ( j )]
Taking magnitude both sides
 vB
| E | q  vB
q

Direction of Lorentz magnetic force is (–ve) y-axis. Therefore, direction of E is along (+ve) y-
axis.

27. Figure shows a rectangular loop conducting PQRS in which the arm PQ is free to move. A
uniform magnetic field acts in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Arm PQ is
moved with a velocity v towards the arm RS. Assuming that the arms QR, RS and SP have
negligible resistances and the moving arm PQ has the resistance r, obtain the expression for (i)
the current in the loop (ii) the force and (iii) the power required to move the arm PQ.

Ans:

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28. (i) Draw the intensity distribution as function of phase angle when diffraction of light takes place
through coherently illuminated single slit.
(ii) Two monochromatic rays of light are incident normally on the face AB of an isosceles right-
angled prism ABC. The refractive indices of the glass prism for the two rays ‘1’ and ‘2’ are
respectively 1.3 and 1.5. Trace the path of these rays after entering through the prism. Explain
briefly.
Ans: (i) Intensity distribution as function of phase angle, when diffraction of light takes place
through coherently illuminated single slit
The intensity pattern on the screen is shown in the given figure.

2D
Width of central maximum =
a
1
(ii) As we know that the critical angle depends on refractive index n as sin ic 
n

If n = √2 = 1.414 then ∠c = 45°

 1 
If n = 1.3, ∠c = sin 1   > 45°
 1.3 
So, the ray I refracted out.
 1 
If n = 1.5, ∠c = sin 1   < 45°
 1.5 
So, the ray 2, undergo total internal reflection.

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
The figure below shows with their current rating in three different electrical appliances when
connected to the 220 V, 50 Hz mains supply.

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 (i) Which appliance has the greatest electrical resistance? How does the rating of current show
this?
(ii) Amar takes the kettle abroad where the mains supply is 110 V. What is the current in the
kettle when it is operated from the 110 V supply.
(iii) Two electric bulbs have the following specifications.
(a) 100 Wat 220 V (b) 1000 W at 220 V.
Which bulb has higher resistance? What is the ratio of their resistances?
OR
(iii) Two wires A and B of the same material and having same length, have their cross Sectional
areas in the ratio 1 : 6. What would be the ratio of heat produced in these wires when same
voltage 1s applied across each?
Ans: (i) For a given mains supply voltage, the amount of current draws by appliances. As we
know as current is inversely proportional to the resistance. So, from the given data, the greatest
resistance is of the lamp.
(ii) Since the resistance is constant and the voltage reduced to half, and current is directly
proportional to voltage (i.e., I a V), hence the current will also be reduced to half. So it will
become 4.25 A.
V V2
(iii) The resistance of filament, R  
I P
1
At constant voltage V, the resistance R 
P
That is the resistance of filament of 100 W bulb is greater than that of 1000 W bulb.
R P 1000
The ratio of resistances R = 1  2   10 :1
R2 P1 100
OR
(iii) As given, AA : AB = 1 : 6

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
One of the earliest quantitative experiments to reveal the interference of light from two sources
was performed in 1800 by the English scientist Thomas Young. A light source emits
monochromatic light; however, this light is not suitable for use in an interference experiment
because emissions from different parts of an ordinary source are not synchronized. To remedy
this, the light is directed at a screen with a narrow slit, S, 1 µm or so wide. The light emerging
from the slit originated from only a small region of the light source; thus slit S behaves more
nearly like the idealised source. In modern versions of the experiment, a laser is used as a source
of coherent light, and the slit S isn’t needed. The light from slit S falls on a screen with two other
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 narrow slits S1 and S2 each 1 µm or So wide and a few tens or hundreds of micrometers apart.
Cylindrical wavefronts spread out from slit S and reach slits S1 and S2 in phase because they
travel equal distances from S. The waves emerging from slits S1 and S2 are therefore always in
phase, so S1 and S2 are coherent sources. To visualise the interference pattern, a screen is placed
so that the light from S, and Sy falls on it. The screen will be most brightly illuminated at
position O, where the light waves from the slits interfere constructively and will be darkest at
points where the interference is destructive.

(i) What should be the path difference for destructive interference of light?
(ii) In a Young’s double slit experiment, the source is white light. What would happen if one of
the holes is covered by a red filter and another by a blue filter?
(iii) In a Young’s double slit experiment, the slit separation is 1 mm and the screen is 1 m from
the slit. For a monochromatic light of wavelength 500 nm, what will be the distance of 3rd
minima from the central maxima?
OR
(iii) A double slit experiment is performed with light of wavelength 500 nm. A thin film of
thickness 2 µm and refractive index 1.5 is introduced in path of the upper beam. How will the
location of central maxima change?
Ans: (i) For destructive interference, the path difference should be an odd multiple of λ/2.

i.e., x  (2n  1) , n = 1, 2, 3 ...
2
(ii) For sustained interference the source must be coherent and should emit the light of same
frequency. In this case, one hole is covered with red and other with blue, which has different
frequencies, so no interference takes place.
D
(iii) Distance of nth dark fringe from the centre of the screen, xn  (2n  1) , n = 1, 2, 3,...
2d
D 5 D 5 1 500 109
For, n = 3, x3  (2  3  1)   3
 1.25  103 m  1.25mm
2d 2 d 2 110

OR

(iii) Displacement of the central bright fringe

  (1.5  1)  2 106
x  (n  1)t   2
 500 109
Hence, shifted upward by nearly two fringes.

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 SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. (i) Using Ampere's circuital law, find an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis
of a long solenoid with closely wound turns.
(ii) An a-particle is accelerated through a potential difference of 10 kV and moves along x-axis.
It enters in a region of uniform magnetic field B = 2 x 10-3 T acting along y-axis. Find the radius
of its path. (Take mass of a-particle = 6.4 x 10-27 kg)
Ans: (i) Magnetic field due to a current carrying long solenoid:

A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a close-packed helix, carrying current. To
construct a solenoid a large number of closely packed turns of insulated copper wire are wound
on a cylindrical tube of card-board or china clay. When an electric current is passed through the
solenoid, a magnetic field is produced within the solenoid. If the solenoid is long and the
successive insulated copper turns have no gaps, then the magnetic field within the solenoid is
uniform; with practically no magnetic field outside it. The reason is that the solenoid may be
supposed to be formed of a large number of circular current elements. The magnetic field due to
a circular loop is along its axis and the current in upper and lower straight parts of solenoid is
equal and opposite. Due to this the magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the axis of
solenoid is zero and so the resultant magnetic field is along the axis of the solenoid. If there are
‘n’ number of turns per metre length of solenoid and I amperes is the current flowing, then
magnetic field at axis of long solenoid
B = μ0 nI
If there are N turns in length l of wire, then
N  NI
n B 0
l l

Derivation: Consider a symmetrical long solenoid having number of turns per unit length equal
to n.
Let I be the current flowing in the solenoid, then by right hand rule, the magnetic field is parallel
to the axis of the solenoid.
Field
 outside the solenoid: Consider a closed path abcd. Applying Ampere’s law to this path
 B.dl    0 (since net current enclosed by path is zero)
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 As dl ≠ 0 ∴ B = 0
This means that the magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.

OR
(i) Two long straight parallel conductors carry steady current I1 and I2 separated by a distance d.
If the currents are flowing in the same direction, show how the magnetic field set up in one
produces an attractive force on the other. Obtain the expression for this force. Hence define one
ampere.
(ii) A circular coil of ‘N’ turns and diameter ‘d’ carries a current ‘l’. It is unwound and rewound
to make another coil of diameter ‘2d’, current ‘I’ remaining the same. Calculate the ratio of the
magnetic moments of the new coil and the original coil.

Ans: (i) Suppose two long thin straight conductors (or wires) PQ and RS are placed parallel to
each other in vacuum (or air) carrying currents I1 and I2 respectively. It has been observed
experimentally that when the currents in the wire are in the same direction, they experience an
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 attractive force (fig. a) and when they carry currents in opposite directions, they experience a
repulsive force (fig. b).
Let the conductors PQ and RS carry currents I1 and I2 in same direction and placed at separation
r.
Consider a current–element ‘ab’ of length ΔL of wire RS. The magnetic field produced by
current-carrying conductor PQ at the location of other wire RS
I
B1  0 1 ...(i)
2 r
According to Maxwell’s right hand rule or right hand palm rule number 1, the direction of B1
will be perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed downward. Due to this magnetic field,
each element of other wire experiences a force. The direction of current element is perpendicular
to the magnetic field; therefore the magnetic force on element ab of length ΔL
I
F  B1 I 2 L sin 900  0 1 I 2 L
2 r

0 I1 I 2 0 I1I 2
∴ The total force on conductor of length L will be F 
2 r
 L  2 r
L
∴ Force acting per unit length of conductor
F II
f   0 1 2 N /m ...(ii)
L 2 r
According to Fleming’s left hand rule, the direction of magnetic force will be towards PQ i.e.,
the force will be attractive.
On the other hand if the currents I1 and I2 in wires are in opposite directions, the force will be
repulsive. The magnitude of force in each case remains the same.
Definition of SI unit of Current (ampere): In SI system of fundamental unit of current ‘ampere’ is
defined assuming the force between the two current carrying wires as standard.
The force between two parallel current carrying conductors of separation r is
F II
f   0 1 2 N /m
L 2 r

If I1 = I2 = 1 A, r = 1 m, then f  0  2  107 N / m
2
Thus 1 ampere is the current which when flowing in each of parallel conductors placed at
separation 1 m in vacuum exert a force of 2 × 10–7 on 1 m length of either wire.

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32. Answer the following questions:
(i) (a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original
width. How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
(b) How is the width of the central maximum changed when red light is replaced by blue?
(c) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double slit
experiment?
(ii) Draw a ray diagram of compound microscope for the final image formed at least distance of
distinct vision?

Ans: (i) (a) When width is doubled, then reduces to half, hence size of the central maximum
a
will get halved and intensity of central maximum will become 4 times.
2 D
(b) For red light width will be maximum because  
a
Wave length of blue is small as compared to red so width will be less when red is replaced by
blue.
(c) Interference pattern is observed by superposing two waves originating from the two narrow
slits. The diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from
each point on a single slit.
(ii) Diagram of Compound Microscope for the final image formed at D:

OR
Describe diffraction of light due to a single slit. Explain formation of a pattern of fringes
obtained on the screen and plot showing variation of intensity with angle @ in single slit
diffraction.
Ans: Diffraction of light at a single slit: When monochromatic light is made incident on a single
slit, we get diffraction pattern on a screen placed behind the slit. The diffraction pattern contains
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 bright and dark bands, the intensity of central band is maximum and goes on decreasing on both
sides.
Explanation: Let AB be a slit of width ‘a’ and a parallel beam of monochromatic light is incident
on it. According to Fresnel the diffraction pattern is the result of superposition of a large number
of waves, starting from different points of illuminated slit.

Let θ be the angle of diffraction for waves reaching at point P of screen and AN the
perpendicular dropped from A on wave diffracted from B.
The path difference between rays diffracted at points A and B,
Δ = BP – AP = BN
In Δ ANB , ∠ANB = 90° and ∠BAN = θ
∴ sin θ = BN/AB ⇒ BN = ABsin θ
As AB = width of slit = a
∴ Path difference, Δ = a sin θ ...(i)
To find the effect of all coherent waves at P, we have to sum up their contribution, each with a
different phase. This was done by Fresnel by rigorous calculations, but the main features may be
explained by simple arguments given below:
At the central point C of the screen, the angle θ is zero. Hence the waves starting from all points
of slit arrive in the same phase. This gives maximum intensity at the central point C.

Minima: Now we divide the slit into two equal halves AO and OB, each of width a/2. Now
for every point, M1 in AO, there is a corresponding point M2 in OB, such that M1M2 = a/2; then
path difference between waves arriving at P and starting from M1 and M2 will be
a 
sin   ….. (ii)
2 2
This means that the contributions from the two halves of slit AO and OB are opposite in phase
and so cancel each other. Thus equation (ii) gives the angle of diffraction at which intensity falls
n
to zero. Similarly it may be shown that the intensity is zero for sin   , with n as integer.
a
Thus the general condition of minima is
a sin θ = nλ ...(iii)

Secondary Maxima: Let us now consider angle q such that

3
sin    
2a
which is midway between two dark bands given by
 2
sin     and sin    
a a

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 Let us now divide the slit into three parts. If we take the first two parts of slit, the path difference
between rays diffracted from the extreme ends of the first two parts
2 2 3
a sin   a  
3 3 2a
Then the first two parts will have a path difference of λ/2 and cancel the effect of each other. The
remaining third part will contribute to the intensity at a point between two minima. Clearly there
will be a maxima between first two minima, but this maxima will be of much weaker intensity
than central maximum. This is called first secondary maxima. In a similar manner we can show
that there are secondary maxima between any two consecutive minima; and
the intensity of maxima will go on decreasing with increase of order of maxima. In general
the position of nth maxima will be given by
 1
a sin    n    [n  1, 2,3, 4.....] …. (iv)
 2
The intensity of secondary maxima decreases with increase of order n because with
increasing n, the contribution of slit decreases.
For n = 2, it is one-fifth, for n = 3, it is one-seventh and so on.

33. (i) State Lenz’s Law. A metallic rod held horizontally along east-west direction, is allowed to fall
under gravity. Will there be an emf induced at its ends? Justify your answer.
(ii) Figure shows a metal rod PQ of length J, resting on the smooth horizontal rails AB
positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet. The rails, rod and the magnetic field B are
in three mutually perpendicular directions. A galvanometer G connects the rails through a key
‘K’. Assume the magnetic field to be uniform. Given the resistance of the closed loop containing
the rod is R.

(a) Suppose K is open and the rod is moved with a speed v in the direction shown. Find the
polarity and the magnitude of induced emf.

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 (b) With K open and the rod moving uniformly, there is no net force on the electrons in the rod
PQ even though they do experience magnetic force due to the motion of the rod. Explain.
(c) What is the induced emf in the moving rod if the magnetic field is parallel to the rails instead
of being perpendicular?
Ans: (i) Lenz’s law: According to this law “the direction of induced current in a closed circuit is
always such as to oppose the cause that produces it.” The direction of induced current in a circuit
is such that it opposes the very cause which generates it. Yes, an emf will be induced at its ends.
Justification: When a metallic rod held horizontally along east-west direction is allowed to fall
freely under gravity i.e., fall from north to south, the intensity of earth magnetic field changes
through it i.e., the magnetic flux changes and hence the emf is induced at it ends.

(ii) (a) The magnitude of the induced emf is given by

|  | = Blv sin i
As the conductor PQ moves in the direction shown, the free electrons in it experience magnetic
Lorentz force. By Fleming’s left hand rule, the electrons move from the end P towards the end Q.
Deficiency of electrons makes the end P positive while the excess of electrons makes the end Q
negative.

OR
(i) Derive expression for self inductance of a long air-cored solenoid of length 'l', crosssectional
area A and having number of turns N.
(ii) A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside normal
to the axis of the solenoid. The current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2 A to 4 A
in 0.1 s, what is the induced emf in the loop while the current is changing?
Ans: (i) Self Inductance of a long air-cored solenoid:
Consider a long air solenoid having ‘n’ number of turns per unit length. If current in solenoid is
I, then magnetic field within the solenoid, B = μ0 nI ...(i)
where μ0 = 4π ×10–7 henry/metre is the permeability of free space.
If A is cross-sectional area of solenoid, then effective flux linked with solenoid of length l is
 = NBA where N = nl is the number of turns in length ‘l’ of solenoid.
∴  = (nl BA)
Substituting the value of B from (i)

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 07 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each. 
1. An isosceles right angled current carrying loop PQR is placed in a uniform magnetic field B
pointing along PR. If the magnetic force acting on the arm PQ is F, then the magnetic force
which acts on the arm OR will be

(a) F (b) F/√2 (c) √2 F (d) -F

Ans: (d) -F
2. A magnetic needle is kept in a uniform magnetic field. It experiences
(a) a force and a torque (b) a force but not a torque
(c) a torque but not a force (d) neither a torque nor a force
Ans: (c) a torque but not a force

3. A point charge is situated at an axial point of a small electric dipole at a large distance from it.
The charge experiences a force F. If the distance of the charge is doubled, the force acting on the
charge will become
(a) 2F (b) F/2 (c) F/4 (d) F/8.
Ans: (d) F/8

4. A rectangular coil of length 0.12 m and width 0.1 m having 50 turns of wire is suspended
vertically in a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.2 Weber/m?. The coil carries a current of 2 A.
If the plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30* with the direction of the field, the torque
required to keep the coil in stable equilibrium will be
(a) 0.24 Nm (b) 0.12 Nm (c) 0.15 Nm (d) 0.20 Nm
Ans: (d) 0.20 Nm

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5. A series LCR circuit is shown in figure. The source frequency f is varied, but the current is kept
unchanged. Which of the curves shows changes of VC, and VL, with frequency?

1 1
Ans: (a) VC   and VL  2 fL  f
2 fC f
6. Two circular coils can be arranged in any of the three situations as shown in fig. Their mutual
inductance will be:

(a) maximum in situation (i) (b) maximum in situation (i)

(c) maximum in situation (iii) (d) same in all situations
Ans: (a) maximum in situation (i)
The magnetic field is along the axis of a circular coil. The maximum flux linkage between the
coils is in situation (i).

7. The Young's double-slit experiment is performed with blue and green lights of wavelengths 4360
Å and 5460 Å respectively. If x is the distance of 4th maxima from the central one, then
( x)blue 5460
(a) ( x )blue  ( x) green (b) ( x )blue  ( x) green (c) ( x)blue  ( x ) green (d) 
( x ) green 4360
Ans: (c) ( x)blue  ( x ) green
n D
As  n  (nth of bright fringes)
d
 n    blue  green   blue   green

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8. Which is reverse biased diode?

Ans: (b) Because p-side is more negative as compared to n-side.

9. White light is incident on the interface of glass and air as shown in figure. If green light is just
totally internally reflected, then the emerging ray in air contains

b
(a) yellow, orange, red Glass
(b) violet, indigo, blue
(c) all colours White
(d) all colours except green light
Ans: (a) yellow, orange, red Glass
For green colour critical angle, C = θ
Critical angle increases with decrease of refractive index or increase of wavelength, so critical
angles for yellow, orange, red will be more than θ, hence these rays will get refracted.

10. In a dc circuit the direction of current inside the battery and outside the battery respectively are
(a) positive to negative terminal and negative to positive terminal
(b) positive to negative terminal and positive to negative terminal
(c) negative to positive terminal and positive to negative terminal
(d) negative to positive terminal and negative to positive terminal
Ans: (c) negative to positive terminal and positive to negative terminal
Inside the battery ions (i.e. electron) move from positive to negative plates of electrodes. So,
current flows from negative terminal to positive terminal. But outside the battery current flows
from positive terminal to negative terminal.

11. In an-type semiconductor, which of the following statements is true?

(a) Electrons are majority carriers and trivalent atoms are the dopants.
(b) Electrons are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are dopants.
(c) Holes are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are dopants.
(d) Holes are majority carriers and trivalent atoms are dopants.
Ans: (c) Holes are minority carriers and pentavalent atoms are dopants.
In n-type semiconductor, pentavalent atoms such as phosphorus, antimony, arsenic act as dopant
and majority and minority change carriers are electrons and holes respectively.

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12. In a photoelectric experiment, the stopping-potential for the incident light of wavelength 4000 Å
is 2 volt. If the wavelength be changed to 3000 Å, the stopping potential will be
(a) 2 volt (b) less than 2 volt (c) zero (d) more than 2 volt
Ans: (d) more than 2 volt

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): In the Bohr model of the hydrogen, atom, v and E represent the speed of the
electron and the total energy of the electron respectively. Then v/E is proportional to the
quantum number n of the electron.
Reason (R): v  n and E  n 2
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.

14. Assertion (A): An applied electric field polarises a polar dielectric.

Reason (R): The molecules of a polar dielectric possess a permanent dipole moment, but in the
absence of electric field, these dipoles are randomly oriented and when electric field is applied
these dipoles align along the direction of electric field.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
When an electric field is applied to a polar dielectric, it polarize the dielectric, it means all the
positive charge is on one side of the dielectric and the negative is on the other and in the absence
of electric field, they are just randomly distributed.

15. Assertion (A) : Susceptibility is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation I to magnetic
intensity H.
Reason (R) : Greater the value of susceptibility, smaller the value of intensity of magnetisation
I.
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.
I
From the relation,  m    m  I
H
Thus, it is option that greater the value of supportability of a material greater will be
the value of interesting of magnetisation.

16. Assertion (A) : The conductivity of an electrolyte is very low as compared to a metal at room
temperature.
Reason (R): The number density of free ions in electrolyte is much smaller as compared to
number density of free electrons in metals. Further, ions drift much more slowly, being heavier.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
The number density of free ions in electrolyte is much smaller as compared to number density of
free electrons in metals. Further, ions drift much more slowly, being heavier.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. (i) How are infrared waves produced? Write their one important use.
(ii) The thin ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?
Ans: (i) Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules.
Important use:
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 (a) To treat muscular strains
(b) To reveal the secret writings on the ancient walls
(c) For producing dehydrated fruits
(d) Solar heater
(e) Solar cooker
(ii) Ozone layer protects us from harmful UV rays.

18. Suppose that the particle is an electron projected with velocity vx = 2.0 x 106 m/s. If electric field
between the plates separated by 0.5 cm is 9.1 x 102 N/C, where will the electron strike the upper
plate? (|e| = 1.6 x 10-19 C, m = 9.1 x 10-31 kg.)
Ans:

19. Explain, how the heavy doping of both p-and n-sides of a p-n junction diode results in the
electric field of the junction being extremely high even with a reverse bias voltage of a few volts.
Ans: If p-type and n-type semiconductor are heavily doped. Then due to diffusion of electrons
from n-region to p-region, and of holes from p-region to n-region, a depletion region formed of
size of order less than 1 μm. The electric field directing from n-region to p-region produces a
reverse bias voltage of about 5 V and electric field becomes very large.
V 5V
E   5 106 V / m
x 1 m

20. The magnetic susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 1.2 x 105. At what temperature will its
magnetic susceptibility become 1.44 x 105?
Ans: The susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature.
1 C
According to Curie’s law,      (where C is curie constant)
T T
Here, 1  1.2  10 , T1  300 K , 1  1.44 105 , T2  ?
5

C
1   C  1T1
T1
C C 1T1 1.2  105
 2   T2     300  250 K
T2 2  2 1.44  105

21. The figure shows the plot of binding energy (BE) per nucleon as a function of mass number A.
The letters A, B, C, D and E represent the positions of typical nuclei on the curve. Point out,
giving reasons, the two processes (in terms of A, B, C, D and E), one of which can occur due to
nuclear fission and the other due to nuclear fusion.

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 Ans: The nuclei A and B undergo nuclear fusion as their binding energy per nucleon is small and
they are less stable so they fuse with other nuclei to become stable. The nuclei at E undergo
nuclear fission as its binding energy per nucleon is less it splits into two or more lighter nuclei
and becomes stable.
OR
A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into
two fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of nucleons in Y and
Z is 8.5 MeV per nucleon. Calculate the energy Q released per fission in MeV.
Ans: 240 P  110Q  130 R
The binding energy of P = 240 × 7.6 MeV = 1824 MeV
The binding energy of the products
= 110 × 8.5 + 130 × 8.4
= 935 + 1092 = 2027 MeV
The energy released during fission is
= 2027 – 1824 MeV
= 203 MeV

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum deviation
when the angle of incidence is 3/4 th of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the
prism.
Ans: Angle of prism, A = 60° (Since prism is an equilateral glass prism)
3 3
We are given that i  A   600  450
4 4
A
At minimum deviation, r   300
2
1
0
sin i sin 45 2
∴ n  0
 2   2
sin r sin 30 1 2
2
c 3 108
∴ Speed of light in the prism is given by v    2.1 108 m / s
n 2
OR
The radii of curvature of both the surfaces of a lens are equal. If one of the surfaces is made
plane by grinding, then will the focal length of lens change? Will the power change?

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 1 1 1
Ans: Focal length of lens  (n  1)   
f R R
1 1 1
When one surface is made plane,  (n  1)   
f R 
R
∴ f ' 2f
n 1
That is, the focal length will be doubled.
As P = 1/f, so power will be halved.

23. When is Hα line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained? Calculate the frequency of
the photon emitted during this transition.
Ans: The line with the longest wavelength of the Balmer series is called Hα.
1  1 1 
 R 2  2 
 2 n 
where λ = wavelength
R = 1.097×107 m–1 (Rydberg constant)
When the electron jumps from the orbit with n = 3 to n = 2, we have
1  1 1  1 5
 R 2  2    R
  2 n   36
c 5
The frequency of photon emitted is given by    3  108   1.097  107 Hz
 36
14
= 4.57 × 10 Hz

24. A proton, a deuteron and an alpha particle, are accelerated through the same potential difference

and then subjected to a uniform magnetic field B , perpendicular to the direction of their
motions. Compare (i) their kinetic energies, and (ii) if the radius of the circular path described by
proton is 5 cm, determine the radii of the paths described by deuteron and alpha particle.
1
Ans: (i) Since qV  mv 2
2
1
For proton, m p v12  qV
2
1
For deuteron, md v2 2  qV
2
1
For alpha particle, m v32  2qV
2
⇒ (K.E.)p : (K.E.)d : (K.E.)α = 1 : 1 : 2
mv 2 mv
(ii) We have, Bqv   rp   5cm;
r Bq
⇒ rp : rd : rα = vp : vd : vα = 1: √2 : √2
∴ rd = 5√2cm, rα = 5√2cm
OR
(i) An electron moving horizontally with a velocity of 4 x 104 m/s enters a region of uniform
magnetic field of 10-5 T acting vertically upward as shown in the figure. Draw its trajectory and
find out the time it takes to come out of the region of magnetic field.

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 (ii) A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries current of 2A. It is suspended in mid
air by a uniform magnetic field B. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
Ans: (i) From Flemings left hand rule, the electron deflects in anticlockwise direction.
As the electron comes out the magnetic field region, it will describe a semi-circular path.

mv 2 mv
Magnetic force provides a centripetal force. So, evB   eB 
r r
r m
Time Taken, T  
v eB
31
3.14  9.1 10 3.14  9.1 107
T  19 5
  1.78  106 s
1.6 10 10 1.6
(ii) If Ampere’s force acts in upward direction and balances the weight, that is,

mg 0.2 10 2
Fm  mg  BIl  mg  B     0.67T
Il 2  1.5 3

25. The energy level diagram of an element is given below. Identify, by doing necessary
calculations, which transition corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength 102.7
nm.

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 hc 6.6 1034  3  108
Ans: E   J
 102.7  109
6.6 1034  3  108 66  3000
 9 19
eV   12.04eV
102.7  10  1.6  10 1027  16
Now, ΔE =|–13.6 – (–1.50)|
= 12.1 eV
Hence, transition shown by arrow D corresponds to emission of λ = 102.7 nm.

26. Draw V- I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Answer the following questions, giving
reasons:
(i) Why is the current under reverse bias almost independent of the applied potential upto a
critical voltage?
(ii) Why does the reverse current show a sudden increase at the critical voltage?
Ans: (i) In the reverse biasing, the current of order of μA is due to movement/drifting of minority
charge carriers from one region to another through the junction. A small applied voltage is
sufficient to sweep the minority charge carriers through the junction. So, reverse current is
almost independent of critical voltage.

(ii) At critical voltage (or breakdown voltage), a large number of covalent bonds break, resulting
in the increase of large number of charge carriers. Hence, current increases at critical voltage.

27. (i) A rod of length l is moved horizontally with a uniform velocity ‘v’ in a direction
perpendicular to its length through a region in which a uniform magnetic field is acting vertically
downward. Derive the expression for the emf induced across the ends of the rod.

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 (ii) How does one understand this motional emf by invoking the Lorentz force acting on the free
charge carriers of the conductor? Explain.
Ans: (i) Suppose a rod of length ‘l’ moves with velocity v inward in the region having uniform
magnetic field B.
Initial magnetic flux enclosed in the rectangular space is φ =|B|lx
dx
As the rod moves with velocity v 
dt
d d  dx 
Using Lenz’s law,      ( Blx )  Bl       Blv
dt dt  dt 
(ii) Suppose any arbitrary charge ‘q’ in the conductor of length ‘l’ moving inward in the field as
shown in figure, the charge q also moves with velocity v in the magnetic field B.
The Lorentz force on the charge ‘q’ is F = qvB and its direction is downwards.
So, work done in moving the charge ‘q’ along the conductor of length l is W = F.l
⇒ W = qvBl
Since emf is the work done per unit charge
W
    Blv
q
This equation gives emf induced across the rod.
OR
Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminium, are rotated with the same angular
speed in the same magnetic field. Compare (i) the induced emf and (ii) the current produced in
the two coils. Justify your answer.
d d
Ans: (i) Induced emf,      ( BA cos t )  BA sin t
dt dt
As B, A, ω are same for both loops, so induced emf is same in both loops.
  A
(ii) Current induced, I   
R l / A  l
As area A, length l and emf ε are same for both loops but resistivity ρ is less for copper, therefore
current I induced is larger in copper loop.

28. A cube of side 20 cm is kept in a region as shown in the figure. An electric field E exists in the
region such that the A potential at a point is given by V = 10x + 5, where V is in volt and x is in
m.

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 Find the (i) electric field, and (ii) total electric flux through the cube.
dV d
Ans: (i) E     (10 x  5)
dx dx

 E  10i N / C
(ii) Electric flux through the cube, φ = sum of electric flux through six faces.
Electric flux through perpendicular Y and Z axis = 0
(∵ E is along x axis)
Electric flux through faces perpendicular to x – axis,
φ = φ1 + φ2
= 10 × (0.2)2 – 10 × (0.2)2 = 0

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Migration of Birds
The migratory birds pattern is one of the mysteries in the field of science. For example, every
winter birds from Siberia fly unerringly to water spots in the Indian sub-continent. There has
been a suggestion that electromagnetic induction may provide a clue to the as migratory patterns.
The earth's magnetic field has existed throughout evolutionary history. It would be of great
benefit to migratory birds to use this field to determine the direction. As far as we know birds
contains no ferromagnetic material. So, electromagnetic induction seems to be the only
reasonable mechanism to determine the direction. Consider the optimal case where the magnetic
field B, the velocity of the bird v and two relevant points of its anatomy separated by a distance
J, all three are mutually perpendicular. From the formula for motional emf
i.e.  = Blv

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 Certain kinds of fishes are able to detect small potential differences. However, in these fishes,
special cells have been identified which detect small voltage differences. In birds no such cells
have been identified. Thus, the migration patterns of birds continue to remains a mystery.
(i) State the law that gives the polarity of the induced emf.
(ii) A metallic rod PQ of length l is rotated with an angular with an angular velocity w in a
magnetic field B about an axis passing through the mid-point O of the rod and perpendicular to
the plane of paper as shown in the figure. What is the potential difference developed between the
point O and Q of the rod?

(iii) A migratory siberian bird is flying in the sky with a velocity of 10 m/s and the distance
between two feathers is 2cm. The earth’s magnetic field B perpendicular to the feathers is 4 x 10-
5
T. How much emf generated between the two feathers?
OR
(iii) An aeroplane having a wing span of 35 m flies due north with a speed of 90 m/s, given B = 4
x 10-5 T. How much potential difference would be develop between the tips of the wings?
Ans: (i) Lenz’s Law: The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which
opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it.
1
(ii) Emf induced in the rod,   Bl 2
2
2
1 l 1
for Emf induced between O and Q,   B    Bl 2
2 2 8
(iii) Motional emf induced, ε = Blv,
ε = 4 × 10–5 × 2 × 10–2 × 10 = 8 × 10–6 V = 8 mV
OR
(iii) Motional emf induced, ε = Blv,
ε = 4 × 10–5 × 35 × 90 = 126 × 10–3 V= 0.126 V

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Newton’s Rings
The figure shows convex surface of a lens in contact with a plane glass plate. A thin film of air is
formed between the two surfaces. When you view the setup with monochromatic light, you see
circular interference fringes. These were studied by Newton and are called Newton’s rings.
When you view the setup by reflected light, the center of the pattern is black. Can you see why
this should be expected?
We can use interference fringes to compare the surfaces of two optical parts by placing the two
in contact and observing the interference fringes. The figure shows a photograph made during
the grinding of a telescope objective lens. The lower, larger diameter, thicker disk is the correctly
shaped master, and the smaller, upper disk is the lens under test. The “Contour lines” are
Newton’s interference fringes; each one indicates an additional distance between the specimen
and the master of one half wavelength. At 10 lines from the center spot the distance between the
two surfaces is 5 wavelengths, or about 0.003 mm. This isn’t very good, high quality lenses are
routinely ground with a precision of less than one wavelength. The surface of the primary mirror
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 of the Hubble Space Telescope was ground to a precision of better than 1/50 wavelength.
Unfortunately, it was ground to incorrect specifications, creating one of the most precise errors in
the history of optical technology.

(i) What phenomenon is responsible for light spreading as it passes through a narrow slit?
(ii) How does Newton's rings appear when viewed with white light?
(iii) A beam of light consisting of two wavelength 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain
interference fringes in a Young's double slit experiment on a screen 1.2 m away. The separation
between the slits is 2 mm. Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the
central maximum for wavelength 650 nm.
OR
(iii) Two coherent light beams of intensity I and 4I are superposed. What are the possible
maximum and minimum intensities in the resulting beam?
Ans: (i) The phenomenon of bending of light around the sharp corners and the spreading of light
within the geometrical shadow of the opaque obstacles is called diffraction of light.
(ii) When viewed with white light, it forms a concentric ring pattern of rainbow colors, because
the different wavelengths of light interfere at different thickness of the air layer between the
surface.
nD1
(iii) For bright fringes, yn  [n  3]
d
3 1.2  650  109
 y3   1.17  103 mm
2 10 3
OR
2
Imax  ( I  4 I )  I  4 I  2 I 4 I  9 I
Imin  ( I  4 I ) 2  I  4 I  2 I 4 I  I

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. (i) Using Biot-Savart's law, derive an expression for magnetic field at any point on axial line of a
current carrying circular loop. Hence, find magnitude of magnetic field intensity at the centre of
circular coil.
(ii) Two co-axial circular loops L1 and L2 of radii 3 cm and 4 cm are placed as shown. What
should be the magnitude and direction of the current in the loop L2 so that the net magnetic field
at the point O be zero?

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 Ans: (i) Magnetic field at the axis of a circular loop: Consider a circular loop of radius R
carrying current I, with its plane perpendicular to the plane of paper. Let P be a point of
observation on the axis of this circular loop at a distance x from its centre O. Consider a small

element of length dl of the coil at point A. The magnitude of the magnetic induction dB at point
P due to this element is given by
  Idl sin 
dB  0 ...(i)
4 r2
  
The direction of dB is perpendicular to the plane containing dl and r and is given by right hand
 
screw rule. As the angle between I dl and r and is 90°, the magnitude of the magnetic induction

dB is given by,
  Idl sin 902  Idl
dB  0 2
 0 2 ...(ii)
4 r 4 r
If we consider the magnetic induction produced by the whole of the circular coil, then by
symmetry the components of magnetic induction perpendicular to the axis will be cancelled out,
while those parallel to the axis will be added up. Thus the resultant magnetic induction B at axial
point P is along the axis and may be evaluated as follows:

The component of dB along the axis,
  Idl
dB x  0 2 sin  ...(iii)
4 r
R
But sin   and r  ( R 2  x 2 )1/2
r
  Idl R  IR 0 IR
 dB x  0 2  0 3 dl  dl ..(iv)
4 r r 4 r 4 ( R 2  x 2 )3/ 2
Therefore, the magnitude of resultant magnetic induction at axial point P due to the
whole circular coil is given by
 0 IR 0 IR
B  4 ( R 2  x 2 )3/2 dl  4 ( R 2  x 2 )3/ 2  dl
But  dl = length of the loop = 2πR ...(v)
0 IR
Therefore, B   2 R
4 ( R 2  x 2 )3/ 2
 0 IR 2   0 I 
B  Bx i  2 2 3/ 2
i
 At centre, x  0, B  2 R 
2( R  x )  
2
0 NIR
If the coil contains N turns, then B  tesla
2( R 2  x 2 )3/ 2
0 NIa 2
(ii) The magnetic field, B 
2(a 2  x 2 )3/ 2
Here N= 1, a1 = 3 cm, x1 = 4 cm, I1 =1 A
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 0 1 (3 10 2 ) 2 0 (9 104 )
∴ Magnetic field at O due to coil L1 is B  
2[(3 102 )2  (4 102 )2 )3/ 2 2 125 106
Here a2 = 4cm, x2 = 3 cm
0  I 2  (4 10 2 ) 2 0 I 2 (16 104 )
Magnetic field at O due to coil L2 is B  
2[(4 102 )2  (3 102 ) 2 )3/2 2 125 10 6
For zero magnetic field at O, the currents I1 and I2 should be in same direction, so current I2
should be in opposite directions and satisfy the condition,
 (9 104 ) 0 I 2 (16 104 ) 9
B1  B2  0 6
 6
 I2  A
2 125 10 2 125 10 16
OR
(i) Derive an expression for torque acting on a rectangular current carrying loop kept in a
uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of torque acting on the loop.
(ii) A magnetised needle of magnetic moment 4.8 x 107 JT-1 is placed at 30° with the direction of
uniform magnetic field of magnitude 3 x 10-2 T. Calculate the torque acting on the needle.
Ans: (i) Torque on a current carrying loop: Consider a rectangular loop PQRS of length l,

breadth b suspended in a uniform magnetic field B . The length of loop = PQ = RS= l and
breadth QR = SP = b. Let at any instant the normal to the plane of loop make an angle θ with the

direction of magnetic field B and I be the current in the loop. We know that a force acts on a
current carrying wire placed in a magnetic field. Therefore, each side of the loop will experience
a force. The net force and torque acting on the loop will be determined by the forces acting on all
   
sides of the loop. Suppose that the forces on sides PQ, QR, RS and SP are F1 , F2 , F3 and F4
respectively. The sides QR and SP make angle (90°– θ) with the direction of magnetic field.
 
Therefore each of the forces F2 and F4 acting on these sides has same magnitude F′ = Blb sin
(90°– θ) = Blb cos θ.

 
According to Fleming’s left hand rule the forces F2 and F4 are equal and opposite but their line
 
of action is same. Therefore, these forces cancel each other i.e., the resultant of forces F2 and F4
is zero.
The sides PQ and RS of current loop are perpendicular to the magnetic field, therefore the
 
magnitude of each of forces F1 and F3 is F=IlB sin 90°=IlB
 
According to Fleming’s left hand rule the forces F1 and F3 acting on sides PQ and RS are equal
 
and opposite, but their lines of action are different; therefore, the resultant force of F1 and F3 is
zero, but they form a couple called the deflecting couple. When the normal to plane of loop

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 
makes an angle with the direction of magnetic field the perpendicular distance between F1 and

F3 is b sin θ.
∴ Moment of couple or Torque, τ = (Magnitude of one force F) × perpendicular distance
=(BIl). (b sin θ)=I (lb) B sin θ
But lb = area of loop =A (say)
∴ Torque, τ = IAB sin θ
If the loop contains N-turns, then τ = NI AB sin θ
  
In vector form,   NI A  B
The magnetic dipole moment of rectangular current loop = M = NIA
  
∴   M B
Direction of torque is perpendicular to direction of area of loop as well as the direction
 
of magnetic field i.e., along I A  B
The current loop would be in stable equilibrium, if magnetic dipole moment is in the

direction of the magnetic field ( B ).
(ii) We have, τ = M B sin θ
where τ → Torque acting on magnetic needle
M → Magnetic moment
B → Magnetic field strength
1
Then τ = 4.8 × 10–2 × 3 × 10–2 sin 300 = 4.8 × 10–2 × 3 × 10–2 ×
2
–4
⇒ τ = 7.2 × 10 Nm
32. (i) The given figure shows the electric field lines around three point charges A, B and C.
(a) Which charges are positive?
(b) Which charge has the largest magnitude? Why?
(c) In which region or regions of the picture could the electric field be zero? Justify your answer.
(1) near A (2) near B (3) near C (4) nowhere.

(ii) A hollow cylindrical box of length 1 m and area of cross-section 25 cm? is placed in a three
dimensional coordinate y system as shown in the figure.

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 The electric field in the region is given by E = 50x i , where E is in NC-1 and x is in metres.
Find: (a) net flux through the cylinder.
(b) charge enclosed by the cylinder.
Ans: (i) (a) Charges A and C are positive since lines of force emanate from them.
(b) Charge C has the largest magnitude since maximum number of field lines are associated with
it.
(c) (i) near A.
Justification: There is no neutral point between a positive and a negative charge. A neutral point
may exist between two like charges. From the figure we see that a neutral point exists between
charges A and C. Also between two like charges the neutral point is closer to the charge with
smaller magnitude. Thus, electric field is zero near charge A.
 
(ii) (a) Electric flux through a surface,   E.S
Flux through the left surface, L  ES cos1800   ES  (50 x) S
Since x = 1 m, L  50  1 25  104  1250  104  0.125 Nm 2 C 1
Flux through the right surface, R  ES cos 00  ES  (50 x) S
Since x = 2 m, φR = 50 × 2 × 25 × 10–4 = 2500 × 10–4 = 0.250 Nm2C–1
Net flux through the cylinder, φnet = φR + φL
= 0.250 – 0.125 = 0.125 Nm2C–1
(b) Charge inside the cylinder, by Gauss’s Theorem
q
net   q   0net  8.854  1012  0.125  1.107  1012 C
0
OR
(i) State Gauss’s law in electrostatics. A cube with y each side ‘a’ is kept in an electric field

given by E = C x r , (as is shown in the figure) where C is a positive dimensional constant.

Find out (a) the electric flux through the cube, and
(b) the net charge inside the cube.

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 (ii) In the figure there are three infinite long thin sheets having surface charge density +2σ, -2σ
and +σ respectively. Give the magnitude and direction of electric field at a point to the left of
sheet of charge density +2σ and to the right of sheet of charge density +σ.

Ans: (i) Gauss’s Law in electrostatics states that the total electric flux through a closed surface
1
enclosing a charge is equal to times the magnitude of that charge.
0
  q
   E.dS 
0
 
(a) Net flux,   1  2 where 1  E.dS
 2aCdS cos 00  2aC  a 2  2a 3C
2  aC  a 2 cos1800   a 3C
  2a 3C  ( a 3C )  a 3C Nm 2 C 1
(b) Net charge (q) = ε0 × φ = a3C ε0 coulomb

(ii) At A, both 2σ and 2σ will act in left and –2σ will act in right, so, charge density at A can
2 2  
be given as E A    
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0

The net electric field at A is towards left.

Similarly at point D, σ and 2σ will act in right and –2σ will act in left
2 2  
So, charge density ED    
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
The net electric field at D is towards right.

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33. (i) Use Huygens’ principle to show how a plane wavefront propagates from a denser to rarer
medium. Hence, verify Snell’s law of refraction.
(ii) A ray of light falls on a transparent sphere with centre C as shown in the figure. The ray
emerges from the sphere parallel to the line AB. Find the angle of refraction at A if refractive
index of the material of the sphere is √3.

Ans: (i) We assume a plane wavefront AB propagating in denser medium incident on the
interface PP’ at angle i as shown in Fig. Let t be the time taken by the wave front to travel a
distance BC. If v1 is the speed of the light in medium I.

So, BC = v1 t
In order to find the shape of the refracted wavefront, we draw a sphere of radius AE = v2 t, where
v2 is the speed of light in medium II (rarer medium). The tangent plane CE represents the
refracted wavefront.
BC v1t
In ΔABC, sin i  
AC AC
AE v2t
and in ΔACE, sin r  
AC AC
sin i BC v1t v1
    ……. (i)
sin r AE v2t v2
Let c be the speed of light in vacuum
c c n v
So, n1  and n2   2  1 …(ii)
v1 v2 n1 v2
From equations (i) and (ii), we have
sin i n2
  n1 sin i  n2 sin r
sin r n1
It is known as Snell’s law.
sin i sin 600
(ii) Refractive index, n   3
sin r sin r
3 1 1
 sin r   
2 3 2
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 ⇒ sin r = sin 30° ⇒ r = 30°
Angle of refraction = 30°.
OR
(i) Define the term wavefront. Using Huygen’s wave theory, verify the law of reflection.
(ii) A convex lens made of a material of refractive index n1, is kept in-a medium of refractive
index n2. Parallel rays of light are incident on the lens. Complete the path of rays of light
emerging from the convex lens if: (i) n1 > n2 (ii) n1 = n2 (iii) n1 < n2.
Ans: (i) Wavefront: A wavefront is a locus of particles of medium all vibrating in the same
phase.
Law of Reflection: Let XY be a reflecting surface at which a wavefront is being incident
obliquely. Let v be the speed of the wavefront and at time t = 0, the wavefront touches the
surface XY at A. After time t, the point B of wavefront reaches the point B′ of the surface.

According to Huygen’s principle each point of wavefront acts as a source of secondary waves.
When the point A of wavefront strikes the reflecting surface, then due to presence of reflecting
surface, it cannot advance further; but the secondary wavelet originating from point A begins to
spread in all directions in the first medium with speed v. As the wavefront AB advances further,
its points A1, A2, A3 ... etc. strike the reflecting surface successively and send spherical
secondary wavelets in the first medium.
First of all the secondary wavelet starts from point A and traverses distance AA’ (= vt) in first
medium in time t. In the same time t, the point B of wavefront, after travelling a distance BB’,
reaches point B’ (of the surface), from where the secondary wavelet now starts. Now taking A as
centre we draw a spherical arc of radius AA’ (= vt) and draw tangent A’B’ on this arc from point
B’. As the incident wavefront AB advances, the secondary wavelets starting from points between
A and B’, one after the other and will touch A’B’ simultaneously. According to Huygen’s
principle wavefront A’B’ represents the new position of AB, i.e., A’B’ is the reflected wavefront
corresponding to incident wavefront AB.
Now in right-angled triangles ABB’ and AA’B’
∠ABB’ = ∠AA’B’ (both are equal to 90°)
side BB’ = side AA’ (both are equal to vt)
and side AB’ is common.
i.e., both triangles are congruent.
∴ ∠ BAB’ = ∠ AB’A’
i.e., incident wavefront AB and reflected wavefront A’B’ make equal angles with the reflecting
surface XY. As the rays are always normal to the wavefront, therefore the incident and the
reflected rays make equal angles with the normal drawn on the surface XY, i.e.,
Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of reflection (r)
This is the second law of reflection.
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 Since AB, A’B’ and XY are all in the plane of paper, therefore the perpendiculars dropped on
them will also be in the same plane. Therefore, we conclude that the incident ray, reflected ray
and the normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. This is the first law of
reflection. Thus, Huygen’s principle explains both the laws of reflection.
1 n  1 1 
(ii) From lens maker’s formula,   1  1  
f  n2  R2 R2 
In case (i) n1 > n2, the lens behaves as convergent lens.
In case (ii) n1 = n2, the lens behaves as a plane plate.
In case (iii) n1 < n2, the lens behaves as a divergent lens.
The path of rays in all the three cases is shown in fig.

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 08 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.
1. A metallic shell has a point charge q kept inside a cavity. Which one of the following diagrams
correctly represents the electric lines of force?

Ans: (b) Electric field is zero within the metal, so there should be no line of force within metal
and lines are always normal to equipotential surface.

2. The potential difference across a cell in an open circuit is 8 V. It falls to 4 V when a current of 4
A is drawn from it. The internal resistance of the cell is :
(a) 4Ω (b) 3Ω (c) 2Ω (d) 1Ω
Ans: (d) 1Ω

3. A diamagnetic substance is brought near the north or south pole of a bar magnet. It will be :
(a) repelled by both the poles.
(b) attracted by both the poles.
(c) repelled by the north pole and attracted by the south pole.
(d) attracted by the north pole and repelled by the south pole.
Ans: (a) Repelled by both the poles.

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4. A circular coil of radius 8 0 cm and 40 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an angular
speed of 25/π rad s-1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 х 10-2 T. The
maximum emf induced in the coil is:
(a) 0·12 V (b) 0·15 V (c) 0·19 V (d) 0·22 V
Ans: (c) 0·19 V

5. For a metallic conductor, the correct representation of variation of resistance R with temperature
T is:

Ans: (d)

6. The variation of induced emf (E) with time t in a coil if a short bar magnet is moved along its
axis with a constant velocity is best represented as:

Ans: (b)

7. The mass density of a nucleus of mass number A is :

(a) proportional to A1/3 (b) proportional to A2/3
(c) proportional to A3 (d) independent of A
Ans: (d) independent of A

8. In the energy-band diagram of n-type Si, the gap between the bottom of the conduction band EC
and the donor energy level ED is of the order of :
(a) 10 eV (b) 1 eV (c) 0 1 eV (d) 0 01 eV
Ans: (d) 0.01 eV

9. An ac source of voltage is connected in series with a p-n junction diode and a load resistor. The
correct option for output voltage across load resistance will be :

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 Ans: (c)

10. Figure shows a rectangular conductor PSRQ in which movable arm PQ has a resistance 'r' and
resistance of PSRQ is negligible. The magnitude of emf induced when PQ is moved with a
velocity v does not depend on :

 
(a) magnetic field ( B ) (b) velocity ( v ) (c) resistance (r) (d) length of PQ
Ans: (c) resistance (r)

11. Three charges q, -q and q0, are placed as shown in figure. The magnitude of the net force on the
 1 
charge q0, at point O is  k  
 4 0 

2kqq0 2kqq0 1 kqq0

(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 2
a2 a2 2 a
2kqq0
Ans: (c)
a2

12. The diagram shows the energy levels for an electron in a certain atom. The transition that
represents the emission of a photon with the highest energy is

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 (a) I (b) II (c) III (d) IV
Ans: (c) III
In emission line I, energy is absorbed and not emitted. While in the emission lines II, III and IV,
energy is emitted. The line having maximum energy is III, because energy difference between
successive levels decreases rapidly with increase of n.

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.

13. Assertion (A): Bohr’s postulate states that the electrons in stationary orbits around the nucleus
do not radiate.
Reason (R): According to classical physics, all moving electrons radiate.
Ans: (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason ( R ) are true but reason ( R) is the not correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)
According to classical physics, all moving charged particle radiate electromagnetic radiation. So
moving electrons will also radiate energy. If we see the atomic structure we find that electrons
revolve around the nucleus in some particular orbits. Bohr termed these orbits as the stationary
orbits as the electrons do not radiate energy as long as they are moving in these orbits. This is
one of Bohr's postulates. This postulate is based on the fact that if the moving electrons radiate
thereby losing energy, they have got a chance to finally fall back onto the nucleus and the atom
will be collapsed.

14. Assertion (A): When a bar of copper is placed in an external magnetic field, the field lines get
concentrated inside the bar.
Reason (R): Copper is a paramagnetic substance.
Ans: (d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R ) is also false.

15. Assertion (A): The phase difference between any two points on a wavefront is zero.
Reason (R): All points on a wavefront are at the same distance from the source and thus
oscillate in the same phase.
Ans: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).

16. Assertion (A): Photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light.

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 Reason (R): Photoelectric current is proportional to intensity of incident radiation for
frequencies more than the threshold frequency.
Ans: (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason ( R ) are true but reason ( R) is the not correct
explanation of the Assertion (A)

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. A charged particle enters perpendicularly a region having either (i) magnetic field or (ii) an
electric field. How can the trajectory followed by the charged particle help us to know whether
the region has an electric field or a magnetic field? Explain briefly.
Ans: The path of the charged particle will be circular in a magnetic field. This is due to the
reason that the force acting on the particle will be at right angles to the field as well as direction
of motion, resulting in a circular trajectory.
In the case of electric field, the trajectory of the particle will be determined by the equation
1  qE  2  1 2
s  ut   t  s  ut  at 
2 m   2 
Where q and m are charge and mass of the particle, E is the electric field and s is the distance
travelled by the particle in time t. Thus, the trajectory will be a parabolic path.

18. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What is the potential energy and kinetic
energy of an electron in the third excited state?
Ans:

Potential Energy = 2 х Total Energy = 2 х E4

= 2 х (-0.85) eV = - 1.70 eV
Kinetic energy = - (Total Energy) = -E4 = 0.85 eV

19. Distinguish between a metal and an insulator on the basis of energy band diagrams.
Ans:
Metals Insulators
(i) Conduction band and valence band There is large energy gap between
overlap each other. conduction band and valence band.
(ii) Conduction band is partially filled and Conduction band is empty. This is because
valence band is partially empty. no electrons can be excited to it from
valence band.
OR
Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Give reason why a p-type
semiconductor crystal is electrically neutral, although nh >> ne.
Ans:
Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor
1. Pure semiconductor. Semiconductor is Doped with impurities.
2. Low conductivity at room temperature. High conductivity at room temperature.
3. ne = nh ne ≠ nh
p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral because every atom, whether it is of pure
semiconductor (Ge or Si) or of impurity (Al) is electrically neutral.

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20. Consider an induced magnetic field due to changing electric field and an induced electric field
due to changing magnetic field. Which one is more easily observed? Justify your answer.
Ans: Induced electric field due to changing magnetic field is easily observed. Induced electric
field due to changing magnetic field can be easily produced by various ways like
rotating/moving a coil in magnetic field, changing the shape of coil in magnetic field, bringing
bar magnet near a coil etc.

21. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities I and 4I superpose each other. Find the
ratio of maximum and minimum intensities in the resulting beam.
Ans:

SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. (a) Twelve negative charges of same magnitude are equally spaced and fixed on the
circumference of a circle of radius R as shown in Fig. (i). Relative to potential being zero at
infinity, find the electric potential and electric field at the centre C of the circle.
(b) If the charges are unequally spaced and fixed on an arc of 120 of radius R as shown in Fig.
(ii), find electric potential at the centre C.

kq
Ans: (a) Electric potential due to point charge, V 
R
Value of each charge = - q , Total charge = -12q
k (12q) 12kq 12q
Total potential, V   
R R 4 0 R
By symmetry the resultant of all electric field vectors becomes zero.
So electric field is zero.
(b) Electric potential is a scalar quantity and does not depend on placement of charges
12kq 12q
Therefore, V  
R 4 0 R

23. In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a frequency of 2.0 x
1010 Hz and amplitude 48 V/m.
(i) What is the wavelength of a wave?

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 (ii) What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field?
(iii) Show that the average energy density of the electric field equals the average energy density
of the magnetic field. [c = 3 x 108 m/s]
c 3 108
Ans: (i) Wavelength,     1.5 102 m
v 2 1010
E 48
(ii) B0  0   1.6 10 7 tesla
c 3 108
1
(iii) Energy density of electric field is U E   0 E 2 …(i)
2
1 2
Energy density of Magnetic field is U B  B …(ii)
20
where ε0 is permittivity of free space and μ0 is permeability of free space
We have, E  cB ...(iii)
1 1 
∴ U E   0 (cB) 2  c 2   0 B 2 
2 2 
1
But c 
0 0
1 1 2 1 2
U E   0B   B  UE  UB
 0 0  2  20
OR
A parallel plate capacitor (fig.) made of circular plates each of radius R = 6.0 cm has a
capacitance C = 100 pF. The capacitor is connected to a 230 V ac supply with an angular
frequency of 300 rad/s.

(i) What is the rms value of the conduction current?

(ii) Is conduction current equal to the displacement current?
(iii) Determine the amplitude of magnetic field induction B at a point 3.0 cm from the axis
between the plates.
Ans: Given R = 6.0 cm, C=100 pF = 1 × 10–10 F, w = 300 rad/s, Vrms = 230 V
1
(i) Impedance of circuit Z = capacitance reactance, X C 
C
V
Root mean square current, I rms  rms  Vrms  C
Z
–10
= 230 × 300 × 10
= 6.9 × 10–6 A = 6.9 μA
(ii) Yes, the conduction current is equal to the displacement current.
(iii) The whole space between the plates occupies displacement current which is equal in
magnitude to the conduction current.

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 0 Ir
Magnetic field, B 
2 R 2
Here r = 3 cm = 3×10–2 m, R = 6 cm = 6 × 10–2 m
Amplitude of displacement current = Peak value of conduction current = I 0  I rms 2
0 I 0 r 0 I rms 2r
Amplitude of magnetic field, B  
2 R 2 2 R 2
4  107  6.9  106  1.41 3  10 2
 2 2
 1.63  1011T
2  (6 10 )
24. Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in
forward bias and reverse bias. Show the plot of V-I characteristic of a silicon diode.
Ans:

25. A long solenoid of radius r consists of n turns per unit length. A current I = I0 sin t flows in the
solenoid. A coil of N turns is wound tightly around it near its centre. What is :
(a) the induced emf in the coil?
(b) the mutual inductance between the solenoid and the coil?
Ans: (a) magnetic field produced in the solenoid near the center

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26. How does Einstein's photoelectric equation explain the emission of electrons from a metal
surface? Explain briefly.
Plot the variation of photocurrent with :
(a) collector plate potential for different intensity of incident radiation, and
(b) intensity of incident radiation.
Ans: According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, An electron absorbs a quantum of energy
‘hυ’ of incident radiation. If the energy of absorbed quantum exceeds the minimum energy
needed by the electron to escape from the metal surface (work function φo ), the electron is
emitted.
Kmax = hυ – φo
(a)

(b)

27. Using Huygens' principle, draw a ray diagram showing ther propagation of a plane wave
refracting at a plane surface separating two media. Also verify the Snell's law of refraction.
Ans:

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 AB is incident wave front, incident at an angle i. Let τ be time taken by the wave front to travel
distance BC.
BC= v1 τ where v1 is speed of wave in medium 1.
To determine shape of refracted wave front, we draw a sphere of radius v2 τ, where v2 is speed of
wave in medium 2.
CE represents a tangent drawn from point C on sphere, CE is the refracted wave front.

28. Draw the energy level diagram for hydrogen atom. Mark the transitions corresponding to the
series lying in the ultraviolet region, visible region and infrared region.
Ans:

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
Electron Drift
An electric charge (electron, ions) will experience a force if an electric field is applied. If we
consider solid conductors, then of course the atoms are tightly bound to each other so that the
current is carried by the negative charged electrons. Consider the first case when no electric field
is present, the electrons will be moving due to thermal motion during which they collide with the
fixed ions. An electron colliding with an ion emerges with same speed as before the collision.
However, the direction of its velocity after the collision is completely random. At a given time,
there is no preferential direction for the velocities of the electrons. Thus, on an average, the
number of electrons travelling in any direction will be equal to the number of electrons travelling
in the opposite direction. So, there will be no net electric current. If an electric field is applied,
the electrons will be accelerated due to this field towards positive charge. The electrons, as long
as they are moving, will constitute an electric current.

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 The free electrons in a conductor have random velocity and move in random directions. When
current is applied across the conductor, the randomly moving electrons are subjected to electrical
forces along the direction of electric field. Due to this electric field, free electrons still have their
random moving nature, but they will move through the conductor with a certain force. The net
velocity in a conductor due to the moving of electrons is referred to as the drift of electrons.

(i) Define the term drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor. Write its relationship with
current flowing through it.
(ii) A steady current flow in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Which of these
quantities is constant along the conductor: current, current density, drift speed?

(iii) A potential difference V is applied across the ends of copper wire of length l and diameter
D. What is the effect on drift velocity of electrons if (i) V is halved? (ii) I is doubled?
OR
(iii) Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series
across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift
velocity of electrons in the two wires.
Ans: (i) Drift velocity is defined as the average velocity acquired by the free electrons in a
conductor under the influence of an electric field applied across the conductor. It is denoted by
vd.
Current, I = NeA vd
(ii) Current remains constant throughout the metallic conductor.
Current density J = I/A is not constant because cross-sectional area is a variable parameter.
I 1
Drift velocity vd  is not constant since vd 
neA A
(iii) (a) As vd  V when V is halved the drift velocity is halved.
1
(b) As vd  when l is doubled the drift velocity is halved.
l
OR
In series current is same,
So, I X  IY  I  neAvd
For same diameter, cross-sectional area is same
AX  AY  A
 I X  IY  nx eAvx  n y eAv y
vx n y ny 1
Given, nx  2ny    
v y nx 2n y 2

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
Strontium titanate is a rare oxide - a natural mineral found in Siberia. It is used as a substitute for
diamond because its refractive index and critical angle are 2.41 and 24.5⁰, respectively, which
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 are approximately equal to the refractive index and critical angle of diamond. It has all the
properties of diamond. Even an expert jeweller is unable to differentiate between diamond and
strontium titanate. A ray of light is incident normally on one face of an equilateral triangular
prism ABC made of strontium titanate.

Answer the following questions based on the above :

(a) Trace the path of the ray showing its passage through the prism. [1]
(b) Find the velocity of light through the prism. [1]
(c) Briefly explain two applications of total internal reflection. [2]
OR
(c) Define total internal reflection of light. Give two conditions for it. [2]
Ans: a)

From fig. angle of incidence on second face ∠i = 60⁰

critical angle ∠ic = 24.5⁰
(∠i) > (∠ic)
∴ TIR takes place

c) Optical Fibre / Brilliance of diamond / mirage (any two)

OR
c) When light travels from optically denser medium to rarer medium at an interface and gets
reflected back into the same medium the phenomenon is called as total internal reflection.
Conditions for TIR
1. Light must travel from optically denser medium to rarer medium.
2. Angle of incidence at the interface must be greater than the critical angle for the pair of media.

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. (i) Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.

(ii) “Gauss’s law in electrostatics is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size
is.” Justify this statement with the help of a suitable example.

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 (iii) A point charge + 10 C is at a distance 5 cm directly above the centre of a square of side 10
cm as shown in figure. What is the magnitude of the electric flux through the square?

Ans: (i) Total number of electric field lines crossing a surface normally is called electric flux. Its
SI unit is Nm2C–1 or Vm.
(ii) According to Gauss theorem, the electric flux through a closed surface depends only on the
net charge enclosed by the surface and not upon the shape or size of the surface.
For any closed arbitrary shape of the surface enclosing a charge the outward flux is the same as
that due to a spherical Gaussian surface enclosing the same charge.
Justification: This is due to the fact that
(a) electric field is radial and
1
(b) the electric field E  2
R
Thus, electric field at each point inside a charged thin spherical shell is zero.
(iii) Obviously the given square ABCD of side 10 cm is one face of a cube of side 10 cm. At
the centre of this cube a charge + q =10 μC is placed.

q
According to Gauss’s theorem, the total electric flux through the six faces of cube 
0
1 q 1 10 106
∴ Total electric flux through square    12
 1.88  105 Nm 2C 1
6  0 6 8.85  10
OR    
(i) Consider a system of n charges q1, q2, ... qn, with position vectors relative r1 , r2 , r3 ,.....rn to

some origin
 ‘O’. Deduce the expression for the net electric field E at a point P with position
vector rp , due to this system of charges.
(ii) Two charges of value 2 C and -50 C are placed 80 cm apart. Calculate the distance of the
point from the smaller charge where the intensity is zero.
Ans: Electric field due to a system of point charges.    
Consider a system of n charges q1, q2, ... qn, with position vectors relative r1 , r2 , r3 ,.....rn to some

origin ‘O’. We wish to determine the electric field at point P whose position vector is r .
According to Coulomb’s law, the force on charge q0 due to charge q1 is

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  1 q1q0 
F1  r1 p
4 0 r1 p 2
where r1 p is a unit vector in the direction from q1 to P and r1P is the distance between q1 and P.

 F 1 q1 
Hence the electric field at point P due to charge q1 is E1  1  r1 p
q0 4 0 r1 p 2
 1 q2 
Similarly, electric field at P due to charge q2, E2  r2p
4 0 r2 p 2
According to the principle of superposition of electric fields, the electric field at any point due to
a group of point charges is equal to the vector sum of the electric fields produced by each charge
individually at that point, when all other charges are assumed to be absent. Hence, the electric
field at point P due to the system of n charges is
   
E  E1  E2  ......  En
 1 q1  1 q2  1 qn 
E r 
2 1p
r  ...... 
2 2p
r np
4 0 r1 p 4 0 r2 p 4 0 rnp 2
 1 n qi 
E  r ip
4 0 i 1 rip 2
(ii) The electric field cannot be zero at a point between the charges because the two charges are
of opposite signs. The electric field cannot be zero at a point to the right of B because magnitude
of charge at B is of opposite sign and is greater in magnitude than the charge at A.
Let the resultant electric field be zero at P located at a distance x metre to the left of point A.
∴ AP = x metre and BP = (x + 0.8) m
EA = EB
2 106 50 106 2 ( x  0.8) 2
k  k  x 
x2 ( x  0.8) 2 25
( x  0.8)
x ⇒ 5x = ±(x + 0.8)g
5
⇒ 5x = x + 0.8 or 5x = – x – 0.8 ⇒ 4x = 0.8 or 6x = –0.8
⇒ x = 0.2 m or x = –0.8/6 ⇒ x = 0.2 m = 20 cm
The negative answer is not possible because in that case P will lie between the charges.
Therefore, x = 20 cm.

32. (a) (i) State Biot-Savart's law for the magnetic field due to a current carrying element. Use this
law to obtain an expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop of radius 'a' and
carrying a current 'I'. Draw the magnetic field lines for a current loop indicating the direction of
magnetic field.
(ii) An electron is revolving around the nucleus in a circular orbit with a speed of 10-7 m s-1. If
the radius of the orbit is 10-10 m, find the current constituted by the revolving electron in the
orbit.
Ans: (i) The magnetic field at a point due to a current carrying element is proportional to
magnitude of current, element length and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
from the element.

Consider a circular coil of radius a carrying current I.

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 According to Biot-Savart’s law

OR
(b) (i) Derive an expression for the force acting on a current carrying straight conductor kept in a
magnetic field. State the rule which is used to find the direction of this force. Give the condition
under which this force is (1) maximum, and (2) minimum.
(ii) Two long parallel straight wires A and B are 2.5 cm apart in air. They carry 5.0 A and 2.5 A
currents respectively in opposite directions. Calculate the magnitude of the force exerted by wire
A on a 10 cm length of wire B.
Ans: (i) Consider a rod of uniform cross sectional area A and length l. Let the number density of
mobile charge carriers in it be n. Thus the total number of mobile charge carriers in it is n lA.
 For

steady current I, drift velocity of electrons vd , in the presence of external magnetic field B , the
force on these carriers is

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 Fleming’s left hand Rule: If forefinger, middle finger and thumb are stretched in mutually
perpendicular directions, such that forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field, middle
finger indicates the direction of current in the conductor, then thumb indicates the direction of
force on the conductor.
(ii)

33. (a) (i) (1) Write two points of difference between an interference pattern and a diffraction
pattern.
(2) Name any two factors on which the fringe width in a Young's double-slit experiment
depends.
(ii) In Young's double-slit experiment, the two slits are separated by a distance equal to 100
times the wavelength of light that passes through the slits. Calculate:
(1) the angular separation in radians between the central maximum and the adjacent maximum.
(2) the distance between these two maxima on a screen 50 cm from the slits.
Ans: (i) (1) (a) The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced bright and dark bands
while diffraction pattern has a central bright maximum which is twice as wide as the other
maxima.
(b) Interference pattern is obtained by superposing two waves originating from two narrow slits,
while diffraction pattern is a superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each
point on a single slit.
(c) The maxima in interference pattern is obtained at angle λ l a , while the first minima is
obtained at same angle λ l a for diffraction pattern.
(d) In interference pattern the intensity of bright fringes remain same while in diffraction the
intensity falls as we go to successive maxima away from the center on either side.
(2) Factors affecting fringes width
Wave length (λ) / distance of screen from slits (D) / separation between slits (d).

OR
(b) (i) A spherical surface of radius of curvature R separates two media of refractive indices n1
and n2. A point object is placed in front of the surface at distance u in medium of refractive index
n1 and its image is formed by the surface at distance v, in the medium of refractive index n2.
Derive a relation between u and v.

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 (ii) A solid glass sphere of radius 6.0 cm has a small air bubble trapped at a distance 3.0 cm from
its centre C as shown in the figure. The refractive index of the material of the sphere is 1.5. Find
the apparent position of this bubble when seen through the surface of the sphere from an outside
point E in air.

Ans: (i) Assume that the aperture of the surface is small as compared to other distance involved,
so that small angle approximation can be made.

For small angles, for ∆NOC, i is the exterior angle

By Snell’s law, n₁ sin i = n₂ sin r ⇒ for small angles, n₂ i = n₂ r

substituting i and r from (i) and (ii) we get

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 09 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. In the process of charging of a capacitor, the current produced between the plates of the capacitor
is:
d 1 dE d 1 dE
(a) 0 E (b) (c)  0 E (d)
dt 0 dt dt  0 dt
where symbols have their usual meanings.
d
Ans: (c)  0 E
dt

2. The Electric flux through the surface

(a) in Fig.(iv) is the largest.

(b) in Fig.(iii) is the least.
(c) in Fig.(ii) is same as Fig.(iii) but is smaller than Fig. (iv)
(d) is the same for all the figures.
Ans: (d) is the same for all the figures.
According to Gauss law, the electric flux () through the closed surface depends only on the
amount of charge enclosed inside the surface. It does not depend on size and shape of the
surface.
Here, charge enclosed inside all the figures are same.
So, electric flux will remain same.

3. Dimensions of a block are l cm x l cm x 100 cm. If specific resistance of its material is 3 x 10-7
Ω m, then the resistance between the opposite rectangular faces is

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 (a) 3 x 10-9 Ω (b) 3 x 10-7 Ω (c) 3 x 10-5 Ω (d) 3 x 10-3 Ω

Ans: (b) 3 x 10-7 Ω

4. The area of a square shaped coil is 10-2 m2. Its plane is perpendicular to a magnetic field of
strength 10-3 T. The magnetic flux linked with the coil is
(a) 10 Wb (b) 10-5 Wb (c) 105 Wb (d) 100 Wb
-5
Ans: (b) 10 Wb

5. According to Einstein's photoelectric equation, the graph between the kinetic energy of
photoelectrons ejected and the frequency of incident radiation is

Ans: (d)
From Einstein photoelectric emission equation, Ek = hν – φ

6. A glass prism of refractive index 1-5 is immersed in water (refractive index 4/3), A light beam
incident normally on the face AB (fig. shown) is totally reflected to reach the face BC if

(a) sinθ > 8/9 (b) 2/3 < sinθ < 8/9 (c) sinθ ≤ 2/3 (d) none of the above
Ans: (a) sinθ > 8/9

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 By geometry, 90° – θ = 90° – α
⇒θ=α

For total internal reflection at face AC,

n 4/3 8
α = θ > C ⇒ sin θ > sin C  sin   w   sin  
ng 1.5 9

7. A point charge situated at a distance 'r' from a short electric dipole on its axis, experiences a
force F . If the distance of the charge is '2r', the force on the charge will be:
   
F F F F
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 8 4 2

F
Ans: (b)
8

8. An electron is released from rest in a region of uniform electric and magnetic fields acting
parallel to each other. The electron will
(a) move in a straight line. (b) move in a circle.
(c) remain stationary. (d) move 1n a helical path.
Ans: (a) move in a straight line.

9. The current in the primary coil of a pair of coils changes from 7A to 3A in 0.04 s. The mutual
inductance between the two coils is 0.5 H. The induced emf in the secondary coil is
(a) 50 V (b) 75V (c) 100 V (d) 220 V
Ans: (a) 50 V
di 0.5(3  7) 0.5  4
Emf induced in the secondary coil, e   M    50V
dt 0.04 0.04

10. Consider sunlight incident on a slit of width 104 Å. The image seen through the slit shall
(a) be a fine sharp slit white in colour at the center.
(b) a bright slit white at the center diffusing to zero intensities at the edges.
(c) a bright slit white at the center diffusing to regions of different colours.
(d) only be a diffused slit white in colour.
Ans: (a) be a fine sharp slit white in colour at the center.
Wave length of visible light varies from 4000Å to 8000Å. As the width of slit is comparable to
that of wavelength. Hence, diffraction occur at centre. So at the centre all colours appear i.e.,
mixing of colours from white patch of centre.

11. A steady current flows through a metallic wire whose area of cross-section (A) increases
continuously from one end of the wire to the other. The magnitude of drift velocity (vd) of the
free electrons as a function of 'A' can be shown by:

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 Ans: (a)

12. In Bohr's model of hydrogen atom, the total energy of the electron in nth discrete orbit is
proportional to
(a) n (b) 1/n (c) n2 (d) 1/n2
Ans: (d) 1/n2

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

13. Assertion (A): Thin film such as soap bubble or a thin layer of oil on water shows beautiful
colors when illuminated by white light.
Reason (R): It happens due to the interference of light reflected from the upper surface of the
thin film.
Ans: (c) Assertion is correct, but Reason is incorrect
Thin films show colors when illuminated by white light because the reflected rays from the
upper and the lower surface of the film interfere constructively to give domination of some color
for a particular value of thickness at a point.

14. Assertion (A): When a charged particle moves in a circular path, it produces electromagnetic
wave.
Reason (R) : Charged particle has acceleration.
Ans: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
The circular motion of charged particle is an accelerated motion and an accelerated charge emits
electromagnetic wave.

15. Assertion (A): If a proton and an electron a replaced in the same uniform electric field, they
experience different acceleration.
Reason (R): Electric force on a test charge is independent of its mass.
Ans: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Force on a proton and an electron in a uniform electric field is same because magnitude of
charge on both is exactly the same.

16. Assertion (A) : Thermonuclear fusion reactions may become the source of unlimited power for
the mankind.
Reason (R): A single fusion event involving isotopes of hydrogen produces more energy than
235
energy from nuclear fission of U
93
Ans: (c) A is true but R is false.
When fusion is achieved by raising the temperature of the system so that particles have enough
kinetic energy to overcome the coulomb repulsive behaviour, it is called thermonuclear fusion. It

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 is clean source of energy but energy released in one much more energy is released in a single
fission than in a single fusion.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. An alpha particle is projected with velocity v = (3·0 × 105 m/s) i into a region in which

magnetic field B = [(0.4T )i  (0.3T ) j ] exists. Calculate the acceleration of the particle in the
region. i , j and k are unit vectors along x, y and z axis respectively and charge to mass ratio for
alpha particle is 4·8 × 107 C/kg.
Ans:

18. What are optical fibres? Mention their one practical application.
Ans: Optical Fibre: An optical fibre is a device based on total internal reflection by which a
light signal may be transmitted from one place to another with a negligible loss of energy. It is a
very long and thin pipe of quartz (n = 1 .7) of thickness nearly ≈ 10–4 m coated all around with a
material of refractive index 1.5. A large number of such fibres held together form a one end at a
small angle of incidence, it suffers refraction from air to quartz and strikes the quartz-coating
interface at an angle more than the critical angle and so suffers total internal reflection and
strikes the opposite face again at an angle greater than critical angle and so again suffers total
internal reflection. Thus the ray within the fibre suffers multiple total internal reflections and
finally strikes the other end at an angle less than critical angle for quartz-air interface and
emerges in air.
As there is no loss of energy in total internal reflection, the light signal is transmitted by this
device without any appreciable loss of energy.
Application: Optical fibre is used to transmit light signal to distant places.

19. Briefly explain how the diffusion and drift currents contribute to the formation of potential
barrier in a p-n junction diode.

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 Ans: The diffusion current due to concentration gradient at the junction forms a space charge
region consisting of immobile charge carriers. Due to this an electric field is generated at the
junction giving rise to drift current in a direction opposite to diffusion current.
The potential at which diffusion current becomes equal to drift current is called potential barrier.

20. A 100 W sodium lamp radiates energy uniformly in all directions. The lamp is located at the
centre of a large sphere that absorbs all the sodium light which is incident on it. The wavelength
of the sodium light is 589 nm.
(i) What is the energy associated per photon with sodium light?
(ii) At what rate are the photons delivered to the sphere?
Ans: Given P = 100 W, λ = 589 nm = 589× 10– 9 m
hc 6.63  1034  3  108
(i) Energy of one photon, E   9
 3.38  1019 J
 589 10
(ii) Number of photons (n) delivered to the sphere per second is given by
P 100
P  nE  n   19
 3.0  10 20 photons/second
E 3.38 10
OR
If light of wavelength 412.5 nm is incident on each of the metals given below, which ones will
show photoelectric emission and why?
Metal Work Function (eV)
Na 1.92
K 2.15
Ca 3.20
Mo 4.17
hc 6.63  1034  3  108
Ans: The energy of the incident photon, E  h   J
 412.5  109
0.048  1017
 eV  3eV
1.6 1019
Metals having work function less than energy of the incident photon will show photoelectric
effect. Hence, only Na and K will show photoelectric emission.

21. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as that of the plate of a parallel plate
capacitor but has the thickness d/2, where d is the separation between the plates. Find out the
expression for its capacitance when the slab is inserted between the plates of the capacitor.
Ans:

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 SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. (i) Two loops of different shapes are moved in the region of a uniform magnetic field pointing
downward. The loops are moved in the directions shown by arrows. What is the direction of
induced current in each loop?

(ii) Predict the polarity of the capacitor C connected to coil, which is situated between two bar
magnets moving as shown in figure.

Ans: (i) Loop abc is entering the magnetic field, so magnetic flux linked with it begins to
increase. According to Lenz’s law, the current induced opposes the increases in magnetic flux, so
current induced will be anticlockwise which tends to decrease the magnetic field.
Loop defg is leaving the magnetic field; so flux linked with it tends to decrease, the induced
current will be clockwise to produce magnetic field downward to oppose the decrease in
magnetic flux.
(ii) Current induced in coil will oppose the approach of magnet; therefore, left face of coil will
act as N-pole and right face as S-pole. For this the current in coil will be anticlockwise as seen
from left, therefore, the plate A of capacitor will be positive and plate B will be negative.

23. (i) An infinitely long positively charged straight wire has a linear charge density λ cm-1. An
electron is revolving around the wire as its centre with a constant velocity in a circular plane
perpendicular to the wire. Deduce the expression for its kinetic energy.
(ii) Plot a graph of the kinetic energy as a function of charge density A.
Ans: (i) Infinitely long charged wire produces a radical electric field.

E ... (i)
2 0 r

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 The revolving electron experiences an electrostatic force and provides necessarily centripetal
force.
mv 2
eE  ... (ii)
r
e mv 2 e
  mv 2 
2 0 r r 2 0
1 e
Kinetic energy of the electron, K  mv 2 
2 4 0
(ii)

24. Two identical parallel plate capacitors A and B are connected to a battery of V volts with the
switch S closed. The switch is now opened and the free space between the plates of the
capacitors is filled with a dielectric of dielectric constant K. Find the ratio of the total
electrostatic energy stored in both capacitors before and after the introduction of the dielectric.

Ans: Two capacitors are connected in parallel. Hence, the potential on each of them remains the
same. So, the charge on each capacitor is QA = QB = CV
1 1 Q2
Formula for energy stored = CV 2 
2 2 C
Net capacitance with switch S closed = C + C = 2C
1
∴ Energy stored =  2C  V 2  CV 2
2
After the switch S is opened, capacitance of each capacitor = KC
In this case, voltage only across A remains the same.
Q Q
The voltage across B changes to V '  
C ' KC
1
∴ Energy stored in capacitor A  KCV 2
2
1 Q 2 1 C 2V 2 1 CV 2
Energy stored in capacitor B   
2 KC 2 KC 2 K

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 1 1 CV 2 1  1 1  K 2 1 
∴ Total energy stored  KCV 2   CV 2  K    CV 2  
2 2 K 2  K 2  K 
2CV 2 K 2K
Required ratio  2 2
 2
CV ( K  1) ( K  1)

25. (a) How does the resistance differ from impedance? With the help of a suitable phasor diagram,
obtain an expression for impedance of a series LCR circuit, connected to a source v = vm sin t.
Ans: 1. Resistance is the opposition offered to both alternating current and direct current while
impedance is the opposition offered to alternating current only.
2. Resistance is independent of frequency of source while impedance depends on frequency.
3. Resistance is opposition offered by material of the conductor while impedance is combined
opposition offered by different electrical components such as resistor, inductor or capacitor.

OR
(b) Find the condition for resonance in a series LCR circuit connected to a source vm sin t.,
where can be varied. Give the factors on which the resonant frequency of a series LCR circuit
depends. Plot a graph showing the variation of electric current with frequency in a series LCR
circuit.
Ans:

Resonant Frequency depends on value of Inductance and Capacitance

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 Significance: (i) If resistance R is low or inductance L is large then Q – factor is large and the
circuit is more selective.
(ii) If resonance is less sharp, tunning of the circuit will not be good.

26. Draw a diagram to show the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number for
different nuclei and mention its two features. Why do lighter nuclei usually undergo nuclear
fusion ?
Ans:

Features of diagram (any two)

1. Binding energy per nucleon is practically independent of atomic number for nuclei of middle
mass number (30 <A < 170)
2. The curve has maximum of about 8.75 MeV for A= 56 and has a value of 7.6 MeV for A= 238
3. Binding energy per nucleon is lower for both light nuclei (A<30) and heavy nuclei (A>170)
Two lighter nuclei fuse together to form heavier nuclei as the binding energy per nucleon of
fused heavier nuclei is more than the binding energy per nucleon of the lighter nuclei. Thus the
final system is more tightly bound than initial system.

27. A capacitor of unknown capacitance, a resistor of 100 Q and an inductor of self inductance
 4 
L   2  henry are connected in series to an ac source of 200 V and 50 Hz. Calculate the value
  
of the capacitance and impedance of the circuit when the current is in phase with the voltage.
Calculate the power dissipated in the circuit.
1 1 1
Ans: Capacitance, C  2
 F F  2.5  105 F
L 4 2 40000
(2  50)
2
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 Since V and I are in same phase
Impedance = Resistance = 100 Ω
E 2 (200)2
Power dissipated = rms  W  400W
2 100

28. The focal length of a convex lens made of glass of refractive index (1.5) is 20 cm. What will be
its new focal length when placed in a medium of refractive index 1.25? Is focal length positive or
negative? What does it signify?
Ans: Given, aμg = 1.5
Focal length of the given convex lens when it is placed in air is f = + 20 cm
Refractive index of the given medium with respect to air is aμm = 1.25
New focal length of the given convex lens when placed in a medium is
1 1 1 
 ( a  g  1)    ...(i)
f  R1 R2 
1 1 1 
 ( m  g  1)    ...(ii)
f'  R1 R2 
a
f ' (  g  1) 1.5  1 0.5
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get  m    2.5
f (  g  1) 1.2  1 0.2
 g 1.5
∴ f' = 2.5f = (2.5 × 20) cm = +50 cm as m  g    1.2
m 1.25
New focal length is positive.
The significance of the positive sign of the focal length is that given convex lens is still
converging in the given medium.

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
The Bohr Atom
Rutherford's model of the atom, although strongly supported by evidence for the nucleus, is
inconsistent with classical physics. An electron moving ina circular orbit round a nucleus is
accelerating and according to electromagnetic theory it should emit radiation continuously and so
lose energy. If this happened the radius of the orbit would decrease and the electron would spiral
into the nucleus. Evidently either this model of the atom or the classical theory of radiation
requires modification.

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 In 1913, in an effort to overcome this paradox, Bohr, drawing inspiration from the success of the
quantum theory in solving other problems involving radiation and atoms, made two
revolutionary suggestions.
Electrons can revolve round the nucleus only in certain ‘allowed orbits’ and while they are in
these orbits they do not emit radiation. An electron in an orbit has a definite amount of energy. It
possesses kinetic energy because of its motion and potential energy on account of the attraction
of the nucleus. Each allowed orbit is therefore associated with a certain quantity of energy, called
the ‘energy of the orbit’, which equals the total energy of an electron in it.
An electron can ‘jump’ from one orbit of energy E2 to another of lower energy E1 and the energy
difference is emitted as one quantum of radiation of frequency f given by Planck's equation
E2 – E1 = hf.
(i) What is the value of angular momentum of electron in the second orbit of Bohr’s model of
hydrogen atom?
(ii) When an electron falls from a higher energy to a lower energy level, the difference in the
energies appears in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Why cannot it be emitted as other
forms of energy?
(iii) Imagine removing one electron from He4 and He3. Their energy levels, as worked out on the
basis of Bohr model will be very close. Explain why.
OR
(iii) When an electron jumps from 2nd stationary orbit of H-atom to 1st stationary orbit. How
much energy is emitted?
nh
Ans: (i) The angular momentum of an orbiting electron =
2
Here, n = 2
2h h
Angular momentum = 
2 
(ii) The electrons are charged particles. When an electron falls from a higher energy to a lower
energy level, it accelerates. We know accelerating charged particle radiates energy in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.
(iii) Bohr model is applicable for hydrogen atom and some lighter atoms in which a single
electron revolves around a stationary nucleus of positive charge Ze (called hydrogen like atom).
If we remove one electron from He4 and He3, atoms contain one electron and becomes hydrogen
like atoms. Now we can apply Bohr model to define the energy levels.
OR
13.6
(iii) As we know, energy of nth orbit, En   2 eV
n
13.6
For n = 1, E1   2 eV  13.6eV
(1)
13.6
For n = 2, E2   2 eV  3.4eV
(2)
Now, energy emitted, ∆E = E2 – E1 = – 3.4 – (–13.6) = 10.2 eV

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
The following figure shows a circuit diagram. We can find the currents through and potential
differences across different resistors using Kirchhoff's rules.

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 Answer the following questions based on the above :
(a) Which points are at the same potential in the circuit ? [1]
(b) What is the current through arm bg ? [1]
(c) Find the potential difference across resistance R3. [2]
OR
(c) What is the power dissipated in resistance R2? [2]
Ans: (a) Points (a, b, c), (d, e), (j, f, g ,h) are at same potential

(b) According to Kirchhoff’s loop rule

for closed loop abgha
- 6 + 10 I₂ + I₁ = 0
⇒ I₁ + 10 I₂ = 6 (i)
for closed loop acfha
- 6 + 10 (I₁ – I₂) + I₁ = 0
⇒ 11 I₁ - 10 I₂ = 6 (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii)
12 I₁ = 1₂ ⇒ I₁ = 1 A
⇒ I₂ = 0.5 A = current through arm bg

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. Draw a circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier. Explain the working principle. Draw the
input/output waveforms indicating clearly the functions of the two diodes used.

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 Ans: Rectification: Rectification means conversion of ac into dc. A p-n diode acts as a rectifier
because an ac changes polarity periodically and a p-n diode allows the current to pass only when
it is forward biased. This makes the diode suitable for rectification. Working: The ac input
voltage across secondary S1 and S2 changes polarity after each half cycle. Suppose during the
first half cycle of input ac signal, the terminal S1 is positive relative to centre tap O and S2 is
negative relative to O. Then diode D1 is forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased.
Therefore, diode D1 conducts while diode D2 does not. The direction of current (i1) due to diode
D1 in load resistance RL is directed from A to B

In next half cycle, the terminal S1 is negative and S2 is positive relative to centre tap O. The
diode D1 is reverse biased and diode D2 is forward biased. Therefore, diode D2 conducts while
D1 does not. The direction of current (i2) due to diode D2 in load resistance RL is still from A to
B. Thus, the current in load resistance RL is in the same direction for both half cycles of input ac
voltage. Thus, for input ac signal the output current is a continuous series of unidirectional
pulses.

In a full wave rectifier, if input frequency is f hertz, then output frequency will be 2f hertz
because for each cycle of input, two positive half cycles of output are obtained.
OR
(i) Distinguish between an intrinsic semiconductor and a p-type semiconductor. Give reason why
a p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral, although nh >> ne.
(ii) A semiconductor has equal electron and hole concentration of 2 x 108 m-3. On doping with a
certain impurity, the hole concentration increases to 4x 1010 m-3,
(a) What type of semiconductor is obtained on doping?
(b) Calculate the new electron and hole concentration of the semiconductor.
(c) How does the energy gap vary with doping?
Ans: (i)
Intrinsic semiconductor p-type semiconductor
(i) It is a semiconductor in pure form. It is a semiconductor doped with trivalent
impurity atoms (Like Al, Ga, etc.).
(ii) Intrinsic charge carriers are electrons There is excess of holes in p-type
and holes with equal concentration. semiconductors as majority charge carrier.
(iii) Current due to charge carriers is Current due to charge carriers is significant
feeble (of the order of μA). (of the order of mA).
When the trivalent impurities are doped in to the tetravalent pure semiconductor like Si or Ge
then the fourth electron of the Si or Ge needs to be bounded then the electron in the outermost
shell of the Si or Ge can jump in to the vacancy and create hole on its own atom. But the number
of the electrons and holes are same in magnitude and apposite in sign. Hence a p-type
semiconductor is electrically neutral.
(ii) Given ne = 2 × 108 / m3, nh = 4 × 1010 / m3

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 (a) The majority charge carriers in doped semiconductor are holes, so semiconductor obtained is
p-type semiconductor.
2 ni 2 (2  108 )2
(b) ne nh  ni  ne   10
 106 / m3
nh 4  10
New electron concentration = 106 / m3
hole concentration = 4 × 1010 / m3
(c) Energy gap decreases on doping.

32. State the working of ac generator with the help of a labelled diagram. The coil of an ac generator
having N turns, each of area A, is rotated with a constant angular velocity . Deduce the
expression for the alternating emf generated in the coil. What is the source of energy generation
in this device?
Ans: AC generator: A dynamo or generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Principle: It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a coil rotates
continuously in a magnetic field, the effective area of the coil linked normally with the magnetic
field lines, changes continuously with time. This variation of magnetic flux with time results in
the production of an alternating emf in the coil.
Construction: It consists of the four main parts:
(i) Field Magnet: It produces the magnetic field. In the case of a low power dynamo, the
magnetic field is generated by a permanent magnet, while in the case of large power dynamo, the
magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet.
(ii) Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of insulated wire in the soft iron drum or
ring. It can revolve round an axle between the two poles of the field magnet. The drum or ring
serves the two purposes: (a) It serves as a support to coils and (b) It increases the magnetic field
due to air core being replaced by an iron core.
(iii) Slip Rings: The slip rings R1 and R2 are the two metal rings to which the ends of armature
coil are connected. These rings are fixed to the shaft which rotates the armature coil so that the
rings also rotate along with the armature.
(iv) Brushes: These are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods (B1 and B2) which are fixed and
constantly touch the revolving rings. The output current in external load RL is taken through
these brushes.
Working: When the armature coil is rotated in the strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux
linked with the coil changes and the current is induced in the coil, its direction being given by
Fleming’s right hand rule. Considering the armature to be in vertical position and as it rotates in
clockwise direction, the wire ab moves downward and cd upward, so that the direction of
induced current is shown in fig. In the external circuit, the current flows along B1RLB2. The
direction of current remains unchanged during the first half turn of armature. During the second
half revolution, the wire ab moves upward and cd downward, so the direction of current is
reversed and in external circuit it flows along B2RLB1. Thus the direction of induced emf and
current changes in the external circuit after each half revolution.

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 Expression for Induced emf: When the coil is rotated with a constant angular speed ω , the
angle θ between the magnetic field vector B and the area vector A of the coil at any instant t is θ
= ωt (assuming θ = 0° at t = 0). As a result, the effective area of the coil exposed to the magnetic
field lines changes with time, the flux at any time t is
φB= BA cos θ = BA cos ωt
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf for the rotating coil of N turns is then,
d d
   N B   NBA (cos t )
dt dt
Thus, the instantaneous value of the emf is ε = NBA ω sin ωt
where NBAω=2πυNBA is the maximum value of the emf, which occurs when sin ωt = ±1.
If we denote NBAω as ε0, then ε= ε0 sin ωt ⇒ ε = ε0 sin 2πnt
where ν is the frequency of revolution of the generator’s coil.
Obviously, the emf produced is alternating and hence the current is also alternating. Current
produced by an ac generator cannot be measured by moving coil ammeter; because the average
value of ac over full cycle is zero.
The source of energy generation is the mechanical energy of rotation of armature coil.

OR
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up transformer. Obtain the ratio of secondary to primary
voltage in terms of number of turns and currents in the two coils.
(ii) A power transmission line feeds input power at 2200 V to a step-down transformer with its
primary windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of turns in the secondary to get the power
output at 220 V.
Ans: (i) Transformer: A transformer converts low voltage into high voltage ac and vice-versa.
Let NP be the number of turns in primary coil, NS the number of turns in secondary coil and φ
the magnetic flux linked with each turn. We assume that there is no leakage of flux so that the
flux linked with each turn of primary coil and secondary coil is the same.

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 According to Faraday’s laws the emf induced in the primary coil and emf induced in the
secondary coil

 P  NP ……. (i)
t
and emf induced in the secondary coil

 S   NS ……. (ii)
t
 N
From (i) and (ii), S  S
 P NP
If the resistance of primary coil is negligible, the emf (εP) induced in the primary coil, will be
equal to the applied potential difference (VP) across its ends. Similarly, if the secondary circuit is
open, then the potential difference VS across its ends will be equal to the emf (εS) induced in it;
therefore
VS  S N S
   r ( say )
VP  P N P
N
where r  S is called the transformation ratio. If iP and iS are the instantaneous currents in
NP
primary and secondary coils and there is no loss of energy; then
For about 100% efficiency, Power in primary =Power in secondary
i V N 1
VPiP  VS iS  S  P  P  ……. (iii)
iP VS N S r
In step up transformer, NS > NP → r > 1;
So VS > VP and iS < iP
i.e., step up transformer increases the voltage, but decreases the current.
(ii) Given, VP = 2200 V, NP = 3000 turns, VS = 220 V
V N V 220
We have, S  S  N S  S  N P   3000  300 turns
VP N P VP 2200

33. (a) (i) State Coulomb's law in electrostatics and write it in vector form, for two charges.
(ii) Gauss's law is based on the inverse-square dependence on distance contained in the
Coulomb's law. Explain

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 (iii) Two charges A (charge q) and B (charge 2q) are located at points (0, 0) and (a, a)
respectively. Let i and j be the unit vectors along x-axis and y-axis respectively. Find the force
exerted by A on B, in terms of i and j .
Ans: (i) Force between two point charges varies inversely with the square of distance between
the charges and is directly proportional to the product of magnitude of the two charges and acts
along the line joining the two charges.
 1 q1q2 
F12  r12
4 0 r12 2
Where is a vector from charge q2 to charge q1.
(ii) In derivation of Gauss’s law, flux is calculated using Coulomb’s law and surface area. Here
coulomb’s law involves factor and surface area involves 1/r2 factor. When product is taken, the
two factors cancel out and flux becomes independent of r.
(iii)

OR
(b) (i) Derive an expression for the electric field at a point on the equatorial plane of an electric
dipole consisting of charges q and -q separated by a distance 2l.
(ii) The distance of a far off point on the equatorial plane of an electric dipole is halved. How
will the electric field be affected for the dipole ?

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 (iii) Two identical electric dipoles are placed along the diagonals of a square ABCD of side √2 m
as shown in the figure. Obtain the magnitude and direction of the net electric field at the centre
(O) of the square.

Ans: (i) Consider an electric dipole AB consisting charges +q and -q separated by distance 2l and
pole strength q. Let, P be the point on the equatorial line at distance d from mid-point of the
dipole i.e. O as shown in figure 1.
1 q
Now, the electric field, E1 at point P due to north pole along AP is E1 
4 0 AP 2
1 q
 E1  .........(1) (∵ AP² = OA² + OP²)
4 O (d  l 2 ) 2
2

1 q
Similarly, the electric field, E2 at point P due to south pole along PB is E 2 
4 0 BP 2
1 q
 E2  .........(2) (∵ PB² = OB² + OP²)
4 O (d  l 2 )2
2

From equations (1) and (2), we get

E1 = E2 = E (say)
Now, the net electric field EP at P due to the dipole is
EP = E1 + E2 = 2E ........................(3)

Resolving E1 and E2 into horizontal and vertical components, as shown in figure 2. The vertical
components will be canceled and horizontal will be added together. So, we can write
EP = 2Ecosθ .............from (3)
 q  l   l 
 EP  2  2 2 
   cos   
 4  0 (d  l )   (d  l ) 
2 2 2
 (d 2  l 2 ) 
For a short dipole, l << d, therefore

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 1 2ql
 EP 
4 O d3
1 p
 EP  (∵ p = 2ql)
4 O d3
1 p 1
(ii) For a small dipole, Eequator  3
 3
4 0 r r
When r is halved, the electric field strength become 8-times of the original field.
(iii)

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PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32
SAMPLE PAPER TEST 10 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024
(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: PHYSICS MAX. MARKS : 70
CLASS : XII DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instructions:
1. There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.
All the sections are compulsory.
3. Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion-Reasoning based questions
of 1 mark each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven
questions of three marks each, section D contains three long questions of five marks each and
Section E contains two case study based questions of 4 marks each.
4. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in section B, C, D and
E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not allowed.

SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 16 carry 1 mark each.

1. The magnitude of the electric field due to a point charge object at a distance of 4.0 m is 9 N/C.
From the same charged object the electric field of magnitude, 16N/C will be at a distance of
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m (d) 6 m
Ans: (c) 3 m

2. A current of 0.8 A flows in a conductor of 40 W for 1 minute. The heat produced in the
conductor will be
(a) 1445 J (b) 1536 J (c) 1569 J (d) 1640 J
Ans: (b) 1536 J

3. According to Huygens principle, the amplitude of secondary wavelets is

(a) equal in both the forward and the backward directions.
(b) maximum in the forward direction and zero in the backward direction.
(c) large in the forward direction and small in the backward direction.
(d) small in the forward direction and large in the backward direction.
Ans: (b) maximum in the forward direction and zero in the backward direction.

4. The radius of the nth orbit in Bohr model of hydrogen atom is proportional
(a) n2 (b) 1/n2 (c) n (d) 1/n
2
Ans: (a) n

5. In a Young’s double-slit experiment, the screen is moved away from the plane of the slits. What
will be its effect on the following?
(i) Angular separation of the fringes.
(ii) Fringe-width.
(a) Both (i) and (ii) remain constant. (b) (i) remains constant, but (ii) decreases.
(c) (i) remains constant, but (ii) increases. (d) Both (i) and (ii) increase.
Ans: (c) (i) remains constant, but (ii) increases.

6. The ratio of the nuclear densities of two nuclei having mass numbers 64 and 125 is
(a) 64/125 (b) 4/5 (c) 5/4 (d) 1
Ans: (d) 1

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7. In an extrinsic semiconductor, the number density of holes is 4 × 1020 m–3. If the number density
of intrinsic carriers is 1.2 × 1015 m3, the number density of electrons in it is
(a) 1.8 × 109 m–3 (b) 2.4 × 1010 m–3 (c) 3.6 × 109 m–3 (d) 3.2 × 1010 m–3
Ans: (c) 3.6 × 109 m–3

8. A hydrogen atom makes a transition from n = 5 to n = 1 orbit. The wavelength of photon emitted
is λ. The wavelength of photon emitted when it makes a transition from n = 5 to n = 2 orbit is
(a) 8λ/7 (b) 16λ/7 (c) 24λ/7 (d) 32λ/7
Ans: (d) 32λ/7

9. Which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of a particle momentum with its
associated de-Broglie wavelength?

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Ans: (d)

10. The capacitors, each of 4 μF are to be connected in such a way that the effective capacitance of
the combination is 6 μF. This can be achieved by connecting
(a) All three in parallel
(b) All three in series
(c) Two of them connected in series and the combination in parallel to the third.
(d) Two of them connected in parallel and the combination in series to the third.
Ans: (c) Two of them connected in series and the combination in parallel to the third.

11. Which of the following has its permeability less than that of free space?
(a) Copper (b) Aluminium (c) Copper chloride (d) Nickel
Ans: (a) Copper

12. A square shaped coil of side 10 cm, having 100 turns is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field
which is increasing at 1 T/s. The induced emf in the coil is
(a) 0.1 V (b) 0.5 V (c) 0.75 V (d) 1.0 V
Ans: (d) 1.0 V

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false.

13. Assertion (A): An electron and a photon possessing same wavelength, will have the same
momentum.
Reason (R): Momentum of both particle is same by de Broglie hypothesis.
Ans: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

14. Assertion (A): The resistance of an intrinsic semiconductor decreases with increase in its
temperature.
Reason (R): The number of conduction electrons as well as hole increase in an intrinsic
semiconductor with rise in its temperature.

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 Ans: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
In semiconductors, as temperature increases, thermally generated electron and hole pair increases
and the resistance decreases.
Hence, assertion and reason both are correct and the reason explains the assertion.

15. Assertion (A): Diamagnetic substances exhibit magnetism.

Reason (R): Diamagnetic materials do not have permanent magnetic dipole moment.
Ans: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
The assertion is true. Diamagnetic substance shows faint repulsion. It is a property of magnetism.
So, assertion is true. The above property is observed in the substances which have even number
of electrons in each atom/molecule. Electrons with opposite spins form pairs and so no net dipole
moment is generated. Diamagnetic substances are such substances and hence exhibit the above
magnetic property. So, the reason is true it explains the assertion.

16. Assertion (A): The equivalent resistance between points A and B in the given network is 2R.
Reason (R): All the resistors are connected in parallel

Ans: (c) Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false.

The given resistance network represents in the bridge balance condition, so the equivalent
resistance between A and B will be 2R, Hence assertion (A) is correct but Reason (R) is false
because all resistances are not in parallel.

SECTION – B
Questions 17 to 21 carry 2 marks each.

17. How are X-rays produced? Give any two uses of these.
Ans: (b) Production of X-rays:
 X-rays are produced when high energy electron beam bombards metallic target of high
melting and point heavy atomic weight.
 X-ray is produced in Coolidge tube.

Uses of X-ray:
 It is used to photograph bones for the diagnosis of any fracture and dislocation.
 It is used to radiotherapy to destroy cancerous cells and to shrink tumors.

18. Write the expression for the Lorentz force on a particle of charge q moving with a velocity v in a

magnetic field B . When is the magnitude of this force maximum? Show that no work is done by
 
this force on the particle during its motion from a point r1 to point r2 .
  
Ans: Expression for Lorentz force: F  q(v  B )
 
The force is maximum when the angle between v and B is 900.

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  
Here, F is perpendicular to v . So, no work is done by this force on the particle during its
motion
OR
A long straight wire AB carries a current I. A particle (mass m and charge q) moves with a

velocity v , parallel to the wire, at a distance d from it as shown in the figure. Obtain the
expression for the force experienced by the particle and mention its directions.

 
Ans: Magnetic field produced by the current carrying from a point r1 to point r2 wire,
The direction of field is ⊗
 
Force acting on the particle = q(v  B )
Here, θ = 90°
qv 0 I 0 qv
So, Force = qvB  
2 I 2 d
Its direction is towards right. Repulsive.

19. The potential difference applied across a given conductor is doubled. How will this affect (i) the
mobility of electrons and (ii) the current density in the conductor? Justify your answers. 2
Ans: (i) Mobility ∝ 1/Potential difference
So, if potential difference is doubled, mobility will be halved.
(ii) Current density ∝ Potential difference
So, if potential difference is doubled, current density will also be double.

20. Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of
their separation. Indicate the region in which the nuclear force is (a) attractive and (b) repulsive.
Ans: Graph showing variation of potential energy of a pair of nucleons as a function of their
separation:

21. How would the stopping potential for a given photosensitive surface change if (i) the frequency
of the incident radiation were increased? and (ii) the intensity of incident radiation were
decreased? Justify your answer.
Ans: (i) From Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
hv = 0 + KE
KE = eVs, where VS is the stopping potential.
Stopping potential depends on the frequency of the incident radiation. If frequency increases KE
increases (Since, 0 remains constant). Hence, stopping potential increases.
(ii) There is no intensity term in Einstein’s equation. Hence, stopping potential is independent of
intensity of incident radiation.

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 SECTION – C
Questions 22 to 28 carry 3 marks each.
22. Depict the orientation of an electric dipole in (a) stable and (b) unstable equilibrium in an
external uniform electric field. Write the potential energy of the dipole in each case.
 
Ans: (a) Stable equilibrium: When angle between p and E is 0⁰.

Potential energy of dipole = –pEcosθ

In this case θ = 0⁰, so Potential energy = –pE
 
(b) Unstable equilibrium: When angle between p and E is 180⁰.

Potential energy of dipole = – pEcosθ

In this case θ = 180⁰, so Potential energy = pE

23. Two coils C1 and C2 are placed close to each other. The magnetic flux ϕ2 linked with the coil C2
varies with the current I1 flowing in coil C1, as shown in the figure. Find
(i) the mutual inductance of the arrangement, and
 dI 
(ii) the rate of change of current  1  that will induce an emf of 100 V in coil C2.
 dt 

Ans: (i) Since, N2ϕ2 = MI1

From graph, ϕ2 = 10Wb corresponding to I1 = 4A
and ϕ2 = 10Wb
∴ N2 × 10 = M × 4
Considering N2 = 1
M = 10/4 = 2.5H
(ii) Again, N2 ϕ2 = MI1
d d d dI
( N 22 )  ( MI1 )  N 2 2  M 1
dt dt dt dt
dI
 M 1
dt

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 dI1 dI
 100  2.5  1  40 A / s
dt dt

24. A plane wave-front propagating in a medium of refractive index ‘μ1’ is incident on a plane
surface making an angle of incidence (i). It enters into a medium of refractive index μ2 (μ2 > μ1).
Use Huygen’s construction of secondary wavelets to trace the retracted wave-front. Hence,
verify Snell’s law of refraction.
Ans: A plane wavefront AC is incident on the plane of separation XY of two media of refractive
indices μ1 and μ2 (μ2 > μ1) making an angle i. This is known as angle of incidence.

When the wavefront touches the point A, the point becomes a source of secondary wavelets.
Thus, when the whole waveform passes through the XY plane, each point of AF becomes the
source of secondary wavelets.
When point C of the wavefront in medium 1 traverses CF distance by that time (t) the wavelet
from point A traverses AD distance. If v1 and v2 are the speeds of light in medium 1 and 2
respectively, then AD = v2t and CF = v1t.
Refracted wavefront DF which is obtained by drawing a tangent to the arc having radius v2t and
centre A. The angle made by the tangent with the plane XY is r. This is known as angle of
refraction.
The perpendiculars drawn on wavefront AC are the incident rays. The perpendiculars drawn on
wavefront DF are the refracted rays.
AN and TF are the perpendiculars drawn on XY, the plane of separation of the two media.
∠CAF = ∠i = 90° – ∠NAC = 90° – ( 90° – ∠SAN)
∴ ∠SAN = ∠i
Similarly, ∠QFT = ∠r
CF vt
In ∆ACF, sin i   1
AF AF
AD v2 t
In ∆ADF, sin r  
AF AF
sin i v1t v1
∴    1 2
sin r v2t v2
This is Snell’s law

25. A series CR circuit with R = 200 W and C = (50/π) µF is connected across an ac source of peak
voltage 0, = 100 V and frequency n = 50 Hz. Calculate (a) impedance of the circuit (Z), (b)
phase angle (), and (c) voltage across the resistor.
Ans:

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26. State the basic principle behind the working of an ac generator. Briefly describe its working and
obtain the expression for the instantaneous value of emf induced.
Ans: Basic principle of working of AC generator:
Basic principle of working of AC generator is electromagnetic induction. A copper coil known a
armature is rotated in a strong magnetic field and emf is induced in the coil according to the
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction and the direction of induced emf is determined by
Fleming’s right hand rule.

Working of ac generator:
Main components of ac generator are:
(i) Armature, (ii) Field magnet, (iii) slip ring (iv) Brush
Armature (ABCD) is a copper coil wound on a soft iron core. The armature is rotated by a
turbine.
The armature is placed in between poles of a strong permanent magnet (NS) known as field
magnet.
Two ends of armature coil are connected to the slip rings(R1 and R2). Carbon brushes (B1 and B2)
kept just in firm contact with the rings. External circuit is connected with the brushes.
When armature rotates in the magnetic field induced emf is generated which is supplied to the
external circuit through the brushes.
Expression of instantaneous emf induced:

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 If the armature has N number of turns, then magnetic flux through the coil is
 
φ  N ( B. A) = NBAcosθ
If ω is the angular velocity, then emf induced
d
   NBA sin  t
dt
∴ ε = ε0sinωt (where NBAω = ε0)

27. Define current density and relaxation time. Derive an expression for resistivity of a conductor in
terms of number density of charge carriers in the conductor and relaxation time.
Ans: Current density: Current density is the current per unit area of cross-section of a conductor.
J = I/A
Relaxation time: Relaxation time is the time interval between two successive collisions of
electrons in a conductor.
eE eV  V
Expression for resistivity: vd    vd    E  
m ml  l
v ml v ml
 V  d  IR  d (since from Ohm’s law, V = IR)
e e
 l vd ml  l  v mA vd mA m
  R      d   I  neAvd     2
A e I  A e I e (neAvd ) ne 

28. (i) Differentiate between ‘distance of closest approach’ and ‘impact parameter’.
(ii) Determine the distance of closest approach when an alpha particle of kinetic energy 3.95
MeV approaches a nucleus of Z = 79, stops and reverses its directions.
Ans: Distance of closest approach: Distance of closest approach is the distance of a charged
particle from the centre of the nucleus where the total kinetic energy of the charged particle gets
converted into potential energy.
Ze 2
r
1 
4 0  mv 2 
2 
Impact Parameter: Impact parameter is the perpendicular distance between the path of projected
charged particles and centre of the nucleus.
Ze2 cot( / 2)
b
1 
4 0  mv 2 
2 
(ii)

OR

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 (i) How is the size of a nucleus found experimentally? Write the relation between the radius and
mass number of a nucleus.
(ii) Prove that the density of a nucleus is independent of its mass number.
Ans: (b) (i) Experimental determination of size of nucleus:
Size of nucleus was determined experimentally by Rutherford by his alpha particle scattering
experiment.

In the experiment, a gold foil of thickness 2.1 × 10–7 was bombarded by energetic α-particles
generated from 83Bi214 source.
Scattered α-particles were observed on a ZnS screen with the help of a microscope.
It was observed that most of the α-particles passed through the gold foil undeviated.
About 14% α-particles were scattered by an angle more than 10.
1 out of 8000 α-particles was scattered by an angle more than 900.
Very few α-particles was scattered by an angle 1800.
From these observations Rutherford calculated the impact parameter and distance of closest
approach and concluded that the size of nucleus lies between 10-15m and 10-14 m.
Relation between radius and mass number:
r = R0A1/3 (where R0 = 1.25fm)
(ii) Density of nucleus is independent of mass number:
M mA
 
V 4
 r3
3
mA
 [∵ r = R0A1/3 (where R0 = 1.25fm)]
4
 R03 A
3
m

4
 R03
3
Hence, the density of a nucleus is independent of its mass number

SECTION – D (Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 29 to 30 carry 4 marks each.

29. Case-Study 1:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions
A capacitor is a system of two conductors separated by an insulator. The two conductors have
equal and opposite charges with a potential difference between them. The capacitance of a
capacitor depends on the geometrical configuration (shape, size and separation) of the system
and also on the nature of the insulator separating the two conductors. They are used to store
charges. Like resistors, capacitors can be arranged in series or parallel or a combination of both
to obtain desired value of capacitance.
(i) Find the equivalent capacitance between points A and B in the given diagram.

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 (ii) A dielectric slab is inserted between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor. The electric field
between the plates decreases. Explain.
(iii) A capacitor A of capacitance C, having charge Q is connected across another uncharged
capacitor B of capacitance 2C. Find an expression for (a) the potential difference across the
combination and (b) the charge lost by capacitor A.
OR
(iii) Two slabs of dielectric constants 2K and K fill the space between the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor of plate area A and plate separation d as shown in figure. Find an expression for
capacitance of the system.

Ans: (i) The given combination:

Initially the capacitor between

A and B is not considered.
So, the circuit may be redrawn as

This is like a balanced Wheatstone bridge. So, the capacitor between E and F may not be
considered.
So, the circuit is further modified as

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 The capacitance between A and B is C.
Now capacitor between A and B (left out initially) is considered.

So, the equivalent capacitance between A and B is 2C.

(ii) When a dielectric is placed between charged plates of a capacitor, the polarization of
dielectric produces an electric field opposing the field produced by the charges on the plate.
Thus, the resultant electric field between the plates decreases.
(iii) Both capacitors will attain a common potential, VC.
Q Q
(a) VC = Total charge / Total capacitance  
C  2C 3C
CQ Q
(b) Final charge on capacitor A = QA = CVC  
3C 3

Q 2Q
So, charge lost by capacitor A  Q  
3 3
OR
By placing the dielectric slab, it behaves like two capacitors in series

30. Case-Study 2:
Read the following paragraph and answer the questions.
A lens is a transparent optical medium bounded by two surfaces; at least one of which should be
spherical. Considering image formation by a single spherical surface successively at the two
surfaces of a lens, lens maker’s formula is obtained. It is useful to design lenses of desired focal
length using surfaces of suitable radii of curvature. This formula helps us obtain a relation
between u, v and f for a lens. Lenses form images of objects and they are used in a number of
optical devices, for example microscopes and telescopes.
(i) An object AB is kept in front of a composite convex lens, as shown in figure. Will the lens
produce one image? If not, explain.

(ii) A real image of an object formed by a convex lens is observed on a screen. If the screen is
removed, will the image still be formed? Explain.
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 (iii) A double convex lens is made of glass of refractive index 1.55 with both faces of the same
radius of curvature. Find the radius of curvature required if focal length is 20 cm.
OR
(iii) Two convex lenses A and B of focal lengths 15 cm and 10 cm respectively are placed
coaxially ‘d’ distance apart. A point object is kept at a distance of 30 cm in front of lens A. Find
the value of ‘d’ so that the rays emerging from lens B are parallel to its principal axis.
Ans: (i) No, the lens will not produce one image. It will produce two images. Refractive index
upper and lower section of the lens being different there will be two foci and hence, two images
will be formed.

(ii) If the screen is removed, the image will be still formed and it can be seen by looking through
the lens through the specific cone of light.

(iii) Using lens maker’s formula

∴ r = 22 cm
OR
The equivalent focal length of two lenses separated by a distance d be f
When a point object is kept distance 30 cm from this lens combination, the rays emerge as
parallel to the principal axis. So, focal length of the combination is 30 cm.

∴ d = 20 cm

SECTION – E
Questions 31 to 33 carry 5 marks each.

31. Draw the circuit arrangement for studying V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode in (i)
forward biasing and (ii) reverse biasing. Draw the typical V-I characteristics of a silicon diode.
Describe briefly the following terms: (i) minority carrier injection in forward biasing and (ii)
breakdown voltage in reverse biasing.
Ans: Circuit diagram to study the V-I Characteristics of p-n junction diode in
(i) Forward biasing:

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 (ii) Reverse biasing:

V–I Characteristics of Diode

(i) Minority carrier injection in forward bias: In forward biased p-n junction, electrons from n-
region diffuse into p-region where they are minority carriers. Holes are injected from p-side to n-
side where they are minority carriers. This process is known as ‘minority carrier injection’.
(ii) Breakdown voltage in reverse bias: In reverse biased p-n junction, only minority carriers can
cross the junction. Hence, a very small amount of current flows in reverse direction which is
known as reverse saturation current. If the reverse voltage is increased to a very large value, a
large reverse current flows through the diode due to zener diode breakdown. The voltage at
which this happens is known as breakdown voltage.
OR
Name two important processes involved in the formation of a p-n junction diode. With the help
of a circuit diagram, explain the working of junction diode as a full wave rectifier. Draw its input
and output waveforms. State the characteristic property of a junction diode that makes it suitable
for rectification.
Ans: Two processes involved in formation of p-n junction: (i) Diffusion (ii) Drift
Full wave rectifier:

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 A centre-tapped transformer and two p-n junction diodes are used for a full weave rectifier. Input
of the transformer is connected to the ac supply. In secondary there are three terminals – A, B
and CT. For positive half cycle, A is positive, B is negative. For the negative half cycle, A is
negative, B is positive. CT is always at zero potential. It is always grounded.
Anode of one diode (D1) is connected to A and anode of other diode (D2) is connected to B.
Cathodes of both the diodes are joined together and ultimately connected to CT through a load
resistance (RL).
When positive half cycle appears, A is at positive and B is at negative potential. So, diode D1 is
forward biased and hence, it conducts.
When negative half cycle appears, B is at positive and A is at negative potential. So, diode D2 is
forward biased and hence, it conducts.
The process repeats.
For both the half cycles current flowing through the load resistance is unidirectional. Hence, a
DC voltage appears across it.
Thus, a full wave rectifier works.

Input and output wave forms:

Characteristic property of junction diode that makes it suitable for rectification:

An ideal p-n junction diode exhibits zero resistance when forward biased and infinite resistance
when reversed biased.

32. (i) State Huygen’s principle. With the help of a diagram, show how a plane wave is reflected
from a surface. Hence, verify the law of reflection.
(ii) A concave mirror of focal length 12 cm forms a three times magnified virtual image of an
object. Find the distance of the object from the mirror.
Ans: (i) Huygens’ principle:

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 Eachpoint on primary wavefront act as a source of secondary wavelets sending out disturbances
in all directions in the similar manner as the original source of light does.
Verification of laws of reflection:
A plane wavefront AC is incident on a plane reflector XY making an angle i. This is known as
angle of incidence.
Each and every point of the wavefront when touches the reflector becomes a source of secondary
wavelets.
When the wavefront touches the point A, the point becomes a source of secondary wavelets.
Thus, when the whole waveform touches the XY plane, each point of AF becomes the source of
secondary wavelets. When point C of the wavefront in medium 1 traverses CF distance by that
time (t) the wavelet from point A traverse AD distance. If v1 is the speeds of light in medium
then AD = v1t and CF = v1t.
Reflected wavefront DF which is obtained by drawing a tangent to the arc having radius v1t and
centre A. The angle made by the tangent with the plane XY is r. This is known as angle of
refraction.

The perpendiculars drawn on wavefront AC are the incident rays. The perpendiculars drawn on
wavefront DF are the reflected rays.
AN and TF are the perpendiculars drawn on XY, the plane reflector.
∠CAF = ∠i = 90° – ∠NAC = 90° – ( 90° – ∠SAN)
∴ ∠SAN = ∠i
Similarly, ∠QFT = ∠r
In ∆ACF and ∆AFD
∠ACF = ∠ADF = 90°
CF = AD
AF is the common side
So, the triangles are congruent.
∠CAF = ∠AFD
∴ ∠i = ∠r
This is law of reflection.
v v
(ii) Magnification, m    3    v  3u
u u
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  3 1
Applying mirror formula,       
v u f 3u u 12 3u 12
2 1 24
  u   8
3u 12 3
∴ u = – 8 cm
OR
(i) Draw a labelled ray diagram showing the image formation by a refracting telescope. Define
its magnifying power. Write two limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting telescope.
(ii) The focal lengths of the objective and the eye-piece of a compound microscope are 1.0 cm
and 2.5 cm respectively. Find the tube length of the microscope for obtaining a magnification of
300.

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 Ans: (i) Refracting telescope in normal adjustment:

In an refracting telescope there are two lenses – objective (O) and Eyepiece (E).
The two lenses are so placed during focussing that the foci of the lenses meet at a point.
Objective is directed towards the object at infinity.
Parallel rays coming from the object meet at the focus of the objective and forms an inverted,
real image P1Q1 in front of eyepiece. This point is the focus of eyepiece too.
This acts as the object of the eyepiece. An (inverted with respect to P1Q1, erect with respect to
original object), highly magnified, real image is formed at infinity.
Angle subtended at eye by the final image
Magnification = m =
Angle subtended at eye by the object
Angle subtended at eyepiece by the final image
m
Angle subtended at objective by the object
 Q1EP1 tan Q1EP1
m m m
 Q1OP1 tan Q1OP1
[α and β being very small, tanα = α and tanβ = β]
Q1 P1
Q E QO f
m 1  1  o
Q1 P1 Q1 E f e
Q1O
Limitations of refracting telescope over reflecting type telescope :
(a) Refracting telescope suffers from chromatic aberration as it uses large sized lenses.
(b) The requirement of big lenses tend to be very heavy and therefore, difficult to make.
(ii) Given, f0 = 1 cm
fe = 2.5 cm
m = 300
L D L  25
Since, m   300   L  30cm
f0  fe 1 2.5

33. (i) Explain how free electrons in a metal at constant temperature attain an average velocity under
the action of an electric field. Hence obtain an expression for it.
(ii) Consider two conducting wires A and B of the same diameter but made of different materials
joined in series across a battery. The number density of electrons in A is 1.5 times that in B. Find
the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in wire A to that in wire B.
Ans: (a) (i) In absence of any electric field, the free electrons in metals move haphazardly in all
possible directions and hence, develop no net flow of current. When an electric field is applied, a
force acts on the electrons and the electrons now tend to move in the direction of the force.
When electron collides with lattice, its velocity becomes instantaneously zero and then again it
starts moving in a specific direction due to the applied electric field.
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 1 2
If the average time between two collisions (relaxation time) is τ, then l  a
2
Where l = average drift distance
a = acceleration = Ee/m
E = electric field intensity
e = charge of electron
m = mass of electron
1 Ee 2
l  
2 m
l 1 Ee
Drift velocity =  vd  
 2 m
e
= K, a constant, which depends on the nature
2m
of the material and the temperature.
∴ vd = K × E
Thus, free electrons in a metal at constant temperature under the action of an electric field attain
a constant average velocity.
(b) Since, the wires are joined in series current flowing through then will be same.
Let the current in both A and B be I.
Diameter being same, there areas of cross section are also same. Let it be A.
So, in wire A, I = nAeAvdA
In wire B, I = nBeAvdB
Taking the ratio, we get

OR
(i) A cell emf of (E) and internal resistance (r) is connected across a variable load resistance (R).
Draw plots showing the variation of terminal voltage V with (i) R and (ii) the current (I) in the
load.
(ii) Three cells, each of emf E but internal resistances 2r, 3r and 6r are connected in parallel
across a resistor R.
Obtain expressions for (i) current flowing in the circuit, and (ii) the terminal potential difference
across the equivalent cell.
Ans: (i) Terminal voltage vs. load resistance graph: V = E – ir
E
And i 
Rr
E 1 r
V  E  V  E
Rr rR
ER
V 
Rr

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 Terminal voltage vs. current graph: V = E – ir

(ii) Three cells combination diagram is given below,

Eeq E1 E2 E3
Current through cells (i) =   
req r1 r2 r3
1 1 1 1
And   
req r1 r2 r3
1 1 1 1 3  2 1 6 1
⇒      
req 2r 3r 6r 6r 6r r
∴ Equivalent resistance of internal resistance req = r
E E E E 3E  2 E  E 6 E E
Putting in equation (i), i  eq      
r 2r 3r 6r 6r 6r r
So, the equivalent circuit is,

E
(i) Current flowing through the circuit = i 
Rr
(ii) Terminal potential difference, V = iR
 E  ER
V   R V 
 Rr  Rr

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