Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating current

Q1 The figure shows a circular loop shrinking into a 2

narrow rectangular loop (shown by dotted line)
in a magnetic field directed upward. Find the
direction of induced current. Give reason for
your answer.

Ans. Anticlockwise direction.

As in this case the area enclosed by the loop decreases and therefore the flux which is out of
the paper decreases. So, the induced current will produce flux out of the paper.
Q2 Figure shows a bar magnet M falling under
gravity through an air cored coil C. plot a
graph showing variation of induced emf (2)
(E) with time (t). What does the area
enclosed by E-t curve depict?

A −dϕ
As E= , so, induced emf first increases, becomes maximum and decreases to zero and when
dt
magnet crosses the magnet, emf changes its direction, increases, becomes maximum and finally
decreases to zero. So, the graph will be

Area under E-t graph give change in magnetic flux.

Q3 (i)State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. 3
(ii) A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance 0.7 Ω is placed vertically in the east-west
plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T is set up across the plane in the north-east direction.
The magnetic field is decreased to zero in 0.7s at a steady rate. Determine the magnitudes of
induced emf and current during this time interval.
Ans. (i) Faraday’s law: The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
Q4. Deduce an expression for mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids of same length 6
wound over the other.

A Consider two long co-axial solenoids S1∧S 2, with

wound
S2 .
S1
Let

2
l=length of each solenoid , r 1 , r 2=radii of thetwo solenoids , A=π r 1=area of cross section of inner solenoid S 1
N 1 , N 2=number of turns of the two solenoids

Let l=length of each solenoid , r 1 , r 2=radii of thetwo solenoids ,

2
A=π r 1 =area of cross section of inner solenoid S1
N 1 , N 2=number of turns of the two solenoids
First, we pass a time varying current I 2 through S2.
The magnetic field set up inside S2 due to I 2is B2 μ o n 2 I 2, where
N2
n2 = =the number of turns per unit length of S2
l
Total magnetic flux linked with the inner solenoid is
μo N 1 N 2 A I 2
N 1 ϕ 1=N 1 B2 A=μ o n 2 I 2 . A N 1=
l
∴ Mutual inductance of coil 1 w.r.t. coil 2 is
N 1 ϕ1 μ o N 1 N 2 A
M 12= = ( ∵ N 1 ϕ 1=M 12 I 2)
I2 l
We now consider the flux linked with the outer solenoid S2 due to the current I 1 in the inner
solenoid S1. The field B1 due to I 1 inside S 1
B1=μo n1 I 1
Total magnetic flux linked with the outer solenoid is
μo N 1 N 2 A I 1
N 2 ϕ 2=N 2 B1 A=μ o n1 I 1 . A N 2=
l
∴ Mutual inductance of coil 1 w.r.t. coil 2 is
ϕ 2 μo N 1 N 2 A
M 21= = ( ∵ N 2 ϕ1=M 21 I 1 )
I1 l
Clearly, M 12=M 21=M ( say )
μ N N A
∴ M = o 1 2 =μ o n1 n2 Al=μo n1 n2 π r 21 l
l
If a medium of relative permeability μr is present within the solenoids, then
2
M =μr μ o n 1 n2 π r 1 l
Q5 Prove that an ideal capacitor in an a.c. circuit does not dissipate power. 2
Ans. R
Power dissipated in a.c. circuit, P=V rms I rms cos ϕ where cos ϕ =
Z
For an ideal capacitor R=0 , ∴ cos ϕ=0
∴ P=V rms I rms cos ϕ=V rms I rms x 0=0
ie . power dissipated∈ anidealcapacitor is zero .
Q4 Figure shows two electric circuits A and B. Calculate the ratio of power factor of the circuit 2
B to the Power factor of the circuit A.

R
power foactor cosϕ=
Z
1
For circuit A , Z=√ X 2L + R2= √ 9 R2 + R2= √ 10 R ∴ power factor =
√10
√
For circuit B , Z = R + ( X L− X C ) =√ R + ( 3 R−R ) =√ 5 R
2 2 2 2

1
∴ power factor = ∴ their ratio ( ckt B¿ A )=√ 2
√5
Q6 A circular coil having 20 turns, each of radius 8 cm, is rotating about its vertical diameter 3
with an angular speed of 50 radian s-1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude
30 mT. Obtain the maximum average and r. m. s. values of the emf indued in the coil.
If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10 Ω, how much power is dissipated as heat in
it?
Ans. Emf induced ε =NBAω sin ωt
Given N=20 ,r =8 cm=8 x 10−2 m, ω=50 rad s−1 , B=30 x 10−3 T , R=10 Ω
(i) Maximum value of incident emf
−2 2
ε o=NBAω=20 x 30 x 10 x 3.14 x ( 8 x 10 ) x 50=0.603 V
−3

(ii) Average value of induced emf, ε avg=( NBAω sin ωt ) avg=0

ε0 0.603
R.M.S value of emf, ε rms= = =0.423 V
√2 √2
2
( ε ) ( 0.426 )2
Power dissipated on heat = I 2 R= rms = =1.8 mW
R 10
Q7 An a.c. voltage V =V 0 sin ωt is applied across a pure inductor L. Find an expression for the
current I, flowing in the circuit and show mathematically that the current flowing through it
lags behind the applied voltage by a phase of π /2. Also draw phasor diagram. (3)
A Consider a coil of self inductance L, and negligible resistance. An alternating potential is applied
across its ends.
The instantaneous value of alternating voltage applied is V =V 0 sin ωt
 di
If I is the instantaneous current in the circuit and ,the rate of change of current in the circuit at
dt
that instant, then instantaneous induced emf
di
ε =−L
dt
According to Kirchhoff’s second law in closed circuit
di
V + ε=0∨V −L
=0
dt
di di V V 0 sin ωt V 0 sin ωt
V =L ∨ = = di= dt
dt dt L L L

Integrating w.r.t. time ‘t’,

V 0 −cos ωt −V o
( )
V0
i=
L
∫ sin ωt dt =
L ω
=
ωL
cos ωt
or,

( ) ( )
V0 π π
i= sin ωt− ∨i=i 0 sin ωt−
ωL 2 2

V0
where, i 0=
ωL
Thus the above equation shows that current flowing through
inductor lags behind the applied voltage by a phase of π /2.
Phasor Diagram

Q8 An A.C. generator is connected to a sealed box through a pair of terminals. The box may 3
contain R, L, C or the series combination of any two of the three elements. Measurements
made outside the box reveal that:
E=75 sin ωt (in volt) and I =1.2 sin(ωt + π / 4)¿ in ampere).
(a) Name the circuit elements.
(b) What is the Power factor of the circuit?
(c) What is the rate, at which energy is delivered by the generator to the circuit?
A (a) Series combination of Resistor and Capacitor.
π
(b) power factor cos ϕ=cos =0.707
4
75 1.2
(c) Pav =E v I v cos ϕ= x x 0.707=31.8 W
√2 √2
Q9 An inductor L, a capacitor C and a resistor R are connected in series in an a.c. circuit.
Deduce, with the help of suitable phasor diagrams, a mathematical expression for
impedance of this circuit. What is meant by resonance of this circuit? Prove that this circuit
1
exhibits resonance at a frequency given by
2 π √ LC
A

From the circuit, we see that the resistor, inductor and capacitor are in series. Therefore,
the ac current in each element is the same at any time, having the same amplitude and
phase. Let it be
i=i m sin ( ωt +ϕ )
ϕ
where is the phase difference between the voltage across the source and the current in the
circuit.
Let I be the phasor representing the current in the circuit as given by Further, let VL, VR,
VC, and V represent the voltage across the inductor, resistor, capacitor and the source,
respectively. We know that VR is parallel to I, VC is π/2 behind I and VL is π/2 ahead of I.
VL, VR, VC and I are shown in Fig. above with appropriate phase relations.
The length or amplitude of these phasors are
v Rm=I m R , v Cm=I m X C , v Lm=I m X L
From the fig using Pythagoras theorem, we get
2 2 2
v m=v Rm + ( v Cm −v Lm )
2 2 2
v m=( I m R ) + ( I m X C −I m X L )
2 2
¿ , v m =I m ¿
vm
¿ I m= 2
√ R +( X C− X L )
2

√ 2
the above equation gives impedance Z= R + ( X C −X L )
2

Impedance diagram
X C− X L
tan ϕ=
R
X C −X L
sin ϕ=
Z
R
cos ϕ= =power factor
Z

Phasor Diagram
Q10 Explain the various losses in transformer and explain how these losses can be minimised.
A (i) Flux Leakage: There is always some flux leakage; that is, not all of the flux due to
primary passes through the secondary due to poor design of the core or the air gaps in the
core. It can be reduced by winding the primary and secondary coils one over the other.
(ii) Resistance of the windings: The wire used for the windings has some resistance and so,
energy is lost due to heat produced in the wire (I^2 R). In high current, low voltage
windings, these are minimised by using thick wire.
(iii) Eddy currents: The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents in the iron core
and causes heating. The effect is reduced by using a laminated core.
(iv) Hysteresis: The magnetisation of the core is repeatedly reversed by the alternating
magnetic field. The resulting expenditure of energy in the core appears as heat and is kept
to a minimum by using a magnetic material which has a low hysteresis loss.