COMPUTER LESSONS FOR BEGINNERS

Jct Itech Training Centre will be very useful for beginners. You shall learn
all or most of the basics on Computing. You may want to browse the
internet, sending email, creating simple document, writing a letter, creating
files and folders, copying or deleting files, installing or uninstalling your
unwanted application programs, creating a password for your user
account, enhancing your photo or video taking, chatting and messaging
your friends and relatives via Facebook, Messenger, What’s App, Line, and
Skype or We Chat etc….
Nowadays, every one of us using Mobile Phones, Tablet, Laptop, and
Notebook. Do you know that you can actually Transfer, Copy, Move all your
Lovely Stuffs such as Movies, Music, Audio, Songs, Photos, Pictures,
Documents, What’s Apps Messages, Facebook Messenger and etc… from
and to your Mobile to your Desktop Computer, Tablet, Laptop & Notebook.
WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Computer is a Common Operating Machine Particularly Used for Trade and
Education Research. Computer is a fast data processing an electronic
device that manipulates information, (data). It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can
use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and surf the
Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations,
and even videos.
C - Common
O - Operating
M - Machine
P - Particularly
U - used for
T - Trade and
E - Educational
R - Research
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Different types of computers

When most people hear the word computer, they think of a personal
computer such as a desktop or laptop. However, computers come in
many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our
daily lives. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the
store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of computer.

Desktop computers
Many people use desktop
computers at work, home, and
school. Desktop computers are
designed to be placed on a desk,
and they're typically made up of a
few different parts, including
the computer case, monitor
keyboard, and mouse.

Laptop computers

The second type of computer you

may be familiar with is a laptop
computer, commonly called a
laptop. Laptops are battery-
powered computers that
are more portable than
desktops, allowing you to use
them almost anywhere.
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Tablet computers

Tablet computers—or tablets—are

handheld computers that are even more
portable than laptops. Instead of a
keyboard and mouse, tablets use
a touch-sensitive screen for typing and
navigation. The iPad is an example of a
tablet.
Servers

A server is a computer that serves up

information to other computers on a
network. For example, whenever you use the
Internet, you're looking at something that's
stored on a server. Many businesses also use
local file servers to store and share files
internally.

Other types of computers

 Smartphones: Many cell phones can do a lot of things like
computers can do, including browsing the Internet and playing
games.
 Wearables: Wearable technology is a general term for a group
of devices—including fitness trackers and smartwatches—
that are designed to be worn throughout the day.
 Game consoles: A game console is a specialized type of
computer that is used for playing video games on your TV.
 TVs: Many TVs now include applications—or apps—that let
you access various types of online content. For example, you
can stream video from the Internet directly onto your TV.
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Personal Computers And Macintosh Computers

Personal computers come in two main styles: PC and Mac. Both are fully
functional, but they have a different look and feel, and many people prefer
one or the other.
Personal Computer [PC]

This type of computer began with the

original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981.
Other companies began creating similar
computers, which were called IBM PC
Compatible (often shortened to PC). Today, this
is the most common type of personal computer,
and it typically includes the Microsoft
Windows operating system.

Macintosh computer

The Macintosh computer was

introduced in 1984, and it was the first
widely sold personal computer with a
graphical user interface,
or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs are
made by one company (Apple), and they
almost always use the Mac OS
X operating system.
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Hardware vs. software

Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical
structure, such as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the
computer's internal parts, which you can see in the image below.
COMMON HARDWARE
MONITOR: The monitor is the piece of computer hardware that displays the
video and graphics information generated by the computer through
the video card. Monitors are very similar to televisions but usually display
information at a much higher resolution.

KEYBOARD: A keyboard is used to enter data into a computer or other

device. There is no standard computer keyboard, although many
manufacturers imitate the PC...

MOUSE: A computer mouse is a handheld hardware input device that

controls a cursor in a Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Mother board
A motherboard is one of the
most essential parts of a
computer system. It holds
together many of the crucial
components of a computer,
including the central processing
unit (CPU), memory and
connectors for input and output
devices. a motherboard
contains a number of sockets
and slots to connect the other components. (motherboard connect all parts
of the computer)
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Video card

The video
card is an

expansion card that allows the computer to send graphical information to a

video display device such as a monitor, TV, or projector. Some other names
for a video card include graphics card, graphics adapter,
Sound card

The sound card is an expansion card that

allows the computer to send audio
information to an audio device, like
speakers, a pair of headphones, etc. Many
modern computers do not have sound
expansion cards but instead have the
same technology integrated directly onto
the motherboard.
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Ethernet card / Network card (NIC)

The NIC is what provides the hardware interface between a computer and a
network. This is true whether the network is wired or wireless since the
NIC can be used for Ethernet networks as well as Wi-Fi ones, as well as
whether it's a desktop or laptop.

NIC with USB NIC wireless NIC

Blue ray
Blu-ray is one of the two major High Definition disc formats (the other
being HD-DVD) that were introduced to consumers in 2006. to increased
video capacity, Blu-ray also provides more audio capacity than DVD.

HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) C:

Large memory storage device. Hard Disk Drive (HDD), hard drive, or
fixed disk, is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic
storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid
rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.

Outside

Inside
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RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

Random Access Memory, or RAM, is the physical hardware inside a
computer that temporarily stores data, serving as the computer's
"working" memory. Some popular manufacturers: Kingston, PNY, Crucial
Technology, and Corsair.

PROCESSOR/CPU
The processor – also called the Central Processing Unit
or CPU – is the brain of the computer. It does the bulk of
the processing and co-ordinates all of the other pieces of
hardware so your computer works as it should do. The
processor fetches, interprets, processes and sends
information.
There are two companies that dominate the processor market, and that is
Intel (Pentium) and AMD (K6). If you buy any computer, the chances are
high that one of those two companies has manufactured your computer
processor…..

13. BIOS
BIOS (Basic Input/output System) are the program a
personal computer's microprocessor uses
to get the computer system started after
you turn it on. It also manages data flow
between the computer's operating system and attached all devices

Bios is initialize and testing all components of the computer

ASCII (/ˈæskiː/ ( listen) ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information
Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent
text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices.
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Software
Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to
do and how to do it.
Three types of software
 Operating system software [OS]
 Application software
 Programming software

Operating system software [OS]

The software helps you to operate the computer. It acts just like a
translator to translate between computers and users.

ASCII - Binary Character Table

Letter ASCII Code Binary Letter ASCII Code Binary
a 097 01100001 A 065 01000001
b 098 01100010 B 066 01000010
c 099 01100011 C 067 01000011
d 100 01100100 D 068 01000100
e 101 01100101 E 069 01000101
f 102 01100110 F 070 01000110
g 103 01100111 G 071 01000111
h 104 01101000 H 072 01001000
i 105 01101001 I 073 01001001
j 106 01101010 J 074 01001010
k 107 01101011 K 075 01001011
l 108 01101100 L 076 01001100
m 109 01101101 M 077 01001101
n 110 01101110 N 078 01001110
o 111 01101111 O 079 01001111
p 112 01110000 P 080 01010000
q 113 01110001 Q 081 01010001
r 114 01110010 R 082 01010010
s 115 01110011 S 083 01010011
t 116 01110100 T 084 01010100
u 117 01110101 U 085 01010101
v 118 01110110 V 086 01010110
w 119 01110111 W 087 01010111
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x 120 01111000 X 088 01011000

y 121 01111001 Y 089 01011001
z 122 01111010 Z 090 01011010

Title Page

Introduction Sample pages: K is for kitsch or W is for Wall

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System)

The most important thing is its only works with commands by typing
command. Command Prompt is typically used by advanced users. For
example, if you open the Command Prompt window and see the C:\>
command prompt with a blinking cursor to the right of the right angle
bracket character (>), the command you enter will be run on the entire C
drive of your computer.
GUI [Graphical User Interface]
In the late 1970s, the Xerox Palo Alto research laboratory created GUIs,
which are now common in Windows, Mac OS, and many software
applications. This interface uses icons, menus and other visual indicator
(graphics) representations to display information and related user
controls, GUI representations are manipulated by a pointing device such as
a mouse, or a finger on a touch screen. Example: Microsoft Windows8,
10, Android, iOS
Windows [operating system]
Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft. The operating
system is what allows you to use a computer. Windows comes preloaded on
most new personal computers. Microsoft released the first version of
Windows in the mid-1980s. There have been many versions of Windows
since then, but the most recent ones include Windows 10 64 bit (released
in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), Windows Vista (2007),
and Windows XP 32 bit (2001).
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Bits and bytes

A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit
has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide
instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed
to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes.
An alphanumeric character (e.g. a letter or number such as 'A', 'B' or '7') is
stored as 1 byte. For example, to store the letter 'R' uses 1 byte, which is
stored by the computer as 8 bits, '01010010'.
8 bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 kilo bytes (KB)
1024 KB = 1 Megabytes (MB)
1024 MB = 1 Gigabytes (GB)
1024 GB = 1 Terabytes (TB)
1024 TB = 1 Petabytes (PB)
64 bit operating system
In computer architecture, 64-bit computing is the use of processors that
have datapath widths, integersize, and memory address widths of
64 bits (eight octets).
Comparison of 32-bit and 64-bit memory architecture for 64-bit
editions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003
Summary
In the following table, the increased maximum resources of computers that
are based on 64-bit versions of Windows and the 64-bit Intel processor are
compared with existing 32-bit resource maximums.
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Architectural component 64-bit Windows 32-bit Windows

Virtual memory 16 terabytes 4 GB

Paging file size 256 terabytes 16 terabytes

Hyperspace 8 GB 4 MB

Paged pool 128 GB 470 MB

Non-paged pool 128 GB 256 MB

System cache 1 terabyte 1 GB

System PTEs 128 GB 660 MB

Virtual memory
This is a method of extending the available physical memory on a
computer. In a virtual memory system, the operating system creates a
pagefile, or swapfile, and divides memory into units called pages. Recently
referenced pages are located in physical memory, or RAM.

Paging file
This is a disk file that the computer uses to increase the amount of physical
storage for virtual memory.
Hyperspace
This is a special region that is used to map the process working set list and
to temporarily map other physical pages for such operations as zeroing a
page on the free list
Paged pool
This is a region of virtual memory in system space that can be paged in and
out of the working set of the system process. Paged pool is created during
system initialization and is used by Kernel-mode components to allocate
system memory.
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Non-paged pool
This is a memory pool that consists of ranges of system virtual addresses
that are guaranteed to be resident in physical memory at all times and thus
can be accessed from any address space without incurring paging
input/output (I/O). Non-paged pool is created during system initialization
and is used by Kernel-mode components to allocate system memory.
System cache
These are pages that are used to map open files in the system cache.
System PTEs
A pool of system Page Table Entries (PTEs) that is used to map system
pages such as I/O space, Kernel stacks, and memory descriptor lists. 64-bit
programs use a 16-terabyte tuning model (8 terabytes User and 8 terabytes
Kernel). 32-bit programs still use the 4-GB tuning model (2 GB User and 2
GB Kernel). This means that 32-bit processes that run on 64-bit versions of
Windows run in a 4-GB tuning model (2 GB User and 2GB Kernel). 64-bit
versions of Windows have currently implemented up to 16 terabytes of
address space.
A 64-bit processor is capable of storing more computational values,
including memory addresses, which means it's able to access over four
billion times the physical memory of a 32-bit processor
Application software
Application software are end-user programs because they enable the user
to complete tasks, such as creating documents, spreadsheets, databases and
publications, doing online research, sending email, designing graphics,
running businesses, and even playing games! Application software is
specific to the task it is designed for and can be as simple as a calculator
application or as complex as a word processing application.

When you begin creating a document, the word processing software has
already set the margins, font style and size, and the line spacing for you. But
you can change these settings, and you have many more formatting options
available. For example, the word processor application makes it easy to add
color, headings, and pictures or delete, copy, move, and change the
document's appearance to suit your needs. Example: Microsoft office,
Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw, etc…
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Programming software
A programming language is a set of commands, instructions, and
other syntax use to create a software program. Languages that programmers
use to write code are called "high-level languages." This code can be
compiled into a "low-level language," which is recognized directly by the
computer hardware.
High-level languagesare designed to be easy to read and understand. This
allows programmers to write source code in a natural fashion, using logical
words and symbols. For example, reserved words like function, while, if,
and else are used in most major programming languages.
Symbols like <, >, ==, and! = are common operators. Many high-level
languages are similar enough that programmers can easily understand
source code written in multiple languages.
Examples of high-level languages include C, C++, Java, Perl, and PHP.
Languages like C++ and Java are called "compiled languages" since the
source code must first be compiled in order to run. Languages like Perl and
PHP are called "interpreted languages" since the source code can be run
through an interpreter without being compiled. Generally, compiled
languages are used to create software applications, while interpreted
languages are used for running scripts, such as those used to generate
content for dynamic websites.
Low-level languages include assembly and machine languages. An assembly
language contains a list of basic instructions and is much more difficult to
read than a high-level language. In rare cases, a programmer may decide to
code a basic program in an assembly language to ensure it operates as
efficiently as possible. An assembler can be used to translate the assembly
code into machine code. The machine code, or machine language, contains a
series of binary codes that are understood directly by a computer's CPU.
Machine language is not designed to be human readable.