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Data Analytic
Adhi Harmoko Saputro

Data Analytic
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Types of Data Analysis

Descriptive Exploratory Diagnostic Predictive Prescriptive

Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis

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Descriptive Analysis - What happened

• The starting point for any analytic reflection
• Aims to answer the question of what happened?
• Ordering, manipulating, and interpreting raw data from various sources to turn it into
valuable insights for your organization
• Generates simple summaries about samples and measurements
• Measures of central tendency, variability, frequency and position
• Summarize and describe the data using descriptive statistics
• The result is a simple presentation of the data

• Enables us to present our insights in a meaningful way

• Will not allow you to predict future outcomes or tell you the answer to questions like why
something happened

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Descriptive Analysis

Central Tendency Variability

• Mean • Range
Distribution • Median • Standard Deviation
• Mode • Variance
• Interquartile Range

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Descriptive Analysis Example

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Descriptive Analysis Example

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Exploratory Analysis - How to explore data relationships

• Helps you to find connections, generate hypotheses and solutions for specific problems

• Discover relationships between measures in the data, which are not evidence for the
existence of the correlation, as denoted by the phrase, “Correlation doesn’t imply causation”
• Useful for discovering new connections and forming hypotheses
• It drives design planning and data collection

• It’s most useful when formulating hypotheses

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Exploratory Analysis Example

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Diagnostic Analysis - Why it happened

• Empowers analysts and executives by helping them gain a firm contextual understanding of
why something happened
• Will be able to pinpoint the exact ways of tackling the issue or challenge

• Designed to provide direct and actionable answers to specific questions

• One of the world’s most important methods in research

• Taking initial findings and investigating why certain patterns in data happen
• Involve analyzing other related data sources, including past data, to reveal more insights
into current data trends
• Ideal for further exploring patterns in data to explain anomalies

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Diagnostic Analysis Example

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Predictive Analysis - What will happen

• Look into the future to answer the question: what will happen?
• Uses the results of the previously mentioned descriptive, exploratory, and diagnostic
analysis, in addition to machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI)
• Can uncover future trends, potential problems or inefficiencies, connections, and
casualties in your data

• Can unfold and develop initiatives that will not only enhance your various operational
processes but also help you gain an all-important edge over the competition

• If you understand why a trend, pattern, or event happened through data, you will be able to
develop an informed projection of how things may unfold in particular areas

• Predictive analysis takes data from the past and present to make predictions about the future

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Predictive Analysis Example

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Prescriptive Analysis - How will it happen

• The most effective types of analysis methods in research
• Cross over from predictive analysis in the way that it revolves around using patterns or
trends to develop responsive, practical business strategies

• Will play an active role in the data consumption process by taking well-arranged sets of visual
data and using it as a powerful fix to emerging issues in a number of key areas\

• Compiles insights from other previous data analyses and determines actions that teams or
companies can take to prepare for predicted trends
• May come right after predictive analysis, but it may involve combining many different data
analyses.
• Need advanced technology and plenty of resources to conduct prescriptive analysis
• AI systems that process data and adjust automated tasks are an example of the
technology required to perform prescriptive analysis
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Prescriptive Analysis Example

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Important Tips
• Correlation doesn’t imply causation
• EDA helps discover new connections and form hypotheses
• A good prediction depends on the right input variables
• A simple linear model with enough data usually does the trick
• Good data is hard to find, and to produce it requires expensive research
• Results from studies are done in aggregate and are average effects and might not apply to
everyone

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Data Analysis Methods

• Text analysis • Cluster Analysis

Qualitative

Quantitative
• Content Analysis • Cohort Analysis
• Thematic Analysis • Regression Analysis
• Narrative Analysis • Neural Networks
• Discourse Analysis • Dimension Reduction
• Grounded Theory Analysis • Data Mining
• Time series analysis
• Decision Trees
• Conjoint analysis
• Correspondence Analysis
• Multidimensional Scaling

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Type of Data Structure

Semi-structured
Structured Data Unstructured Data
Data
• Numerical • Text Data • Web-based data
• Discrete • Images • JSON (JavaScript Object
• Continuous • Audio Notation)
• Categorical • Video • XML
• Ordinal
• Nominal

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Data Analytic Tools

Excel
• Use the Analysis ToolPak to perform complex data analysis
• Uses the appropriate statistical macro functions to calculate and display the results in an output table

Python - Programming Language

• Using additional library to perform data analysis: Pandas, Numpy, Matplotlib, Seaborn
• Combine with Machine Learning to o uncover various patterns present in the data

MATLAB - Programming Language

• Accessing data from many files and any type of files
• Using Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox

Advance Analytical Tools

• AI-based Data Analytics Tools
• Commercial or free licence

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Terima Kasih
Adhi Harmoko Saputro

Data Analytic