Determinant

A specific method to represent and simplify

a
complicated expression in the form of
a
square array
Determinant Order 2
of
9 92 an bz Az by
bi be

Determinant Order 3
of
4 C2 G
Rr 91 912 913
pay Az azz azz yous
R Az 932 933

Elementof ith row

Any Element Aig and column
jth
a big bk Az big 6397 93 big baa

G Glab 93Mt G Aiba Aab

9263 9362

9 bas bye bicarb as a Arby 934

92 biz bz9 bz 95 939 Calabz Azbl
Az biz bag 531912929 C3 abz 924
 Sign Scheme
I II
6 ways to open a 3 3 determinant

A 92 93 At
bi be 63 by
Ca G G
II
a
d d d di É
be by by B t
a c c a
d d dy
as
G
de de de
G G
task If att dede 93

Determinant of order n
total n elements
total 2n ways to expand

Two determinants same order said

of are
to be equal same number
they if represent
I 2 2 t t
I 3 o 1 2 4

4 4 4
i Equal Determinants
 A determinant order 3 is
of formed using
digits I 1 find max
possible value of
this determinant
SI 1 A lot
a
it
I c Ix e incl C 1 in 411 D t 11
I I C1 H1 1
TAE

MINOR AND COFACTOR OF AN ELEMENT

All 912 913

921 922 923
931 932 933

Minor Minor of determinant

an element of a

is the determinant formed by removing

entire row and column in which the element
is present
a
I 1923 911 912
932 933 931 932
M
Minor of
 Minor of a determinant of order n

will be another determinant order

of
n 1 n 2

Determinant
der
b Ma
d4 I
a
a
c d Mc b

Ai Mi 912Miz t 913Miz
All 912 913

931 Azz 933 9311931 9321932 9335933

al Mn Az M2 t 931731
912Miz t 9221922 9321932
9137913 9231923 9331933

Cofactor cofactor lij of an element Aij of a

determinant is defined as

J
Cij C 1
Mig
et a
an Ar Mll Azz
921 922 Ci C1 My
i Cll tail

Miz 921 612 C1

2
MIL MIL
C 12 ay
et an Cll 91292 91343
All 912 913 921621 922 22 923623
921 922 923
931 3 932632 933 33
as as as
All G 9216214931 31
912 12 922622 93262
9134 t 923623 933 33

C2 C1 Ma Mal
I
031 C 1 193 C 1 M3 M3

I I 2 3 find
4 5 6 find My Cz
7 8 9
Find 1933 C33

SI
1 5 9 C 6 87 211 4 9 1 7 C 61
36 4 8 771 5
360

1421 2 3 18 24 42
g g

Cz C1 My 42

1933 I 2
1933 3 33 7933 3
4 g
 an
an
air
an
ais
an
a'joy É Ai Ci
9 as a
fq.gg
AgiCay
off.ae
gi Ec3Ci3

Value
of determinant is equal to sum of
a

all elements a row or column

of
multiplied by their corresponding cofactors

take
of elements of
we sum a row
If
multiplied by corresponding cofactors of
then the sum
elements of
any other
row
obtained is zero
This also holds for columns

91 912 913 0
2 22 23

t 93242 933613 0
431C
0
912613 922623 t 932633

I
I
an air ais
921 922 923
find E
JI 1 aijcij
931 932 933
SI 1 EE aircia
j

j 2
Eg Air Cir

j 3 EE Ai Ci
Add 3 Az

find k
I
0
3 2 I

Kt3 6 3 1 gtk 2 9 212 0

FREE the o 0 0

K ER

find R G 1
I N
2K 3 4
2
O

0 I
Exp along 3rd row
SI
OC 1 4N 24 26 34124 0

2K 4182 0 K Oy
 Let D 93 and Ai
Y Az Az Bi 14,6
4
bi
I
be b3

represents cofactors of elements at 92 sea Cs

respectively Prove that Be Be AD

SI IT 132C BG a D

Ba aba arb t B abs 93by

an bzBz Aab Bat Gb Bz Gb By
all babatbzBst bB bicarbztazB.at
TF I Tibi
AD

Properties of Determinant
I If interchange rows by columns of
we a

determinant then value of determinant

remains same
Rec a b c
an az Az
b be by 92 be Cz
a C2 13 93 by G
Taking transpose
Be If all elements row or column
of any
determinant are zero then value
a
of
of determinant is zero

o o
et o
Cy Az 93
by bz b

two columns
or
By If any rows
of a
determinant are identical then value
of determinant is zero

ex a 92 93
Cy Az 93
by B2 bz

two of determinant are

II y any rows a
value of determinant
interchanged the
changes its sign
This is valid for columns also

M 92 93
by bz b Yy Ey My
G Cz G
bi be by
Ri a Ra 9 92 93
9 Cz G
Rie R UV
 G Cz Cz
a az G
az
by bz by

Pf of element
each
of a row or column

of a determinant is multiplied by a
constal then value of determinant also
gets multiplied that constant
by
a b e ka Kb ke
d k
e
fi E f
g u g
I ka k b a ke a b c
d
pd pea pf ampk e
fi
am i mh g n
my
ampk
et ka kb
K2
a b

KC kd c d

Ka kb ke a b
y
d Kf k d
e e
f
g h ni g h i
 single correct

am pai
an ant an an an
i n un É
ants motto pants 2n ants
T
x common
from G
I an ant

1
0
N I seen
ants may
Check Ntl
D
N Nnt2 Kzn
I sent ntl
ants antt Rants Xs common from
4 seen.gs Rz
A If It L
K Nnt2 Kzn
N I sent ntl t

y antz Wn
46 ath bty ctz a b c n y z
d e
f d e
f t d e
f
i g h i h i
g n g

If each element
of
a row or column can
be expressed as two terms then
a sum
of
the determinant can be expressed as a
sum
of two determinants
ex ctr
atp beg no
of determinants
when expressed by
at em
fan
in splitting as sum
gta hey
I
a b e h
p q
III EITI total o
I
an
s X Y t 1
p I1
Mil A
11 11 1 1
N11
1
A
1 11

rt
It Nyt e
nintilcanti
6

ÉEr
cozy El
n

É art b a Er Eb
artist
bn
 r n ninth
2 find De
Da za 1 ne
y rel
d
II 3r 2 2 nC3n 1
DitDztDzt Du

SI 2
23am
2111 1 t 2121 1
347 2 3121 1
3131 2
Items

IT N
nay
y ne
EY
Eye 2 my

ITEM 1 9 12
51,3 2
need
63 Er 2.51

ng n
Mff
Y N2 0
m2 Az
IED
g
me
 Row Column operations
P F
a b a
we split
d e
f
g h i
pain a b c da en
fr
Ri Rit aka
atdnbtexctfx Eft ftp.
g en ti
Rit Rit N Rz t y Rs

at dutyg been i
yh crafty
d e
fi
g h

statement The value determinant is

of a

unchanged if we add to the elements

of any row the same multiples of
corresponding elements of any other row
This is also columns
applicable for
a b c 92 ca 26 9
d e
f a c
h i b 2c ta
g
dg
Etsitty
 a b c
I d e
f
n i
g
Ri Ri t a Re at old bine ctn f
Ree Ret y Ry dtyg etyh Jtyi
h i
g
NOTE While Row column operations
using
atleast one row or column must remain
unchanged

special Determinants
I 1 I I
2
4 Cy ere
I Yy 22
g a Ca Ca Ca G
O O 1 0 o
d y K Y Y z
I 2 1 I Z
2kg2 y 22
32 22
My ytz
I command F e common
n
y
R y Cy el Icytz Carty
z E N
y Cy
 I n n
t
y y y Y 2 2 a atytz
a y

Rit Ri Ra o n R y Ge y common
y
Rit Ra R 0 23 Cy 2 common
y z y3
1 2 23

G y y 2 0 I Ntyltry
0 I ykeltyz
1 2 23
Expansion along G

K g Cy 2
Hz4yz Nyt Ny
2 N
y y 24yz ny
2222
4 Cy 2
412 2

R y Y 2 z A atytz
3 i n n
Ge y 2
t
yr y3 y 2 E
nytyztz.ae
I 22 23
o
a b c
Babe a b c
b e a

tbt c alt bye ab be ca

2
Ca b t c t c a
Cathy
at btc at btc at btc
Rit Rit RztR3
b c a
e a b

at btc b d d
c a b
a b c
For a ABC if d E g
30

then ABC is
A Rt but B Isosceles C Equilateral D None
not but not These
isosceles
right
SI catbtc a b 46 5 4 93
qb bae
c a
2
yo

a
c
Only Possibility a b c
 23 66 11
36 55 26
63 143 37
Til common

449 26 11 6 11
11 36 5 26 0
at 34 34

265 240 219

O
240 225 198
MI 219 198 181

3 1 22 3N N
K 2K x2 AN BNstattDNtExype
1 22
ta
x2 2x

find A a Bt Dtf Ct Eta

SI Lhs at expansion it n at highest power 5

i A O Ar
1 0
1 0
ototototototh
8 f g
9 1 Am
 1 22 3N N2
K 142K N BUTCH'T DN't ENTER th
22 2K 142K

N 1 I 1 Bt Ct Dtetfth
1 1 I I e Btc Dt E f th

Add 2 Et G It
Sub 2 B Dt F 14
Geta 7 B Dt F Tt

the following is valid Row

Yz Which of
a

column operation

Ri Ri 222 3
g g I
a a a
Cz
Ri Rit Ca 9 24 g
Ri Ratty

265 240 219

O
240 225 198
MI 219 198 181
949 G j GT Cz G
 25 21 219 25 21 219
15 27 198 3 5 9 66
21 17 181 21 17 181

G g ca G Cz log
4 21 219 21 9
4 9 66 E
J t it is It
Ri Rit Rz Rat Ratty
O 30 IS
0 1 A o

9 29 1,3

828 look At 2 1048 K X

SI 3139 100 3413 10 9 K p
62C 100 6 2 10 1C K V
Rat Rat 100121 1013

A 3 6
100A 12 10 8 39100 1013 9 6 100 2 104

2 B 2
 A 3 6
KL KP KV
2 B 2

A 3 6
K Div by K
a r
2
p
B Z

TPT it a 1 I
I
q 1 Y he
case
tattt
Sol tat Itt
g a Cz
abc
ta ta ta
ca ca g
t f t
t t E
4 1

abc I 0 Ya Expansion along

I b
RI
o I y

abc I It't t OC tall o

abc
tattttetl
 36 69 36 39

SI 1231 Rz 3K Rat R2 2K
a by a Ctbta
0 A bra
0 Ba 3bt7a

a acbttal Jal be a

at 31 93 Am
31 79 60

F a

sod
multiply a 93 1 a'b as
a

multiply ab bat b be he
be 3 1
Multipye
Ac ok

f comma fangmm
f coma
At 93 93
y
yy 63
a
63 1
3
b
get
 Ri Rit Rat Rz

aptest 93 54 3 1 a Btc'll
63 btl b3
a a Atl

I l
a b'tests
63 Btl b

a the 1 I 11
a b a 11 11
93 6 13 10
a b c
2 I I 3 possible triplets
I 2 I
1 I 2

some
of ford
Itd be c2 2
941 ab ac
92 by C2 o ab b'd be to

al bl Cta ac be Ctd
 979 6 6 attached be C2
SI a4b4c'd by C2
a4b4c'd bl Eta
Lak band I be c
l by C2 0 AILECH o

1 be Ctd JE akiba
AT Rz Rz Rz Rat Ra R Am

I b c
O N O 1 22 0 0

O d d 1 0
AT

Ad ab ac
be 0
ab b'd
Ac be Ctd

bI
multiple ab at
a ay d a

1
4111
41lb be
act be CHAK
41
c
b b b
common a b C
Am d o

d abled
 at PT
g Without expanding any stage
I a alba
0
I b bac
I c c ab
Maultiply
SI I a a l a bed
I b bl I b ca e b
I c ca I c ab c

I a al k a abc
I
l
b
c
b
ca
b
a
b bea
e
te
dy
common
I a at a
I b be be
big t Ed
i
City

Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Determinants

All 912 913
921 922 923 Diagonal Elements
931 932 at if
 is symmetric if aij Aj
au A 12
MI x x y es 931 913
g p a 932 923
a V
y
2
is skew symmetric if aij Aji
ie o
aijtaji
all air ais I 4 it
if
921 aiitdii daiztaz.ro
931
9,2
ago ai 913 931 0

All Diagonal 923 932

entries O 01
n
I o y sum of all
K O Z 0 non
corresponding
2 Diagonal entries
Y o
O

Note Value of
a skew symmetric determinant
of odd order is always zero
if o n
y
l common
each
from
row
R o z O H
y
Z 43 O 2
Y O N
Z O
Y
 RIC
o n y
a K O Z
z 2 o
Y o
c O

FACTOR Theorem
sea in determinant the
If by putting vanishes
a

becomes here
value
of determinant
then se a is a that determinant
factor of
I n see yeezy idea
n y y 3 factors
1 2 22
At
y is factor
n 0 n a
y
At is
y
2 0
y
z
is
a
factor
At me 0 N Z a
factor
I n R2
K 2 x z
I y y2 y Cy
1 2 22
2 0 1 2 1
y
1 0 0
1 KC DC 2 I 2K ICI C D
I I K I
 I n R2

1 2 22
tt i
a a 2 Ge by x c 2
2 c 2
Cy at Cy b Cy
2
2 2
z a 2 b 2 c

Degree 6 6 factors expected

At
y is
0
n
y n
2 is a
factor
a

At 2 0
y factor
y
a 2 is a
At me 0
factor
At b a b is a
a o
factor
At b c b c is a
0
factor
c a is a
At Cea 0
factor
2
a Ge by CR CR
2 c 2 KCR y y 2 N 2 a b b c ca
a b y
Cy Cy
b 212 02
at
Mff
z 2

Pt
It 2 ag y 2 z 2 Ca b b c Coal
My

AT
 0 1 4
K 1 I 2 I I 2
I 0 1
4 I 0

4C 1 4K 8
11 4 4K
K 2

Multiplication Two determinants

of
Two determinants of Same order can be
another
multiplied The result would be
determinant same order
of
4 Methods most preferred
BE
z
Order 2
an be
I to aytbw
cat da cytdw
Order 3
apt batch agtbytom artbeten
d
dptentfldqteytfmdrteztf
f n y z
In dght.PE
e

gpt until gathytim get hatin

2 0 4 I
I 3 2 1
82
I
 I 0 2 2 O t t 10 3
I 3 l I 1 4 28
32
I 7 3 3 s 0 22 26

find the value of Casca P Casca 9 Casca R

of CasCB P Cas 13 9 Cas B R
ConCC P Casa g Case R
Casacasptfniatrid
Sdf capcasptfmasmP
acaspartsmatik
Casca P CECA Casca R
9
CasCB P Cas 13 9 Cas B R
ConCC P Casa g Case R

Cara Smith a carp Cass Carr

CasB SniB o snip Smg smr Az
Casc Smc 0 0 8 8 40

3 42 132
Ithtp 1

Iap 1 4 132 1443

133

1 241321 8 133 inept

It 141 Ithtp 42 132 1

tap 1 4 132 1443 133

1 241321 24133 Itatept
 I t t t t I
i n 22
p l a
1 a i pi
p p
2
g Cy ere
ne y ee
I a a 13143 172
R a 2 c 2
by x
Y Cy at Cy b 2 Cy c 2
2
z a
2
2 b 212 c

meant
Yg p gig 2 c 2
Cy at Cy b y 2
z a
2
2 b 212 c

NE N I I 1 I
1 za 2b 2C
9
y y a
22 2 1 a2 be
I N N I l 1
2 61 b c
I Y YZ
a
n z at bl ch
 2 x El z se b b c c a
y Cy a

ME we replace each element

If
determinant
of its
a

of order n by
corresponding cofactor then value
n of
determinant thus obtained is
Pf for order 3

9 92 93
bi be b
G Cz Cz
IIT 62
I At Az Az
Bi B2 133
G Cz Cz
Consider M 92 as Al B C
of b be b
Cz 63
Az Bz C2
Rec 9 A3 By Cz

O O
O O
O O
1 3 2
Note y mate live
slope m

ant
by t c o
slope g
G bye an c
Ya
y ft Eb
mm a
aunt big 19
0
azatbzytcz o

parallel parallel Intersecting

distinct coincident
lines lines
lines Unequal
equal scope Equalslopes
slopes
2 I 2 9 2
Key 6
m Me
Kty S 3Nt3y
g E
E
Ee't
System of Equation CRAMER's Rule
consistent Solms Ex sts
21289
system unique Janis
Iv 39 so angst
3V 389 Inggreinstent No som Exists
I an 2 Eg
0
art big 19
0
Azntbzyt 2

1
Consistent Sons Exists Inconsistent
I Nason
t

gigs Infinite
Sol

E EEE EEE Ez
43
s
nt2y 3 nay

Estis jT
4mgy Infinite
IE
consistent
Unique son So

Interpretation N sons
of
3 find som
Nt2y
ayyy I
Nt ly 3 At Nat 3
y
i Sn ay
Letter
 424 3 find k for
Y Katcktzy
o
Unique son
A son

SI Kt2 2K
I 42 K 2
i KER 23
I 42 34 112

I
k 2
Tf
Kt2 2K 4 Ktu
4 2 H K 2

I 2N 3 Egm
4 aint big 19 0
4 apetblyty
12 AzKt bzytCz 0 lz azktbzy.tk
13993kt by 123 0 43 9321 333 6
consistent system
O
family of lines
concurrent 13 4 112
o lines
0 0 0
23 0 4 04
unique son sot so
4 0 Infinite
coincident lines
138
D
Uniqueson
 Inconsistent system
4 0

É so 12 0

0
0 13
13
0 4 0
4
Y
o
so
É
4 ant big 9 0
9 bi g
12 Azkt bayt 2 0
az ba Cz
93kt bytes o as b G

E Nt
y 2 0
lil
pig 3ntzy 5 0
o g o
N 34 2 0 1 3 2
a any
2 0
ex nay o
Ny 4 0 p
pig o
Ntyts
Ent y 12 0
to
rig sexy 4 0
1 23
3 0
Atty
Note Consistent system o
But 0 D Consistent system
 Warning Rule
some o

system 4,1 13
92ktbayt g 1 o find values of unknown
parameter
Then check system for
those values of
unknown Parameter
fig 1 7

Y nty 1 0
m 1 Rt 3M 7 y 5 0
In
M 2 Rt m 5
4 0 Rypien
consistent

SI
o
0
M l 3m 7 S
m 2 2m 5 0

me 3 m 2
get 0
3 Nt 1 0 m 2 Nty 1
Check M
y so 32 134 5 0

It
Kt o th
Gy o
y
for this system 0

InconsistentSys i m 2 And
 cat d o
Note ant
by represents a
plane
in 3d space

at 2 5 0
2y Parallel and coincident
3kt Gy 32 15 0
planes

NT 2 5
ex Parallel and coffin at
0
2y
3kt Gy 32 2 0

If two planes are not then

line
parallel we

get intersection
a
of
I Nt
y 22 5 0

31 72 0
y

Pi ant by t get di o

I 3V 3Egm
Pa Ant bayt 22 12 0

Pz 93kt
by 32 13 0
Consistent
system
Pro Pao
Unique son
Pao
 Pi O
2 13 0
o
D Sd
p

3 N son
PE O

0
13
4 Here one plane can
pro be expressed in terms
f son of other two planes
ie
p XP 13Pa
g
family of Planes
chapter 3D

Inconsistent
Pro
PEE
12 0
13 0
O
Pz
0
13
Pro
12 0
Jiao Pi o 12 0
0
13 p

Given System
apt b yt 92 di
AzdtbzytC22 dz
93kt bzytC32 dz
 a bi a
Az b2Ca
Az by G
ad c 9 bi de
g d bl
4 2
Y Azdz ca Az badz
dz beca
d by G as d c as beds

2
01 Z
y y

working Rule
find n
y z

0
f 0
consistentsystem
Unique Sol Iyaggoffatteastoneof
x
y is z
Non Zero
Figs
then CHECK Inconsistent

I 1 I
1
2
I
I
1
I
6
gift
i 116

1
6 y 12
it
18
 Consistentsystem so
o
unique
1 2 2 3
x 66 Y 13 18

40 0 a 1
m z
y
n Inconsistent System
Non Parallel planes fig 8
Th 0
TR x y 2

4g
Pansy a son

g
for finding general form of N sons Put any
one
of a y or Z as t
atty 6 35
T
At 2 t ht
24 31 6
At z t Antsy 1Gt 15 I Thtsy 15 Gt 40
and'D
still
by
g
a Q t 3 2t t t ER
 Homogeneous System
System in which all terms have same degree
constant terms will be zero

9 614 0
Represents 2 lines
aurea passing thro
Uzxtbay o
origin
T
0,0 is Always a solution
Geometrically it represents a lines passing
thro origin
Unique O solutions
son N

co o is the is
co o one
of the
only solution solutions Other non
zero solutions also
exists

All variables zero as a solution

Trivial solution

All variables zero is one of the

solutions and other solutions also
exists atleast one of which have
non zero values Trivial AND non
trivial solutions
 Other language
system has non
Trivial and zero solutions also
Nontrivial has Non
Solutions System
trivial solutions

3 V3 Eg Homogeneous System
co is aways
0 a solution
Ant bayt 62
system is always
0 consistent
k y 2

with unique so with a sot

co 0,0 is the only son 010,0 is one
of
the sons along
O with other
near zero sons
Trivial solutions only 0

Trivial Non
e ooo trivial solutions
pi
f
1101907
nyt122 0 010,0
In
y Bio
99
49 52
0
x 12 0
ex sexy
32 34 32
0
010,01 is only
son saggy get
Is arty
at
12
2
0

0
The system has Nonzero
solutions also find the
by value of
2 0
at Yt
Fat Ibt Fc
SI Homogeneous System with Non Zero Sans
o

a 1 I 94 G Cz
I b i o
1 I c G G G

b expansion along first row

E
o

a 1 b 1 e l c O I CA b Ctc D o

a 1 b 1 C Ca 1 l C C b CI c O

l a l b c t cl a i c t CI b l c 0

Divide by Cl a l b l c

Fc Fb Ia
0
Father
o
É Is Ia
Ect Ect Est Ia
Fat Ib e
1 0

Iat Ebt It Am
 Find which the system
gu pig for
At
zyt 92 3 5 Jnasooniamson
No son
N son

SI p 2 q 3 y
0

a P 2 49 15 2 p 2

TO Cq 3 0 2 9 3
p 2
p
NO
SI o p 2 q 37 0

CI
PEI CEE 3 BE
8 22 62 8
22
24 62 24 2kt Py 162 8
32 5 At s
Nt 24 2ytqz Ntzy 132 5
Nt y 32 4 Kt y 32 4 nyt 32 4
sons N Sons
Reject
34Yanetarwith
reject O

Nason

Am 2 3
P 9

N som P'in
Ymigggion
Iniquity