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Communication Protocols

The document discusses various communication protocols for embedded systems, including onboard (internal) interfaces like I2C, SPI, UART, and parallel interfaces, as well as external interfaces such as RS-232, USB, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi. Onboard interfaces allow communication between different components within a device, while external interfaces enable communication with other devices or modules via either wired or wireless means. Key factors in choosing an interface include speed, number of connections, error checking capabilities, and synchronous vs asynchronous transmission.

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21 views

Communication Protocols

The document discusses various communication protocols for embedded systems, including onboard (internal) interfaces like I2C, SPI, UART, and parallel interfaces, as well as external interfaces such as RS-232, USB, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi. Onboard interfaces allow communication between different components within a device, while external interfaces enable communication with other devices or modules via either wired or wireless means. Key factors in choosing an interface include speed, number of connections, error checking capabilities, and synchronous vs asynchronous transmission.

Uploaded by

iveynesh5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Embedded Systems – Protocols

Vimukthi Pathirana
MEng. (AIT), BSc (Hons) Eng. (AIT)
Content
• Onboard Communication Interfaces: I2C, SPI, CAN, UART, Parallel
interface

• External Communication Interfaces: RS232 & RS485, USB, infrared,


Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee, GPRS, GPS
Communication Interface
• To communicate with various subsystems of the embedded system
and with the external world

1. Device/board level communication interface


(Onboard communication interface)

2. Product level communication interface


(External communication interface)
Onboard Communication Interface
• The communication channel which interconnects the various
components within and embedded product is referred as
device/board level communication interface

Example: Serial interfaces like I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire ect


Parallel bus interface
External Communication Interface
• Data transfer between the embedded system and other devices or
modules.

• Could be either wired or wireless media and it can be a serial or


parallel interface.

Example: Wireless communication interfaces


Wired communication interfaces
External Communication Interface
Example: Wireless communication interface: Infrared (IR),
Bluetooth (BT), Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi), Radio frequency (RF),
GPRS etc.

Wired communication interdace: RS-232C / RS-422 /


RS-485, USB, Eithernet (TCP-IP), IEEE 1394 port,
Parallel port etc.
Onboard Communication Interface
1. I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) Bus
2. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) Bus
3. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
4. 1-Wires Interface
5. Parallel Interface
I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit)
• I2C – pronounced, I square C

• Is a synchronous bi-directional half duplex two wire serial interface


bus (one-directional communication at a given point of time)

• Has 2 lines SCL (serial clock line) and SDA (serial data line)

• Easy way of connection between microprocessor / microcontroller


systems and the peripheral chips.
I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit)
• Advantages of using I2C
• Has a low pin/signal count even with numerous devices on the bus
• Flexible, as it supports multi-master and multi slave communication
• Simple as it only uses 2 bi directional wires to establish communication among
multiple devices
• Adaptable as it can adapt to the needs of various slave devices
• Disadvantages of using I2C
• Limited speed
• Require more space
• May become complex as the number of devices increases.
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
• Is a synchronous bi-directional full duplex four wire serial interface bus

• Introduced by Motorola

• Single master multi-slave system

• Easy way of connection between microcontrollers and small peripherals


like SD cards, sensors, registers, where speed is required.
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
• Advantages of using UART
• Simple to operate, no complicated slave addressing system like I2C.
• Fastest compared to UART and I2C
• No start and stop bit. Can continuously transmit without interruption.
• Disadvantages of using UART
• More pin ports are occupied, the practical limit to a number of devices.
• No flow control specified, and no acknowledgement mechanism confirms
whether data is received unlike I2C
• No form of error check unlike in UART
• Only 1 master
UART
• Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

• Can operate in all Simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex

• Asynchronous serial transmission protocol


UART
• Advantages of using UART
• Simple to operate, well documented as it is a widely used method with a lot of
resources online
• No clock needed
• Parity bit to allow for error checking
• Disadvantages of using UART
• Size of the date frame is limited to only 9 bits
• Cannot use multiple master systems and slaves
• Baud rates of each UART must be within 10% of each other to prevent data loss
• Low data transmission speeds
1-Wire interface
• Is a device communication bus system, that provides low-speed data,
signalling, and power over a single conductor.

• Similar to I2C, but with lower data rates and longer range.

• Communicate with small inexpensive devices such as digital


thermometers and weather instruments.
Parallel Communication
• Is a method of conveying multiple binary digits (bits) simultaneously.

• Communication channel is the number of electrical conductors used at


the physical layer to convey bits.

• Parallel communication implies more than one such conductor.


External Communication Interface
1. Wireless communication interface: Infrared (IR), Bluetooth (BT),
Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi), Radio frequency (RF), GPRS etc.

2. Wired communication interdace: RS-232C / RS-422 / RS-485, USB,


Eithernet (TCP-IP), IEEE 1394 port, Parallel port etc.
Infrared (IR) Transmission
• The transmitter of an IR LED inside the circuit, which emits infrared
light for every electric pulse given to it.

• The LED on being biased emits light of the wavelength of 940mm as a


series of pulses, corresponding to the button pressed.
Ex: Remore Controllers
Bluetooth
• For short distances (using short-wavelength UHF band from 2.4 to
2.485 GHz) for exchanging data over radio waves.

• Originally conceived as a wireless alternative to Rs-232 data cables.

• Uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum.


Wi-Fi
• Uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed internet and

• Originally conceived as a wireless alternative to Rs-232 data cables.

• Uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum.


RS-232C / RS-422 / RS-485
• Rs-232 extend the UART communication signal for external data
communication
RS-232C / RS-422 / RS-485

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