10

dkslZ ^ch*

O;kdj.k ifjp;
iwjd&iqfLrdk
[Based on Latest CBSE Syllabus (2020-2021)]

fo"k;&lwph
1- inca/ 2- vyadkj 3- y?kq dFkk&ys[ku

Published by:

Full Marks Pvt Ltd

(Progressive Educational Publishers)
4238A/1, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi-110002
Phone: 011-40556600 (100 Lines)
Fax: 011-40556688
Website: www.fullmarks.org
E-mail: [email protected]
 d{kk nloha ¯gnh ^c*μijh{kk gsrq ikB~;Øe fofunsZ'ku 2020&21
ijh{kk Hkkj foHkktu
fo"k;oLrq mi Hkkj oqQy Hkkj
1 vifBr xn~;ka'k (¯pru {kerk ,oa vfHkO;fDr dkS'ky ij vfr y?kwRRkjkRed
,oa y?kwRRkjkRed iz'u iwNs tk,¡xs)
• vifBr xn~;ka'k (100 ls 150 'kCnksa osQ) (2×4) (1×2) 10 10
2 O;kdj.k
ikB~;iqLrd esa fn, x, Hkk"kk&vè;;u osQ vk/kj ij (1×16)
1 inca/ (2 vad) 02
2 jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; :ikarj (3 vad) 03
16
3 lekl (4 vad) 04
4 vyadkj (vuqizkl] ;ed] miek] :id] vfr'k;ksfDr] ekuohdj.k) 03
(3 vad)
5 eqgkojs (4 vad) 04
3 ikB~;iqLrd Li'kZ Hkkx&2 o iwjd ikB~;iqLrd lap;u Hkkx&2
v xn~; [kaM 11
1 ikB~;iqLrd Li'kZ osQ xn~; ikBksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq iz'u (2×3) 06
2 ikB~;iqLrd Li'kZ osQ fu/kZfjr ikBksa (xn~;) ij ,d 05
fuca/kRed iz'u (5×1) (fodYi lfgr)
c dkO; [kaM 11 28
1 ikB~;iqLrd Li'kZ osQ dkO; [kaM osQ vk/kj ij y?kq iz'u (2×3) 06
2 dfork dh le> ij vk/kfjr ,d fuca/kRed iz'u (5×1) 05
(fodYi lfgr)
l iwjd ikB~;iqLrd lap;u Hkkx&2 06
iwjd ikB~;iqLrd lap;u osQ fu/kZfjr ikBksa ls nks iz'u iwNs 06
tk,¡xs (3×2)
4 ys[ku
v laosQr&¯cnqvksa ij vk/kfjr lelkef;d ,oa O;kogkfjd thou ls 06
tqM+s gq, fdUgha rhu fo"k;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d fo"k; ij 80 ls 100
'kCnksa esa vuqPNsn (6×1)
c vkSipkfjd fo"k; ls lacaf/r i=kA (5×1) (fodYi lfgr) 05
l O;kogkfjd thou ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa ij vk/kfjr 30&40 'kCnksa esa 05 26
lwpuk&ys[ku (5×1) (fodYi lfgr)
n fo"k; ls lacaf/r 25&50 'kCnksa osQ varxZr foKkiu&ys[kuA 05
(5×1) (fodYi lfgr)
b y?kq dFkk&ys[ku & fn, x, izLFkku ¯cnq osQ vk/kj ij 100&120 05
'kCnksa esa y?kq dFkk&ys[ku (5×1) (fodYi lfgr)
oqQy 80
fu/kZfjr iqLrosaQ%
1- Li'kZ] Hkkx&2] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYYkh n~okjk izdkf'kr uohure laLdj.k
2- lap;u] Hkkx&2] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] ubZ fnYYkh n~okjk izdkf'kr uohure laLdj.k
uksV% fuEufyf[kr ikB osQoy iBu osQ fy,A
Li'kZ (Hkkx&2) • e/qj&e/qj esjs nhid ty • rhljh dle osQ f'kYidkj 'kSysanz
• fxjfxV
 inca/
1 (Phrase)

d{kk&IX esa vkidks ^'kCn vkSj in* osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, ;g dgk x;k Fkk fd
^'kCn* dh lRRkk okD; ls ckgj gksrh gSA vr% ^'kCn* Hkk"kk dh Lora=k bdkbZ
gS vkSj ^'kCn* tc okD; esa vk tkrk gS rc mls 'kCn ugha dgrs] ^in* dgrs
gSaA okD; esa ç;qDr 'kCn dks ^in* blfy, dgrs gSa D;ksafd okD; esa vkdj
;g okD; osQ fu;eksa esa c¡/ tkrk gS rFkk dksbZ&u&dksbZ ^çdk;Z* (function)
djus yxrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^ehjk* vkSj ^lqjs'k* nksuksa ^O;fDrokpd laKk*
'kCn gSa] ij okD; esa os D;k çdk;Z djrs gSa] blosQ vk/kj ij muds ^in* dk
fu/kZj.k fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ
1- ehjk us lqjs'k dks fdrkc nhA
2- lqjs'k us ehjk dks fdrkc nhA
okD;&1 esa ^ehjk* laKk ^drkZ* dk dk;Z dj jgh gS rFkk ^lqjs'k* laKk ^vçR;{k
deZ* dk tcfd okD;&2 esa ^lqjs'k* ^drkZ* dk dk;Z dj jgk gS vkSj ^ehjk*
^vçR;{k deZ* dkA vr% è;ku jf[k,] okD; esa ^in* dk egRo mlosQ ^çdk;Z*
osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
inca/
^inca/* 'kCn nks 'kCnksaµ ^in* rFkk ^ca/* ls feydj cuk gSA ^in* dk vFkZ
vki le> gh pqosQ gSaA ^ca/* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSµ^c¡/k gqvk* ;k ca/u ;qDr*A
okLro esa ^inca/* osQ varxZr ,d ls vf/d in ,d lkFk c¡/dj ;k ca/u
;qDr gksdj vkrs gSa vkSj ogh çdk;Z djrs gSa tks çdk;Z fdlh ,d in n~okjk
fd;k tk jgk FkkA bl ckr dks le>us ds fy, fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa ij è;ku
nhft,µ
1- cPpk osQyk [kk jgk gSA
2- 'kjkjrh cPpk osQyk [kk jgk gSA
3- vkidk 'kjkjrh cPpk osQyk [kk jgk gSA
okD;&1 esa ^cPpk* laKk in gS vkSj ^dRkkZ* dk çdk;Z dj jgk gSA blosQ LFkku ij
ge ^'kjkjrh cPpk* ;k ^vkidk 'kjkjrh cPpk* Hkh j[k ldrs gSa D;ksafd ,d ls
vf/d inksa dk lewg Hkh okD; esa ogh ^çdk;Z* (function) djrk gS] tks
vosQyk ^cPpk* in dj jgk Fkk* (nsf[k, okD;&2 rFkk okD;&3)] è;ku
jf[k,] fdlh ,d bdkbZ osQ LFkku ij fdlh nwljs dk ^fjIyslesaV*
(replacement) rHkh gks ldrk gS tc nksuksa leku çdk;Z dj jgs gksaA
3
blh rjg ls Åij osQ okD;ksa esa ge ^osQyk* in osQ LFkku ij ,d ls vf/d inksa
okyh jpuk tSls ^ehBk osQyk* ;k ^ehBk idk dsyk* dks Hkh j[k ldrs gSa_ tSlsµ
4- cPpk ioQk ossQyk [kk jgk gSA
5- cPpk ehBk idk osQyk [kk jgk gSA
bldk vFkZ ;gh gS fd ^idk osQyk* rFkk ^ehBk idk osQyk* Hkh ogh çdk;Z dj
jgs gSa tks okD;&1 esa ^osQyk* in dj jgk FkkA
bl rjg vkius ns[kk fd dksbZ Hkh ^'kCn* okD; esa vkdj blfy, ^in* dgykrk
gS D;ksafd og dksbZ&u&dksbZ çdk;Z djrk gSA vc ;fn ogh çdk;Z ^,d ls
vf/d inksa dk lewg ;k ca/ djrk gS rks mls ^inca/* dgrs gSaA
ifjHkk"kk
inksa osQ ml ca/ ;k lewg dks ^inca/* dgrs gSa] tks okD; esa ogh çdk;Z djrk
gS tks çdk;Z fdlh ,d in osQ n~okjk fd;k tk jgk FkkA
inca/ % Hksn&çHksn
okD; esa eq[; :i ls pkj çdkj osQ inca/ vkrs gSaµ
1- laKk inca/ 2- fo'ks"k.k inca/
3- fØ;k inca/ 4- fØ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/
1- laKk inca/%
tks inca/ okD; esa ^laKk* ;k ^loZuke* in osQ LFkku ij vk ldrs gSa] ^laKk
inca/* dgs tkrs gSaA
bldk vFkZ ;gh gS fd ^laKk inca/* okD; esa ogh çdk;Z djrk gS] tks çdk;Z
fdlh ^laKk in* osQ n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA nsf[k, fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kµ
js[kkafdr inµ^laKk in* js[kkafdr inca/µ^laKk inca/*
1- ehjk vè;kfidk gSA 1- ehjk ¯gnh dh vè;kfidk gSA
2- yM+fd;k¡ pyh xb±aA 2- u`R; djus okyh yM+fd;k¡ pyh xb±A
3- eq>s Vªsu ls tkuk gS 3- eq>s eqacbZ okyh Vªsu ls tkuk gSA
4- eSaus fdrkcsa cPpksa dks ns nhaA 4- eSaus viuh fdrkcsa cPpksa dks ns nhaA
5- og dj Hkh D;k ldrk gSA 5- cspkjk og dj Hkh D;k ldrk gSA
vkius ns[kk fd ^laKk in* dks ^laKk inca/* cukus dk dk;Z ^fo'ks"k.k in@inksa*
n~okjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA
f'k{k.k funsZ'k% Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd ^laKk* rFkk ^loZuke* ewyr% ,d gh gSa
D;ksafd os leku dk;Z djrs gSaA gkykafd oqQN fdrkcksa esa Hkzeo'k bls ^loZuke inca/*
dgk x;k gS tcfd vk/qfud Hkk"kk foKku mudks Hkh ^laKk inca/* osQ varxZr
gh j[krk gSA vr% vyx ls ^loZuke inca/* tSls Hksn dh vko';drk ugha gSA
4  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
2- fo'ks"k.k inca/%
laKk inca/ dh jpuk ij è;ku nhft,] laKk inca/ esa ls ;fn ^laKk in* dks
gVk nsa rks tks 'ks"k cprk gS og ^fo'ks"k.k in* gksrk gSA tSlsµNksVk cPpk cgqr
chekj gS* okD; esa ^NksVk cPpk* laKk inca/ gSA blesa ls ;fn ^cPpk* laKk in
dks gVk nsrs gSa rks ^NksVk* fo'ks"k.k in 'ks"k jg tkrk gSA
bl rjgµ
okD; esa laKk ; loZuke inksa dh fo'ks"krk tc vosQyk ,d fo'ks"k.k in crkrk
gS rc og fo'ks"k.k in dgykrk gS] ysfdu tc ;gh dk;Z ^fo'ks"k.kksa osQ lewg
;k ca/* n~okjk fd;k tkrk gS rks ml inca/ dks fo'ks"k.k inca/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ
js[kkafdr inµ^fo'ks"k.k in* js[kkafdr inca/µ^fo'ks"k.k inca/*
1- esjk csVk dy vk jgk gSA 1- esjk NksVk csVk dy vk jgk gSA
2- nhik ,d MkWDVj gSA 2- nhik ,d e'kgwj MkWDVj gSA
3- eSaus ,d dkj [kjhnhA 3- eSaus ,d ubZ dkj [kjhnhA
vr% fo'ks"k.k inca/ Hkh okD; esa ogh dk;Z djrs gSa tks dk;Z vosQyk ^fo'ks"k.k
in* djrk gSA
3- fØ;k inca/
dksbZ Hkh ^fØ;k* 'kCn tc okD; esa ç;qDr gksrk gS rc mlesa ^lgk;d fØ;k*
(dky] i{k] o`fRRk] okP;] fyax] opu vkfn) osQ çR;; tqM+rs gSaA bl rjg ^eq[;
fØ;k* rFkk ^lgk;d fØ;k* ls ;qDr iwjh jpuk dks fØ;k inca/ gh dgrs gSaA
vr% okD; esa ç;qDr ^fØ;k* lnSo inca/ osQ :i esa gh gksrh gSA nsf[k,] fØ;k
inca/ osQ oqQN mnkgj.kµ
1- cPps eSnku esa nkSM+ jgs gSaA 2- eSa jks”k f-iQYe ns[kus tk;k djrk FkkA
3- ekrk th ls [kkuk ugha cuk;k tkrkA 4- og vdlj -iQksu dj fy;k djrh gSA
5- og ukSdj ls diM+s /qyok jgh gSA 6- vki ogk¡ tkdj cSfB,A
4- fØ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/
vki ;g tkurs gSa fd okD; esa ç;qDr gksdj ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k in* fØ;k dh
fo'ks"krk crkus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA ;fn fdlh vosQys ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k in* ossQ LFkku
ij ,d ls vf/d fØ;kfo'ks"k.k in feydj ^inca/* ossQ :i esa vkrs gSa vkSj
fØ;k dh fo'ks"krk crkus dk dk;Z djrs gSa rks ml inca/ dks fØ;kfo'ks"k.k
inca/ dgk tkrk gSA
vr% og ^inca/* tks ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k in* osQ LFkku ij ç;qDr gksdj ogh
dk;Z djrk gS tks vosQyk ,d ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k in* dj jgk Fkk rc ml
inca/ dks ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/* dgrs gSaA
iwjd&iqfLrdk 5
nsf[k, mnkgj.kµ
js[kkafdr inµ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k in* js[kkafdr inca/µ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/*
1- og /hjs fy[k jgh gSA 1- og cgqr /hjs fy[k jgh gSA
2- eSa dy igq¡pw¡xkA 2- eSa dy pkj cts igq¡pw¡xkA
3- lc yksx eafnj x, gSaA 3- lc yksx iqjkus x.ks'k eafnj x, gSaA
4- nkor esa mlus cgqr [kk;kA 4- nkor esa mlus cgqr ”;knk [kk;kA
è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa
• okD; esa ç;qDr 'kCn blfy, ^in* dgykrs gSa D;ksafd os okD; esa tkdj
dksbZ&u&dksbZ çdk;Z djrs gSaA
• okD; osQ fdlh ,d in osQ LFkku ij ;fn ,d ls vf/d inksa dk lewg
ogh dk;Z djs tks vosQyk ,d in dj jgk Fkk rks inksa osQ ,sls lewg dks
^inca/* dgrs gSaA
• inksa dk ,slk ca/ ;k lewg tks okD; esa ^laKk in* osQ LFkku ij ç;qDr
gksdj ogh dk;Z djrk gS tks vosQyk ,d ^laKk in* dj jgk Fkk rks ^inksa
osQ ml ^ca/* dks ^laKk inca/* dgrs gSaA
• laKk inca/ dh jpuk fo'ks"k.k inksa osQ ;ksx ls gksrh gSA
• inksa dk ,slk ca/ tks fdlh fo'ks"k.k in osQ LFkku ij ç;qDr gksdj ogh
dk;Z djrk gS tks ml vosQys fo'ks"k.k in n~okjk fd;k tk jgk Fkk rks mls
^fo'ks"k.k inca/* dgrs gSaA
• okD; esa ç;qDr fØ;k ges'kk ^inca/* osQ :i esa gh gksrh gS] vr% mls
^fØ;k inca/* gh dgk tkrk gSA
• fØ;kfo'ks"k.k in dks tks inca/ LFkkukiUu djosQ mlh dk;Z dks djrk gS]
ftls vosQyk ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k in* dj jgk Fkk rks mls ^fØ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/*
dgrs gSaA

vH;kl&dk;Z
1- in vkSj inca/ dk varj Li"V dhft,A
2- inca/ osQ Hksn&çHksnksa osQ uke fyf[k, rFkk çR;sd osQ nks&nks mnkgj.k
nhft,A
3- lgh vFkok xyr - osQ fu'kku yxkb,A
1- 'kCn Hkk"kk dh Lora=k bdkbZ gS rFkk mldh lRRkk okD; ls ckgj
gksrh gSA
2- okD; esa ç;qDr in dks 'kCn Hkh dg ldrs gSaA
3- okD; esa inca/ Hkh ogh çdk;Z djrs gSa tks çdk;Z inksa osQ n~okjk fd;k
tkrk gSA
6  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
 4- laKk inca/ dh jpuk çk;% laKk in osQ lkFk fo'ks"k.k in osQ tksM+us
ls gksrh gSA
5- fØ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/ fØ;k dh fo'ks"krk crkrk gSA
4- js[kkafdr inca/ksa osQ uke fyf[k,A
1- >wB cksyus okys yksxksa dks naM feyuk pkfg,A  ----------
2- rqe bruk /hjs&/hjs D;ksa fy[k jgh gks\  ----------
3- cspkjk og fdlh ls oqQN u dg ik;kA  ----------
4- dkyh deht okyk yM+dk pyk x;kA  ----------
5- ifjJe ls th pqjkus okys cPpksa dks dksbZ ilan ugha djrkA ----------
6- eafnj osQ ckgj cgqr HkhM+ bdV~Bh gks xbZ gSA  ----------
7- lc yksx jkr dks nl cts vius&vius ?kj pys x, FksA  ----------
8- eSaus taxy esa ,d Hk;kud vtxj ns[kkA  ----------
9- ek¡ us iosQ&iosQ ihys vke [kjhnsA  ----------
10- ges'kk >wB cksyus okys rqe dHkh ugha lq/j ldrsA  ----------
5- uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj js[kkafdr miokD;ksa dks inca/ksa
esa cnfy,A
mnkgj.k% tks lp cksyrk gS mls lc I;kj djrs gSaA
lp cksyus okys dks lc I;kj djrs gSaA
1- ftl yM+osQ us ifjJe fd;k mls liQyrk feyhA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- tks yksx eafnj x, Fks os vHkh rd ugha ykSVsA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- tks nw/ ysdj vk;k gS og esjk HkkbZ gSA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- tks Hkh[k ek¡xrs gSa mUgsa ,slk djus ls jksfd,A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5- ftls vius ns'k ls I;kj gS og ;g >aMk mBk,A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6- ftl MkWDVj us firk th dk bykt fd;k og [kqn chekj gks x, gSaA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 qqq
iwjd&iqfLrdk 7
 vyadkj
2 (Figure of Speech)

vyadkj 'kCn dh jpuk nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls gqbZ gSμ ^vya* rFkk ^dkj*A
^vya* dk vFkZ gSμ^'kksHkk* ;k ^lkSan;Z*A ^dkj* 'kCn ^dj~* /krq ls cuk :i gS]
ftldk vFkZ gSμ^djusokyk*A bl rjg vyadkj 'kCn dk vFkZ gqvkμ^'kksHkk
djusokys*A vFkkZr os miknku tks ^'kksHkk* ;k ^lkSan;Z* mRiUu dj nsrs gSaA laLÑr
osQ vyadkjoknh vkpk;Z_ tSlsµHkkeg] naMh] #nzV vkfn us vyadkjksa dks blh
vFkZ esa fy;k gS fd vyadkj ^'kksHkk djusokys /eZ gSa] u fd 'kksHkk c<+kusokys*A
fganh esa izk;% vyadkjksa dk vFkZ ^'kksHkk c<+kusokys* miknku ;k vo;o osQ
:i esa fy;k x;k gSA 'kksHkk c<+kus dk rks vFkZ gS fd dksbZ L=kh ;fn lqanj gS
vkSj og Ük`axkj dj vkHkw"k.k igu ysrh gS] rks vkHkw"k.k mldh 'kksHkk esa o`n~f/
dj nsrs gSaA vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd D;k vyadkj vlqanj efgyk osQ lkSan;Z
esa Hkh o`n~f/ dj ldrs gSa\
vyadkjoknh vkpk;Z tks ^vyadkj* dks gh dkO; dh vkRek ekurs Fks]
mudk dguk rks ;gh Fkk fd ^vyadkj* vlqanj dks Hkh lqanj dj nsrs gSa] osQoy
laqnjrk c<+kus dk dke ugha djrsA blhfy, mUgksaus vyadkjksa dks ^vya djksrhfr
vyadkj%* dgk FkkA vyadkjoknh vkpk;ks± osQ vuqlkj] dkO; esa ^vyadkj* dk
;gh dk;Z gS] vr% ^dkO; esa 'kksHkk djusokys èkeZ vyadkj gSaA* ;s dfork esa
^peRdkj* iSnk dj nsrs gSaA ^peRdkj* 'kCn dk vFkZ Hkh ;gk¡ le> ysuk mi;qDr
gksxkA ^per~* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμ^fctyh* vkSj ^dkj* osQ vFkZ ls vki ifjfpr
gks gh pqosQ gSaA xjtrs dkys cknyksa osQ chp ^fctyh* pedrh gS vkSj gekjk
eu eksfgr dj ysrh gS] mlh rjg dkO; esa vyadkj Hkh fctyh tSlh ped ;k
izdk'k&lkSan;Z iSnk dj gekjs eu dks viuh vksj [khap ysrs gSaA
Hkk"kk esa nks gh rRo iz/ku gksrs gSaμ^vFkZ* ,oa ^vfHkO;fDr*A vfHkO;fDr osQ
Lrj ij 'kCnksa rFkk 'kCnksa ls cus in vkSj inca/ksa dk egRo gksrk gS] rks ^vFkZ*
Hkk"kk dh vkarfjd oLrq gSA vyadkjoknh vkpk;ks± us tc ^vyadkjksa* dks dkO;
dh vkRek ?kksf"kr fd;k] rks mUgksaus ^vyadkj* osQ {ks=k esa ,d&,d o.kZ ls cus
'kCnksa osQ lkSan;Z ls ysdj vFkZ ls mRiUu gksusokyh leLr lkSan;Z&NVkvksa dks
lfEefyr dj fy;k vkSj vyadkjksa osQ nks Hksn fd,μ
1- 'kCnkyadkj 2- vFkkZyadkj
;kas rks nksuksa oxks± osQ varxZr vkusokys vyadkjksa dh la[;k lSdM+ksa esa gS] ysfdu
d{kk X osQ ikB~;Øe esa fuEufyf[kr 'kCnkyadkjksa ,oa vFkkZyadkjksa dks j[kk
x;k gSμ
8
1- 'kCnkyadkjµ 2- vFkkZyadkjµ
vuqizkl vyadkj miek vyadkj] :id vyadkj
;ed vyadkj vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj] ekuohdj.k vyadkj
• lcls igys ge 'kCnkyadkjksa dh ppkZ djsaxsA

'kCnkyadkj
dkO; esa tgk¡ 'kCnksa osQ fof'k"V iz;ksx ls peRdkj mRiUu gksrk gS] ogk¡
^'kCnkyadkjksa* dh lRrk gksrh gSA 'kCnkyadkjksa dk vfLrRo 'kCn&fo'ks"k osQ
dkj.k gksrk gSA
mnkgj.kLo:iμ ;fn fdlh 'kCn&fo'ks"k osQ LFkku ij dksbZ vU; lekukFkhZ
'kCn j[k fn;k tk, rks ^peRdkj* lekIr gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] oj dks
NksM+ vkSj oj ys yks iafDr esa ^oj* 'kCn osQ nks ckj iz;ksx djus ls peRdkj
mRiUu gqvk gSA ;gk¡ igys ^oj* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμ^ifr* rFkk nwljs ^oj* dk
vFkZ gSμ^ojnku*A bl iafDr dk laca/ ^lkfo=kh* dh dFkk osQ ml izlax ls gS]
tgk¡ ;ejkt lkfo=kh osQ ifr lR;oku osQ izk.k ysdj tk jgs gSa vkSj og vius
ifr osQ izk.k ykSVkus dk vuqjks/ dj jgh gSA ;ejkt dg jgs gSa fd oj (ifr)
dks NksM+dj rqe dksbZ Hkh oj (ojnku) ek¡x yksA ;gk¡ ;fn igys ^oj* osQ LFkku
ij lekukFkhZ 'kCn ^ifr* j[k fn;k tk, vkSj dgk tk, ^ifr dks NksM+ vkSj oj
ys yks* rks dfork osQ ftl peRdkj dks dfo mRiUu djuk pkgrk gS] lekIr
gks tkrk gSA
'kCnkyadkj osQ Hksn
1- vuqizkl vyadkj
vuqizkl vyadkj osQ varxZr vkpk;ks± us 'kCn dh jpuk djusokys ^o.kks±* osQ
iz;ksx ls mRiUu lkSan;Z ;k peRdkj dks fy;k gSA
fdlh dfork esa tgk¡ leku o.kks± dh vko`fRr ls peRdkj mRiUUk gksrk
gS ogk¡ ^vuqizkl vyadkj* gksrk gSA
o.kks± dh vko`fRr 'kCnksa osQ vkjafHkd o.kks± osQ :i esa] eè; osQ o.kks± osQ :i
esa ;k vafre o.kks± osQ :i esa vFkkZr fdlh Hkh :i esa gks ldrh gSA mnkgj.k
nsf[k,μ
'kCn osQ vkjafHkd o.kks± esa vko`fRr
• eksj eqoqQV edjkÑr oqaQMy] v#u fryd fn, Hkky
(^e* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• dy dkuu oqaQMy eksj i[kk] mj iS cueky fcjktr gS
(^d* rFkk ^c* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
iwjd&iqfLrdk 9
 • rfju ruqtk rV reky r#oj cgq Nk, (^r* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• dkfyanh owQy dnac dh Mkju (^d* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• j?kqifr jk?ko jktk jke (^j* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• lqjfHkr lqanj lq[kn lqeu rq> ij f[kyrs gSa (^l* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• lB lq/jfga lr laxfr ikbZ (^l* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• eqfnr eghifr eafnj vk,A lsod lfpo lqear cqyk,A
(^e* rFkk ^l* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• izHkq eqfnzdk esfy eq[k ekgha (^e* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
'kCn osQ eè; osQ o.kks± esa vko`fRr
• NksjVh gS xksjVh ;k pksjVh vghj dh (^j* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
'kCn osQ vafre o.kks± esa vko`fRr
• NksjVh gS] xksjVh ;k pksjVh vghj dh (^V* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• oaQdu] fdafdu] uwiqj /qfu] lqfu (^u* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• tkosQ flj eksj eqoqQV esjks ifr lksbZ (^j* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• eu&Øe&opu è;ku tks ykoSa (^u* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• ladV dVS feVS lc ihjk (^V* o.kZ rFkk ^,s* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
• lq[k nq[k vius ca/qvksa dk vki viuk eku yksA (^[k* o.kZ dh vko`fRr)
vU; fefJr mnkgj.k
fefJr mnkgj.kksa esa o.kks± dh vko`fRr vkfn] eè; vkSj var dgha Hkh gks
ldrh gS_ tSlsμ
• pkgs tgk¡ tkdj jgs thfor u rw jg ik,xk
• tx esa lpj&vpj ftrus gSa] lkjs deZ fujr gSa
• jfo tx esa 'kksHkk ljlrk lkse lq/k cjlkrk
• ftl ij fxjdj mnj njh ls rqeus tUe fy;k gSA
• lenjlh gS uke rqEgkjkS] lksbZ ikj djkSa
• tkdh Ñik iaxq fxj ya?kS] va/s dkS lc dNq njlkbZ
2- ;ed vyadkj
vuqizkl vyadkj esa tgk¡ o.kks± dk ^peRdkj* iz/ku gksrk gS] ogha ^;ed* esa
'kCnksa dkA
tgk¡ ,d 'kCn dh vko`fRr ,d ls vf/d ckj gksrh gS vkSj gj ckj mldk vFkZ
fHkUu gksrk gS] ogk¡ ^;ed vyadkj* gksrk gSA
vkjaHk esa ^oj dks NksM+ vkSj oj ys yks* esa ^oj* 'kCn ;ed vyadkj dk gh
mnkgj.k gSA
vU; mnkgj.kμ
• ckiw dks dj fur nwj&nwj]
gj cjl] cjl fnu vkrk gSA
10  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
 ;gk¡ izFke ^cjl* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμ^o"kZ @ lky* rFkk nwljs ^cjl* 'kCn
dk vFkZ gS ^e`R;q* rFkk ^cjl fnu* dk vFkZ gSμ^e`R;q fnol*] vr% ;gk¡
^;ed vyadkj* gSA
• ekyk isQjr tqx Hk;k] x;k u eu dk isQjA
dj dk eudk Mkfj ns] eu dk eudk IksQjAA
;gk¡ ^dj dk eudk --- eudk isQj* iafDr esa eudk 'kCn nks ckj vk;k
gSA igys ^eudk* dk vFkZ gSμ^ekyk dk nkuk*] nwljs ^eudk* dk vFkZ
gSμ^ân; dk* vFkkZr iwjh iafDr esa dfo dg jgk gS fd ^dj dk eudk*
(gkFk dh ekyk) dks isaQd ns rFkk ^eu dk eudk* (eu dh@ân; dh ekyk)
dk tki djA vr% ;g ^;ed vyadkj* dk mnkgj.k gSA
• dud dud rs lkSxquh ekndrk vf/dk;A
;k [kk, ckSjkr gS] ok ik, ckSjk;AA
;gk¡ ^dud* 'kCn dh vko`fRr nks ckj gqbZ gSA igys ^dud* dk vFkZ
gSμ^/rwjk* rFkk nwljs dk vFkZ gSμ^lksuk*A iafDr dk vFkZ gS fd igys
^dud* (/rwjk) dh rqyuk esa nwljs ^dud* (lksuk) esa lkSxquh ekndrk gS
D;ksafd igys vFkkZr /rwjs dks rks O;fDr [kkdj ikxy gksrk gS] ij lksus
vFkkZr /u&laifRr dks rks ikdj gh ikxy gks tkrk gSA
• ts ^rhu csj [kkrh Fkha rs rhu csj [kkrh gSa*
;gk¡ igys ^csj* dk vFkZ ^csj* (iQy) gS vkSj nwljs ^csj* dk vFkZ ^ckj*
gSA iafDr dk vFkZ gS fd og osQoy ^rhu csj iQy (fo'ks"k) rhu ckj
[kkrh gSaA*
• ^dkyh ?kVk dk ?keaM ?kVk uHkrkjd eaMy o`an f[kys*
;gk¡ ^?kVk* 'kCn ij ;ed vyadkj gSA igyh ^?kVk* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμ
^dkys cknyksa dh ?kVk* rFkk nwljh ?kVk dk vFkZ gSμ ^de gqvk*A iafDr
dk vFkZ gS fd tc vkdk'k esa ^rkjk&eaMy* mfnr gqvk] rks ^dkyh ?kVk*
dk ?keaM ?kV x;kA
• ^rw eksgu osQ mjclh] g~os mjclh lekuA*
igys ^mjclh* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμ^mj@ân; esa clh gqbZ* rFkk nwljs ^mjclh*
dk vFkZ gSμ ^moZ'kh* (nso lqanjh)A iafDr dk vFkZ gS fd rw Ñ".k osQ eu
esa ^moZ'kh* osQ leku clh gqbZ gSA
vFkkZyadkj
^vFkkZyadkj* vFkZ n~okjk mRiUu lkSan;Z ij dk;Z djrs gSaA vFkkZyadkjksa dks le>us
osQ fy, oqQN vk/kjHkwr ckrksa dks le> ysuk pkfg,A
iwjd&iqfLrdk 11
vFkkZyadkj ls lacaf/r vk/kjHkwr ckrsaμ
1- dkO; esa dfo fdlh O;fDr ;k oLrq dk o.kZu djrk gS vkSj mldh
lekurk fdlh ckgjh O;fDr ;k oLrq ls fn[kkrk gSA dfo ftl O;fDr@
oLrq dk o.kZu djrk gS] og dfo osQ fy, izLrqr gksrk gS vkSj ftl
ckgjh O;fDr ;k oLrq ls mldh lekurk fn[kkbZ tkrh gS] mls vizLrqr
dgrs gSaA
2- bl rjg leLr dkO; ^izLrqr* rFkk ^vizLrqr* osQ chp gh pyrk gSA dHkh
dfo izLrqr rFkk vizLrqr dh rqyuk djrk gS] dHkh izLrqr rFkk vizLrqr
dh lekurk crkrk gS] dHkh izLrqr ij vizLrqr dk vkjksi djrk gS] rks
dHkh izLrqr esa vizLrqr dh laHkkouk O;Dr djrk gSA
3- bUgha lc izfØ;kvksa osQ dkj.k fofHkUu izdkj osQ vFkkZyadkj lkeus
vkrs gSaA
4- vyadkj 'kkL=k esa ^izLrqr* dks mies; rFkk vizLrqr dks mieku Hkh dgk
x;k gSA
vFkkZyadkj osQ Hksn
1- miek vyadkj
tc nks O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa esa leku xq.k@/eks± osQ dkj.k lekurk crkbZ
tkrh gS] ogk¡ ^miek vyadkj* gksrk gSA
tSlsμ ^lhrk dh vk¡[ksa e`x osQ leku papy gSaA*
bl iafDr esa lhrk dh vk¡[kksa dh papyrk e`x osQ leku crkbZ xbZ gSA
vr% ;gk¡ lhrk dh vk¡[ksa ^izLrqr* gksaxh vkSj e`x ^vizLrqr*A
• nks oLrqvksa osQ chp tc lekurk crkbZ tkrh gS rc pkj oLrq,¡ gekjs le{k
vkrh gSaμ
(d) izLrqr ;k mies;μ ftl O;fDr ;k oLrq dh lekurk crkbZ tkrh
gS] og izLrqr ;k mies; gksrk gSA
mi;qZDr iafDr esa mies; gSaμ lhrk dh vk¡[ksaA
([k) vizLrqr ;k miekuμ ftl oLrq ls lekurk crkbZ tk jgh gks] og
oLrq ^mieku* dgykrh gSA mi;qZDr iafDr esa mieku gSμ^e`x*A
(x) lk/kj.k /eZμ og leku xq.k ;k /eZ] ftlosQ vk/kj ij lekurk
crkbZ xbZ gksA mi;qZDr iafDr esa lk/kj.k /eZ gSµ^papy*A
(?k) okpd 'kCnμ vFkkZr lekurk dks crkusokyk 'kCnA mi;qZDr iafDr
esa ^osQ leku* okpd 'kCn gSA
12  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
 • ;s pkjksa ^miek vyadkj* osQ vax dgykrs gSaA
• ftl miek vyadkj esa mi;qZDr pkjksa vax ik, tkrs gSa] mls iw.kksZiek
vyadkj dgrs gSa rFkk ftl miek vyadkj esa fdlh ,d vax dk Hkh
yksi gksrk gS] mls yqIrksiek vyadkj dgrs gSaA
nksuksa osQ mnkgj.k nsf[k,μ
iw.kksZiek
• ^ihij ikr lfjl eu Mksyk*
(i) mies; (izLrqr) ¾ eu
(ii) mieku (vizLrqr) ¾ ihij ikr
(iii) lk/kj.k /eZ ¾ Mksyuk
(iv) okpd 'kCn ¾ lfjl (osQ leku)
• ^;g nsf[k,] vjfoan&ls f'k'kqo`an oSQls lks jgs*
(i) mies; (izLrqr) ¾ f'k'kqoa`n
(ii) mieku (vizLrqr) ¾ vjfoan
(iii) lk/kj.k /eZ ¾ oSQls lks jgs
(iv) okpd 'kCn ¾ ls
• ^gfjin dksey dey&ls*
(i) mies; (izLrqr) ¾ gfjin
(ii) mieku (vizLrqr) ¾ dey
(iii) lk/kj.k /eZ ¾ dksey
(iv) okpd 'kCn ¾ ls
yqIrksiek
• ^e[key osQ >wy iM+s gkFkh&lk Vhyk*
(i) mies; (izLrqr) ¾ Vhyk
(ii) mieku (vizLrqr) ¾ e[key osQ >wy iM+s gkFkh
(iii) lk/kj.k /eZ ¾ yqIr
(iv) okpd 'kCn ¾ lk
• ^og uoufyuh&ls u;uokyk dgk¡ gS*
(i) mies; (izLrqr) ¾ u;uokyk
(ii) mieku (vizLrqr) ¾ uoufyuh
(iii) lk/kj.k /eZ ¾ yqIr
(iv) okpd 'kCn ¾ ls
iwjd&iqfLrdk 13
vU; mnkgj.kµ
• gk;! iwQy&lh dksey cPph gqbZ jk[k dh Fkh <sjh (cPph dh rqyuk
iwQy ls)
• m"kk lqugys rhj cjlkrh t;y{eh&lh mfnr gqbZ (m"kk dh rqyuk rhj
cjlkrh t;y{eh ls)
• uhyxxu ln`'k 'kkar Fkk lks jgk (lksrs gq, O;fDr dh rqyuk 'kkar
uhyxxu ls)
• dfcjk ek;k eksfguh tSls ehBh [kk¡M+ (eksfguh ek;k dh rqyuk ehBh
[kk¡M+ ls)
• m/j xjtrha fla/q ygfj;k¡] oqQfVy dky osQ Tokyksa&lh]
pyh vk jgha isQu mxyrh iQu iSQyk, O;kyksa&lhA
(fla/q dh ygjksa dh rqyuk iQu iSQykdj vkusokyh lfiZf.k;ksa ls)
• fudy jgh Fkh eeZ osnuk d#.kk fody dgkuh&lh (eeZ osnuk dh rqyuk
d#.kk fody dgkuh osQ lkFkA)
• m"kk T;ksRLuk&lk ;kSou fLer (;kSou fLer dh rqyuk m"kk T;ksRLuk
osQ lkFkA)
• xaxk rsjk uhj ve`r le mRre gS (xaxk osQ ty dh rqyuk ve`r osQ lkFk)
• rc rks cgrk le; f'kyk&lk cu tk,xkA (le; dh rqyuk f'kyk osQ lkFk)
• iSQyh [ksrksa esa nwj ryd
e[key&lh dksey gfj;kyh (gfj;kyh dh rqyuk e[key osQ lkFk)
• fyiVha ftlesa jfo dh fdj.ksaA
pk¡nh dh&lh mtyh tkyhA (gfj;kyh esa fyiVha jfo dh fdj.kksa dh rqyuk
pk¡nh dh tkyh osQ lkFk)
• e[keyh isfV;ksa&lh yVdh]
Nhfe;k¡] fNik, cht yM+hA (chtksa dh yfM+;ksa dks fNik, Nhfe;ksa dh
rqyuk e[keyh isfV;ksa osQ lkFk)
• ejdr fMCcs&lk [kqyk xzke (xzke dh rqyuk ejdr osQ fMCcs osQ lkFk)
• lqanj xsgw¡ dh ckyksa ij] eksrh osQ nkuksa&ls fged.k (fged.kksa dh rqyuk
eksrh osQ nkuksa osQ lkFk)
14  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
2- :id vyadkj
^:id vyadkj* ogk¡ gksrk gS] tgk¡ ^izLrqr* vkSj ^vizLrqr* esa cgqr vf/d
lekurk gksus osQ dkj.k nksuksa dks ,d le> fy;k tkrk gS ;k ^mies;* ij
^mieku* dk vkjksi fd;k tkrk gSA
tSlsμ ^dey&u;u* dk vFkZ gSμ^dey :ih us=kA*
^miek* rFkk ^:id* nksuksa esa ;gh varj gS fd ^miek* esa tgk¡ mies; rFkk
mieku esa lekurk fn[kkbZ tkrh gS] ogha ^:id* esa mies; ij mieku dk
vkjksi.k fd;k tkrk gSA
vU; mnkgj.kµ
• pj.k&dey cankS gfjjkbZ (dey :ih pj.k % mies; ¾ pj.k] mieku ¾
dey)
• fo"k&ck.k cw¡n ls NwVsaxs (fo"k :ih ck.k % mies; ¾ ck.k] mieku ¾ fo"k)
• 'kf'k&eq[k ij ?kw¡?kV Mkys
vapy esa nhi fNik, ('kf'k :ih eq[k % mies; ¾ eq[k] mieku ¾ 'kf'k)
• vacj&iu?kV esa Mqcks jgh
rkjk&?kV m"kk&ukxjh (iu?kV :ih vacj % mies; ¾iu?kV]
mieku ¾ vacj)
vFkZμ vacj :ih iu?kV esa m"kk :ih ukxjh (L=kh) rkjk :ih ?kV (?kM+s)
dks Mqcks jgh gS (jkf=k lekIr gksus rFkk lqcg gksus dk lqanj fp=k.k gSA)
rkjk&?kV % mies; ¾ ?kV] mieku ¾ rkjk
m"kk&ukxjh % mies; ¾ ukxjh] mieku ¾ m"kk
• vfHkeU;q&/u osQ fu/u esa dkj.k gqvk tks ewy gS
(vfHkeU;q :ih /u)
• lrr Tofyr nq[k&nkokuy esa] tx osQ nk#u ju esa
(nq[k :ih nkokuy)
• vks fpark dh igyh js[kk] vjh fo'o&ou dh O;kyh
(fo'o :ih ou dh lfiZ.kh)
• vk, egar&olar (egar :ih olar)
• eS;k eSa rks panz&f[kykSuk ySgksa (panzek :ih f[kykSuk)
• ik;ks th eSaus jke&jru /u ik;ks (jke&jru :ih /u)

iwjd&iqfLrdk 15
 • mfnr mn;fxfj&eap ij] j?kqoj cky&iraxA
(mn;fxjh :ih eap] cky&lw;Z
:ih j?kqoj)
fodls lar&ljkst lc] gj"ks ykspu&Hk`axAA
(ljkst :ih lc lar] Hk`ax
(Hk¡ojs) :ih ykspu)
• ou&'kkjnh pafnzdk&pknj vks<+s (pafnzdk :ih pknj)
• okMo Tokyk&lh lksrh Fkh]
bl iz.k;&fla/q osQ ry esaA (iz.k; :ih fla/q)
• gjh&Hkjh lh nkSM+&/wi vkS ty&ek;k dh py js[kk
(ty :ih ek;k)
• ek;k&nhid uj&irax Hkzfe&Hkzfe boS iMa+r (ek;k :ih nhid rFkk uj
:ih iraxsa)
• os 'k=kq lRoj 'kksd&lkxj&eXu fn[ksaxs lHkh ('kksd :ih lkxj esa eXu)
• D;k mudk midkj&Hkkj rqe ij yoys'k ugha gS (midkj :ih Hkkj)

3- vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj
^vfr'k;ksfDr* 'kCn nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gSμ ^vfr'k;* rFkk ^mfDr* vFkkZr
,slh mfDr tks vfr'k;rk osQ lkFk dgh xbZ gks ;k c<+k&p<+kdj dgh xbZ gksA
bl rjg dfork esa tc ^izLrqr* ;k ^mies;* dk o.kZu cgqr c<+k&p<+kdj
vfr'k;iw.kZ <ax ls fd;k tkrk gS] rc ogk¡ ^vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj* gksrk
gSA
fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k nsf[k,μ
guqeku dh iw¡N esa] yxu u ikbZ vkxA
yadk lxjh ty xbZ] x, fulkpj HkkxAA
vFkkZrμ guqeku dh iw¡N esa vHkh vkx yx Hkh u ikbZ Fkh fd (mlls
igys gh) lkjh yadk ty xbZ vkSj lkjs fu'kkpj Hkkx x,A ;gk¡ izlax dk
o.kZu c<+k&p<+kdj fd;k x;k gS] vr% ^vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj* gSA
vU; mnkgj.kµ
• og 'kj b/j xkaMho xq.k ls fHkUu tSls gh gqvkA
/M+ ls t;nzFk dk b/j] flj fNUu oSls gh gqvkAA
16  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
 vFkkZrμ vtqZu osQ xkaMho ls rhj fudydj tSls gh vyx gqvk] oSls gh
t;nzFk dk flj /M+ ls dVdj vyx gks x;kA ;gk¡ Hkh izLrqr izlax dk
o.kZu c<+k&p<+kdj fd;k x;k gS] vr% ^vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj* gSA
• ns[k yks lkosQr uxjh gS ;ghA
LoxZ ls feyus xxu esa tk jghA
;gk¡ ^lkosQr* uxjh dk o.kZu gS] ftlosQ xxupqach Hkou bl izdkj osQ gSa]
ftUgsa ns[kdj yxrk gS ekuks lkjh uxjh vkdk'k ls feyus tk jgh gksA ;gk¡
lkosQr uxjh dk vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA vr% ^vfr'k;ksfDr
vyadkj* gSA
• vkxs ufn;k iM+h vikj] ?kksM+k oSQls mrjs ikjA
jk.kk us lkspk bl ikj] rc rd psrd Fkk ml ikjAA
vFkkZrμ tc rd jk.kk us lkspk fd vikj unh dks ?kksM+k oSQls ikj djsxk]
mlls igys gh psrd (jk.kk dk ?kksM+k) unh osQ ml ikj FkkA lkspus ls
igys gh psrd us unh ikj dh] ;g vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ o.kZu gSA vr% blesa
^vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj* gSA
• ^eq[k cky jfo le yky gksdj] Toky&lk cksf/r gqvkA*
mies; ¾ eq[k] mieku ¾ cky jfo
eq[k dk cky jfo osQ leku yky Tokyk tSlk yxuk vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ o.kZu
gSA vr% ;g ^vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj* dk mnkgj.k gSA
• nsf[k lqnkek dh nhu n'kk] d#.kk djosQ d#.kkfuf/ jks,A
ikuh ijkr dks gkFk Nqvks ufga] uSuu osQ ty lksa ix /ks,AA
vFkkZrμ lqnkek dh nhu n'kk ns[kdj Jh Ñ".k d#.kkiwoZd jks iM+sA lqnkek
osQ iSjksa dks /ksus osQ fy, ijkr esa tks ikuh e¡xk;k Fkk] mldks rks Nqvk gh
ugha] vius vk¡lqvksa osQ ty ls gh lqnkek osQ ix (iSj) èkks fn,A
lqnkek osQ iSjksa dks /ksus dk o.kZu vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ gSA vr% ;gk¡
^vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj* gSA
• ^izk.k NwVS izFkeS fjiq osQ j?kquk;d lk;d NwV u ik,*
vFkkZrμ jke osQ ck.k NwV Hkh ugha ikrs Fks] mlls igys gh fjiq ('k=kq) osQ
izk.k NwV tkrs FksA ;g laHko ugha gks ldrkA vr% vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ o.kZu
gksus osQ dkj.k ^vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj* gSA
• 'kj [khap mlus rw.k ls dc fd/j la/kuk mUgsaA
cl fcn~/ gksdj gh foi{kh o`an us tkuk mUgsaAA
iwjd&iqfLrdk 17
 vFkkZrμ mlus dc rw.k ls rhj fudkydj la/ku fd;k] bl ckr
dks foi{kh ny us rHkh tkuk] tc 'k=kq ?kk;y gksdj fxj iM+kA ;gk¡
vfr'k;ksfDriw.kZ o.kZu gSA vr% ^vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj* gSA
vc oqQN vU; mnkgj.k nsf[k,μ
• ih; xeu dh ckr lqfu lw[ks fru osQ vaxA
• vfu;kjs nhj?k n`xuq] fdrh u r#fu lekuA
og fprou vkSjs dNq] ftfga cl gksr lqtkuAA
• ck¡/k Fkk fo/q dks fdlus bu dkyh tathjksa lsA
ef.k okys iQf.k;ksa dk eq[k] D;ksa Hkjk gqvk ghjksa lsAA
4- ekuohdj.k vyadkj
^ekuohdj.k* 'kCn dk vFkZ gSμ^fdlh dks ekuo cuk nsukA* oLrqr% dkO;
esa dfo tc izÑfr dk o.kZu djrk gS] rks izÑfr dks bl :i esa fpf=kr
djrk gS] tSls og dksbZ ^ekuo* ;k ^ekuoh* gksA ,sls LFkyksa ij ^ekuohdj.k
vyadkj* gksrk gSA
fganh lkfgR; osQ ^Nk;koknh* ;qx osQ dfo;ksa us viuh dfork esa izÑfr dks
^ukjh*] ^'kfDr* vkfn osQ :i esa fpf=kr fd;k gSA izÑfr mudh dfork esa
ekuoh osQ :i esa vkrh gS vkSj ogha ls fganh esa ^ekuohdj.k vyadkj* osQ
n'kZu gksrs gSaA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] t;'kadj izlkn n~okjk jfpr egkdkO; ^dkek;uh* dh
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡ nsf[k,] ftlesa ^m"kk* dks t;y{eh osQ :i esa fpf=kr
dj ekuohdj.k vyadkj dk lqanj mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
m"kk lqugys rhj cjlkrh t;y{eh&lh mfnr gqbZ]
m/j ijkftr dky jkf=k Hkh ty esa varfuZfgr gqbZAA
vFkkZrμ ^m"kk* dk vkxeu ,slk yx jgk gS] tSls lqugys rhjksa dh o"kkZ
djrh gqbZ fot;y{eh izdV gks jgh gks rFkk nwljh vksj ^jkf=k* tks ijkftr
gks xbZ gS] og ekuks m"kk osQ Mj ls ty&lekf/ ysus tk jgh gSA
^m"kk* rFkk ^jkf=k* dks dfo us ^ekuoh* osQ :i esa fpf=kr dj ekuohdj.k
vyadkj dk lqanj fp=k izLrqr fd;k gSA
vU; mnkgj.kµ
• fnolkolku dk le;
es?ke; vkleku ls mrj jgh
18  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
 og laè;k&lqanjh ijh&lh
/hjs&/hjs&/hjsA
;gk¡ laè;k* dks ,d lqanj ijh osQ :i esa vkleku ls /hjs&/hjs mrjrs gq,
fpf=kr djuk ekuohdj.k vyadkj dk lqanj mnkgj.k gSA
• vks fpark dh igyh js[kk
vjh fo'o&ou dh O;kyh
Tokykeq[kh&LiQksV dh Hkh"k.k
izFke oaQi&lh erokyhA
^fpark* dh js[kk,¡ euq"; osQ eLrd ij fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] tks euq"; dks
/hjs&/hjs [kk tkrh gSaA fpark dh igyh js[kk dks dfo ekuohdj.k osQ n~okjk
fo'o&:ih lfiZ.kh osQ :i esa fpf=kr dj jgk gSA vr% ;gk¡ ^ekuohdj.k
vyadkj* gSA
• chrh foHkkojh tkx jh
vacj iu?kV esa Mqcks jgh
rkjk&?kV m"kk&ukxjh
;gk¡ Hkh dfo us m"kk dks ml ukf;dk osQ :i esa fpf=kr fd;k gS] tks
rkjk :ih ?kVksa dks vacj&:ih iu?kV esa Mqcks jgh gSA vr% ekuohdj.k
vyadkj gSA
• ^yTtk* osQ Hkko dk fp=k.k dfo izlkn us bl :i esa fd;k gS] tSls og
dksbZ uo;kSouk gksA
oSlh gh ek;k esa fyiVh] v/jksa ij m¡xyh /js gq,]
ek/o osQ ljl oqQrwgy dk] vk¡[kksa esa ikuh Hkjs gq,]
uhjo&fu'khFk esa yfrdk&lh] rqe dkSu vk jgh gks c<+rh]
dksey ck¡gsa] iSQykrh&lh] vkfyaxu dk tknw djrhA
bruk gh ugha ^yTtk* Hkh ,d ekuoh osQ :i esa mRrj nsrh gSμ
^eSa jfr dh izfrÑfr yTtk gw¡] 'kkyhurk fl[kkrh gw¡*A yTtk ^jfr* dh
izfro`Qfr@izfrfcac gS tks ;qofr;ksa dks 'kkyhurk dh f'k{kk nsrh gSA mi;qZDr
nksuksa mnkgj.k ^ekuohdj.k* osQ lqanj mnkgj.k gSaA
• fla/q&lst ij /jk&o/w vc
rfud laoqQfpr cSBh&lhA
izy; fu'kk dh gypy Le`fr esa
eku fd,&lh ,saBh&lhA
iwjd&iqfLrdk 19
 ;gk¡ i`Foh osQ ekuohdj.k dk ,d lqanj fp=k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blesa
i`Foh dks o/w osQ :i esa fpf=kr fd;k x;k gS tks fd ladksp esa :Bh
gqbZ&lh cSBh gSA vr% ;gk¡ ^ekuohdj.k vyadkj* gSA
mi;qZDr iafDr;ksa esa i`Foh dks ladksp esa :Bh gqbZ&lh cSBh gqbZ o/w osQ :i
esa fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA
• lqfe=kkuanu iar dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa ^xaxk* unh dk ekuohdj.k
fd;k x;k gSμ
lSdr&'kÕ;k ij nqX/&/oy]
rUoaxh xaxk xzh"e fojy]
ysVh gS 'kkar] Dykar] fu'pyA

vH;kl&dk;Z
1- izR;sd vyadkj dk ,d&,d mnkgj.k nhft,A
1- vuqizkl % ----------------------------------------------------------------------
2- ;ed % ----------------------------------------------------------------------
3- miek % ----------------------------------------------------------------------
4- :id % ----------------------------------------------------------------------
5- vfr'k;ksfDr % ----------------------------------------------------------------------
6- ekuohdj.k % ----------------------------------------------------------------------
2- izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa dkSu&lk vyadkj gS\
1- vk, egar clar -------------------
2- e[key osQ >wy iM+s gkFkh&lk Vhyk -------------------
3- dkyh ?kVk dk ?keaM ?kVk] uHkeaMy rkjdo`an f[kys -------------------
4- lqjfHkr lqanj lqeu rqe ij f[kyrs gSa -------------------
5- chrh foHkkojh tkx jh
vacj iu?kV esa Mqcks jgh
rkjk&?kV m"kk&ukxjh -------------------
6- Hkwi lgl nl ,dfga ckjkA yxs mBkou Vjb u VkjkA -------------------
7- 'kf'k&eq[k ij ?kw¡?kV MkysA -------------------
8- eqfnr eghifr eafnj vk,A -------------------
9- ;g nsf[k,] vjfoan ls f'k'kqoa`n oSQls lks jgsA -------------------
10- jfr&jfr 'kksHkk lc jfr osQ 'kjhj dhA -------------------
20  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
 11- gj"kk;k rky yk;k ikuh ijkr HkjosQA -------------------
12- dgs dfo csuh] csuh O;ky dh pqjkbZ yhUghaA -------------------
13- cjlr ckfjn cw¡n xfg] pkgr p<+u vdk'kA -------------------
14- gk;! iwQy&lh dksey cPph gqbZ jk[k dh Fkh <sjhA -------------------
15- ihij ikr lfjl eu MksykA -------------------
16- vkjlh ls vacj esa vkHkk&lh mtkjh yxSA -------------------
17- oaQdu foaQfdu uwiqj /qfu lqfuA -------------------
18- eq[k cky jfo&le yky gksdj Toky&lk cksfèkr gqvkA -------------------
19- eS;k eSa rks panz&f[kykSuk ySgkasA -------------------
20- es?k vk, cu&Bu osQ] l¡oj osQA -------------------
21- gS clqaèkjk fc[kjk nsrh] eksrh lcosQ lksus ijA -------------------
22- pj.k&dey cankS gfjjkbZA -------------------
23- tk ru dh >k¡bZ ijs ';ke gfjr nqfr gks;A -------------------
24- rhu csj [kkrh Fkha os rhu csj [kkrh gSaA -------------------
25- lgÏckgq le lks fjiq eksjkA -------------------
26- dj dk eudk Mkfj ns eu dk eudk isQjA -------------------
27- vkxs&vkxs ukprh xkrh c;kj pyhA -------------------
28- vijl jgr lusg rxk rSa] ukfgu eu vuqjkxh -------------------
29- iqjbfu ikr jgr ty Hkhrj -------------------
30- izhfr&unh esa ikm¡Q u cksj~;kS -------------------
31- vof/ v/kj vkl vkou dh -------------------
32- gekjSa gfj gkfjy dh ydM+hA -------------------
33- lqugq jke tsfg flo/uq rksjkA lgÏckgq le lks fjiq eksjkA -------------
34- Nqvr VwV j?kqifrgq u nkslwA eqfu fcuq dkt dfjv dr jkslwA ----------
35- e/qj&e/qj eqldku euksgj] eugq¡ ns'k dk mft;kyk -------------------
36- tsrs rqe rkjs rsrs uHk esa u rkjs gSa -------------------
37- og nhif'k[kk&lh 'kkar Hkko esa yhu -------------------
38- vla[; dhfrZ jf'e;k¡ fodh.kZ fnO; nkg&lhA -------------------
39- yks ;g yfrdk Hkh Hkj ykbZ] e/q eqoqQy uoy jl xxjhA ----------
40- vkxs ufn;k iM+h vikj] ?kksM+k oSQls mrjs ikjA -------------------
jk.kk us lkspk bl ikj] rc rd psrd Fkk ml ikjAA
iwjd&iqfLrdk 21
3- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa ls mies; Nk¡fV,A
1- izkr uHk Fkk cgqr uhyk 'ka[k tSlk -------------------------
2- gfjin dksey dey&ls -------------------------
3- gk;! iwQy&lh dksey cPph] gqbZ jk[k dh Fkh <sjh -------------------------
4- ihij&ikr lfjl eu Mksyk -------------------------
5- mfnr mn;&fxfj eap ij] j?kqoj cky&irax -------------------------
6- 'kf'k&eq[k ij ?kw¡?kV Mkys -------------------------
7- uHk&eaMy Nk;k e#LFky&lk -------------------------
8- dksfV oqQfyl le opu rqEgkjk -------------------------
9- dke&lk :i -------------------------
10- lkse&lk 'khy gS jke eghi dk -------------------------
4- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa mieku Nk¡fV,A
1- lkse&lk 'khy gS jke eghi dk -------------------------
2- izkr uHk Fkk cgqr uhyk 'ka[k tSlk -------------------------
3- dke&lk :i -------------------------
4- gfjin dksey dey ls -------------------------
5- dksfV oqQfyl le opu rqEgkjk -------------------------
6- gk;! iwQy&lh dksey cPph] gqbZ jk[k dh Fkh <sjh -------------------------
7- uHk&eaMy Nk;k e#LFky&lk -------------------------
8- ihij ikr lfjl eu Mksyk -------------------------
9- mfnr mn;&fxfj eap ij] j?kqoj cky&irax -------------------------
10- 'kf'k&eq[k ij ?kw¡?kV Mkys -------------------------
qqq

22  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)

 y?kq dFkk&ys[ku
3 (Short Story-Writing)

lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kvksa esa ^dgkuh* dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA dgkuh lquuk&lqukuk
lHkh dks vPNk yxrk gSA cPPkksa dks rks dgkfu;k¡ cgqr fiz; gksrh gSaA
lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kvksa esa dgkuh] lcls iqjkuh fo/k gS vkSj tuthou
esa lcls vf/d yksdfiz; gSA dgkuh esa fdlh lR; vFkok dkYifud ?kVuk
dk bl izdkj dFku fd;k tkrk gS] ftls Jksrk #fpiwoZd lqurk gSA blhfy,
dgkuh easa ,d dgkuh dgus okyk vkSj ,d dgkuh lquus okyk vo'; gksrk gSA
igys dgkuh dk mn~ns'; mins'k nsuk vkSj euksjatu djuk ekuk tkrk Fkk]
ysfdu vkt bldk y{; ekuo&thou dh fofHkUUk leL;kvksa vkSj laosnukvksa
dks O;Dr djuk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd izkphu dFkk ls vk/qfud ¯gnh dgkuh
fcYkoqQy fHkUUk gks xbZ gSA
tgk¡ rd ^y?kq&dFkk* dk iz'u gS rks ;g Hkh dFkkRed fo/k gS] ij dgkuh
ls fHkUUk gSA D;ksafd nksuksa osQ dysoj esa varj gksrk gS blfy, nksuksa dks ,d
ekudj ugha pyuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh dgkuh dks laf{kIr dj nsus ls y?kq&dFkk
ugha cu tkrhA gk¡] ;g lR; gS fd y?kq dFkk dgkuh ls lcls vf/d fudV
gksrh gSA blhfy, vaxsz”kh esa ^dgkuh* dks ‘story‘ dgrs gSa rks ^y?kq dFkk* dks
’Short Story‘A
^y?kq dFkk* fn[kus esa NksVh vo'; gksrh gS] ij ikBd osQ eu ij bldk
izHkko cgqr xgjk iM+rk gSA dgkuh dh rqyuk esa y?kq dFkk fy[kuk vf/d
Jelkè; gSA y?kq dFkk osQ izeq[k xq.k gSaµ laf{kIrrk] lw{erk vkSj lkaosQfrdrkA
dgkuh dh rjg y?kq dFkk esa o.kZu vkSj fooj.k dk vodk'k ugha gksrk cfYd
laosQr vkSj O;atuk ls dke pyk;k tkrk gSA
è;ku jf[k,] ^y?kq dFkk* dk egRo mldh y?kqrk esa gS tks og dFkk dks
iznku djrh gSA NksVh&NksVh ckrksa esa cM+s vFkZ fudkyuk mldh ,d [-kkfl;r
gS vkSj viuh ckr lans'k :i esa de&ls&de 'kCnksa esa ikBd rd igq¡pkuk]
blh esa mldh liQyrk Nqih gksrh gSA y?kq dFkk dk lkSan;Z mldh viuh
'kSyh] cukoV] dlkoV] dF; vkSj f'kYi esa fufgr gksrk gSA
y?kq dFkk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
dFkkudµtgk¡ dgkuh osQ dFkkud esa ?kVukvksa dk foLrkj gksrk gS ogha
y?kq dFkk osQ dFkkud esa ?kVukvksa osQ foLrkj dk vHkko gksrk gSA dgkuh esa
tgk¡ la?k"kZ dh rhozrk gksrh gS ogha y?kq dFkk esa la?k"kZ dh rhozrk ugha gksrh gSA
23
 ik=k&;kstukµ dgkuh dh rqyuk esa y?kq dFkk esa ik=kksa dh la[;k ,d&nks
rd gh lhfer gksrh gSA y?kq dFkk esa ekuo osQ vykok i'kq&i{kh Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
dYiuk dh mM+kuµ y?kq dFkk esa ;FkkFkZ osQ lkFk&lkFk dkYifud
vfHkO;fDr Hkh gks ldrh gSA vFkkZr y?kq dFkk esa jktk] jkuh] i'kq&i{kh vkfn
dkYifud ik=k Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj dkYifud ?kVuk,¡ HkhA
'kSyhµ y?kq dFkk esa ys[kd viuh ckr laosQrksa osQ ekè;e ls O;Dr djrk
gSA vr% ^laosQrkRedrk* y?kq dFkk dh 'kSyh dk fof'k"V xq.k gSA y?kq dFkk
ys[kd esa fdlh ckr dks la{ksi :i esa dgus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A 'kSyh dh
n`f"V ls y?kq dFkk fdlh xn~;&xhr tSlh lqxfBr gksrh gSA
mins'kkRedrkµ y?kq dFkk esa dksbZ&u&dksbZ misn'k vo'; gksrk gSA vr%
mins'kkRedrk Hkh mldk izeq[k xq.k gSA
laf{kIrrkµ y?kq dFkk dk lkjk dysoj mldh y?kqrk esa fufgr gksrk gSA
vr% dgkuh dh rjg mlesa foLrkj dh xqatkb'k ugha gksrhA
mn~ns';µ y?kq dFkk esa mldk dksbZ&u&dksbZ mn~ns'; vo'; fufgr jgrk
gSA ^y?kq dFkk* dks i<+us osQ ckn ;g mn~ns'; ikBoQ osQ le{k fctyh dh
dkSa/ dh rjg vfHkO;Dr gks tkrk gSA blesa tks mins'k fn;k tkrk gS og Hkh
,d rjg dk mn~ns'; gks ldrk gSA
fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks y?kq dFkk&ys[ku esa n{k cukus osQ fy, vè;kidksa
n~okjk fuEufyf[kr fof/;k¡ viukbZ tk ldrh gSaµ
1- laosQr&¯cnqvksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/
(d) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• ,d xk¡o esa ,d xjhc ydM+gkjk dk jguk • taxy ls ydfM+;k¡ dkVuk
vkSj mUgsa cspdj xqtkjk djuk • ,d fnu unh osQ fdukjs osQ isM+ ls ydfM+;k¡
dkVrs gq, oqQYgkM+h NwVdj unh esa fxjuk • thou&fuokZg dh ¯prk gksuk
• nq[kh gksdj jksuk • rHkh unh esa ls ty&nsork dk izdV gksuk • jksus dk
dkj.k iwNuk • ydM+gkjs n~okjk lkjh ckr crkuk • ty&nsork n~okjk igys lksus
dh oqQYgkM+h ykuk • ydM+gkjs n~okjk vLohdkj fd;k tkuk • fiQj pk¡nh dh
oqQYgkM+h ykuk • bls Hkh vLohdkj djuk • var esa yksgs dh oqQYgkM+h ykuk
vkSj ydM+gkjs dh Loho`Qfr • nsork dk mldh bZekunkjh ij [kq'k gksuk vkSj
rhuksa oqQYgkM+h nsukA
y?kq dFkkµ
,d xk¡o esa ,d xjhc ydM+gkjk jgrk FkkA og taxy ls ydfM+;k¡ dkVdj
ykrk vkSj mUgsa cspdj xqtkjk djrk FkkA ,d fnu og unh osQ fdukjs osQ isM+
ij p<+dj ydfM+;k¡ dkV jgk FkkA vpkud mlosQ gkFk ls oqQYgkM+h NwVdj
24  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
unh esa fxj iM+h] ydM+gkjk lkspus yxk fd vc eSa viuk thou&fuokZg oSQls
d:¡xk\ lksprs&lksprs mldh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk x,] og oqQN nsj rd jksrk
jgkA brus esa unh ls ty&nsork izdV gq,A mUgksaus ydM+gkjs ls iwNkµ¶rqe jks
D;ksa jgs gks\¸ ydM+gkjs us nsork dks lkjh ckr crkbZA
ty&nsork us dgk] ¶rqe jksvks erA eSa vHkh tkdj rqEgkjh oqQYgkM+h ysdj
vkrk gw¡A¸ ty&nsork unh osQ vanj x, vkSj lksus dh ,d oqQYgkM+h ysdj ckgj
vk,A mUgksaus bls ydM+gkjs dks nsrs gq, dgk] ¶;g yks] rqEgkjh oqQYgkM+hA¸
ydM+gkjk ,d bZekunkj O;fDr FkkA mlus dgk fd ;g mldh oqQYgkM+h ugha
gSA rc ty&nsork fiQj unh esa x, vkSj ,d pk¡nh dh oqQYgkM+h ysdj vk,A
ydM+gkjs us bl oqQYgkM+h dks Hkh ysus ls euk dj fn;kA rhljh ckj ty&nsork
yksgs dh oqQYgkM+h ysdj vk,A oqQYgkM+h dks ns[krs gh ydM+gkjk [kq'k gks x;kA
mlus dgk] ¶;gh esjh oqQYgkM+h gSA¸ ydM+gkjs dh bZekunkjh ns[kdj ty&nsork
cgqr izlUUk gq, vkSj mUgksaus mls rhuksa oqQYgkfM+;k¡ ns nhaA  (iapra=k ls)
'kh"kZdµ bZekunkj ydM+gkjk
f'k{kkµ iapra=k dh ;g izsjd y?kq dFkk gesa f'k{kk nsrh gS fd euq"; dks
dHkh Hkh bZekunkjh dk jkLrk ugha NksM+uk pkfg,] bZekunkjh dk iQy lnk ehBk
gksrk gSA
([k) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• ,d ckj nks fe=kksa dk O;kikj djus osQ fy, tkuk • eqlhcr osQ le;
,d&nwljs dk lkFk fuHkkus dk opu nsuk • pyrs&pyrs ,d ?kus] fo'kky vkSj
Hk;adj taxy esa igq¡puk • ,dk,d lkeus ls ,d Hkkyw vkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsuk
• nksuksa dk Hk;Hkhr gksuk • Mjdj ,d fe=k dk isM+ ij p<+ tkuk • nwljs dks
o`{k ij p<+us u vkuk • ?kcjk tkuk • >V ls lk¡l jksddj ”kehu ij ysV tkuk
• Hkkyw dk ikl vkdj mls lw¡?kuk • ejk gqvk le>dj pys tkuk • oqQN nsj
ckn igys nksLr dk isM+ ls uhps mrjdj iwNuk fd jhN us dku esa D;k dgk
• Hkwfe ij ysVus okys fe=k dk mRRkj µ ^LokFkhZ fe=k ij fo'okl er djks*]
y?kq dFkkµ
,d ckj nks fe=k O;kikj djus osQ fy, ?kj ls pysA nksuksa us ,d&nwljs
dks opu fn;k fd fdlh Hkh eqlhcr osQ le; os ,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk
djasaxsA pyrs&pyrs os nksuksa ,d Hk;adj taxy esa tk igq¡psA
taxy cgqr fo'kky rFkk ?kuk FkkA nksuksa fe=k lko/kuh ls taxy esa ls xqtj
jgs FksA ,dk,d mUgsa lkeus ls ,d Hkkyw vkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ fn;kA Hkkyw dks
ns[kdj nksuksas fe=k cgqr Hk;Hkhr gks x,A Hkkyw dks ikl vkrk ns[kdj ,d fe=k
rks TkYnh ls isM+ ij p<+dj iRRkksa esa fNidj cSB x;k] nwljs fe=k dks o`+{k ij
p<+uk ugha vkrk FkkA og ?kcjk x;k] ysfdu mlus fgEEkr ugha gkjhA mlus dgha
lquk Fkk fd Hkkyw ejs gq, vkneh dks ugha [kkrk] og >V ls viuh lk¡l jksddj
iwjd&iqfLrdk 25
”kehu ij ysV x;kA Hkkyw us ikl vkdj mls lw¡?kk vkSj ejk gqvk le>dj ogk¡
ls pyk x;kA oqQN nsj ckn igyk nksLr isM+ ls uhps mrjk] mlus nwljs fe=k ls
dgkµ¶mBks nksLr] Hkkyw pyk x;k] ;g rks crkvks fd mlus rqEgkjs dku esa D;k
dgk Fkk\¸ Hkwfe ij ysVus okys fe=k us dgk fd Hkkyw osQoy ;gh dg jgk Fkk
fd LokFkhZ fe=k ij fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,A
'kh"kZdµ nksLr dh igpku
f'k{kkµ vlyh nksLr dh igpku eqlhcr osQ le; gh gksrh gSA fe=k ogh
gS tks foIkfRRk osQ le; dke vk,A LokFkhZ fe=k ls ges'kk nwj jgksA
(x) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• ,d taxy esa ,d 'ksj dk jguk • nksigj dks ,d isM+ osQ uhps vkjke
djuk • vpkud ,d pwgs dk mlosQ Åij owQnus yxuk • uhan VwVus ls 'ksj dk
Øksf/r gksuk • pwgs dks tku ls ekjus dh /edh nsuk • Hk; ls dk¡irs gq, pwgs
osQ n~okjk 'ksj ls NksM+us osQ fy, fourh djuk • Hkfo"; esa 'ksj osQ dke vkus dh
ckr dguk • 'ksj n~okjk mldk e”kkd mM+krs gq, NksM+ nsuk • f'kdkj <¡w<+rs gq,
'ksj dk f'kdkjh n~okjk fcNk, tky esa i¡Ql tkuk • ngkM++uk • oqQN u dj ikuk
• ngkM+ lqudj pwgs dk vkuk • tky dks dkV nsuk • 'ksj dk vk”kkn gksdj pwgs
dk vkHkkj O;Dr djuk • f'kdkjh osQ vkus ls igys nksuksa dk ogk¡ ls pys tkukA
y?kq dFkkµ
,d taxy esa ,d 'ksj jgrk FkkA ,d fnu nksigj dks og ,d isM+ osQ uhps
vkjke dj jgk FkkA vpkud ,d pwgk mlosQ Åij vkdj owQnus yxkA blls
'ksj dh uhan VwV xbZA vius Åij pwgs dks ns[kdj og cgqr Øksf/r gqvk vkSj
xjtdj cksykµ¶rsjh ;g fgEEkr! eSa vHkh rq>s tku ls ekj nw¡xkA¸
cspkjk pwgk Hk; ls dk¡ius yxkA mlus 'ksj ls fourh dhµ¶egkjkt] eq>s
er ekfj,A eq>s NksM+ nhft,A oSls rks eSa cgqr NksVk vkSj nqcZy gw¡] exj eSa oknk
djrk gw¡ fd vkidk ,glku thou Hkj u Hkwyw¡xkA dHkh ekSdk feyk rks vkidh
enn vo'; d:¡xkA¸ mldh ckr ij 'ksj g¡lrs gq, cksykµ¶rqe tSlk cgqr gh
de”kksj vkSj NksVk tho] esjh D;k enn djsxk\ pyks rqe dg jgs gks rks eSa rqEgsa
ekiQ djrk gw¡A¸ ;g dgdj 'ksj us pwgs dks NksM+ fn;kA
,d fnu dh ckr gS] fdlh f'kdkjh us taxy esa tky fcNk j[kk FkkA 'ksj
f'kdkj dh ryk'k esa taxy esa HkVd jgk Fkk fd f'kdkjh osQ tky esa i¡Ql x;kA
?kcjkdj og ngkM++us yxkA exj tky cgqr e”kcwr FkkA cspkjs 'ksj dh ,d u
pyhA tky rksM+dj ckgj fudyuk mlosQ fy, laHko ugha FkkA pwgs us nwj ls 'ksj
dh ngkM+ lquh rks og Hkkxdj 'ksj osQ ikl igq¡pk vkSj mlus ns[krs&gh&ns[krs
ml tky dks oqQrj fn;kA tky osQ dVrs gh 'ksj mlls vk”kkn gks x;kA tky ls
26  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
ckgj vkdj 'ksj us pwgs dk vkHkkj O;Dr fd;k vkSj mls /U;okn fn;kA fiQj
os nksuksa f'kdkjh osQ vkus ls igys ogk¡ ls pys x,A
'kh"kZdµ 'ksj vkSj pwgk
f'k{kkµ dHkh fdlh Hkh tho dks NksVk vkSj de”kksj ugha le>uk pkfg,A gj
izk.kh dh dkssbZ&u&dksbZ mi;ksfxrk gksrh gSA
(?k) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• unh osQ fdukjs ,d tkequ osQ isM+ ij ,d canj • unh esa jgus okys
exjePN ls mldh fe=krk gksuk • exjePN dks [kkus osQ fy, tkequ nsrs jguk
• ,d fnu exjePN n~okjk oqQN tkequ viuh iRuh dks f[kykuk • iRuh dk
lkspuk fd Lokfn"V tkequ [kkus okys canj dk dystk ehBk gksuk • vius ifr
ls canj dk fny ykus dh f”kn djuk • exjePN n~okjk canj dks Hkkstu ij
fueaf=kr djuk • viuh ihB ij canj dks cSBkdj ys pyuk • unh osQ chpksachp
igq¡pdj Hksn [kksyuk • canj n~okjk /S;Z u [kksuk • isM+ dh [kks[ky esa fny dks
l¡Hkkydj j[kus dh dgkuh crkuk • fny ykus gsrq okil pyus osQ fy, dguk
• exjePN n~okjk canj dks okil ykuk • canj dk mNydj isM+ ij okil
igq¡puk • exjePN ls nksLrh lekIr djukA
y?kq dFkkµ
,d unh osQ fdukjs ,d tkequ osQ isM+ ij ,d canj jgrk FkkA mldh fe=krk
mlh unh esa jgus okys exjePN ls gks xbZ FkhA canj jks”k isM+ ls rksM+dj ehBs&
ehBs tkequ [kkrk Fkk vkSj exjePN dks Hkh [kkus osQ fy, nsrs jgrk FkkA
,d fnu ml exjePN us oqQN tkequ ysdj viuh iRuh dks Hkh f[kyk,A
Lokfn"V tkequ [kkus osQ ckn mldh iRuh us lkspkµ^tc tkequ brus Lokfn"V
gSa rks bu tkequksa osQ [kkus okys canj dk fny fdruk ehBk gksxk*A mlosQ fny
esa canj dk dystk [kkus dh bPNk iSnk gqbZ vkSj vius ifr ls ml canj dk
fny ykus dh f”kn dhA
exjePN us mlss cgqr le>k;k ij og u ekuhA iRuh osQ gkFkksa etcwj gq,
exjePN us canj ls tkdj dgk fd mldh HkkHkh mlls feyuk pkgrh gSA mlus
mldks Hkkstu ij cqyk;k gSA canj us dgk fd og ikuh esa oSQls tk ldrk gS
rks exjePN us dgk fd og mls viuh ihB ij cSBkdj ys pysxkA vius fe=k
dh ckr dk Hkjkslk dj] canj isM+ ls unh esa owQnk vkSj mldh ihB ij lokj
gks x;kA tc os unh osQ chpksachp igq¡ps rc exjePN us Hksn [kksyrs gq, dgk
fd mldh iRuh mldk fny [kkuk pkgrh gS blfy, og mldks vius lkFk
ys tk jgk gSA
exjePN dh ckr lqudj canj dks cgqr /Ddk yxk] ysfdu mlus viuk
/S;Z ugha [kks;k vkSj cksykµ¶vksg] rqeus ;g ckr eq>s igys D;ksa ugha crkbZ Fkh
iwjd&iqfLrdk 27
D;ksafd] eSaus rks viuk fny tkequ osQ isM+ dh [kks[ky esa l¡Hkkydj j[kk gqvk gSA
igys gh crk nsrs rks eSa viuh HkkHkh osQ fy, ogha fudkydj fny ns nsrkA vc
tYnh ls eq>s okil unh osQ fdukjs ys pyks rkfd eSa viuk fny ykdj viuh
HkkHkh dks migkj esa nsdj_ mls [kq'k dj lowQ¡A¸ ew[kZ exjePN canj dks tSls
gh unh fdukjs ysdj vk;k] canj us tYnh ls tkequ osQ isM+ ij Nyk¡x yxkbZ
vkSj Øks/ esa Hkjdj Hkksykµ¶vjs ew[kZ] fny osQ fcuk Hkh D;k dksbZ ¯”knk jg
ldrk gS\ rwus fe=krk esa /ks[kk fd;k gSA tk] vkt ls rsjh&esjh nksLrh lekIrA¸
'kh"kZdµ canj vkSj exjePN
f'k{kkµ eqlhcr osQ {k.kksa esa dHkh Hkh /S;Z ugha [kksuk pkfg, RkFkk fe=krk
dk lnSo lEeku djuk pkfg,A
2- 'kh"kZd osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/
(d) 'kh"kZdµ vH;kl dh 'kfDr
y?kq dFkkµ
izkphu Hkkjr esa ,d ckyd FkkA og i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ esa cgqr de”kksj FkkA tc og
ik¡p o"kZ dk Fkk] rHkh og xq#oqQy f'k{kk osQ fy, vk x;kA nl o"kZ chr tkus osQ
ckn Hkh og vkxs ugha c<+ ik;kA lHkh lkFkh mldk e”kkd mM+krs gq, mls ojnjkt]
(cSyksa dk jktk) dgk djrs FksA ,d fnu xq# th us mls vius ikl cqyk;k vkSj
dgk] ¶csVk ojnjkt¸ rqe fdlh vkSj dke esa ”;knk l{ke gks ldrs gks] blfy,
viuk le; u"V er djks vkSj ?kj tkvksA oqQN vkSj dke djksA¸ xq# th dh
ckr ls ojnjkt dks cgqr gh nq[k igq¡pkA mlus fon~;k foghu gksus ls thou dks
[kRe djuk csgrj le>kA ;g xq#oqQy ls pyk x;k vkSj vkRegR;k djus dk
mik; lkspus yxkA jkLrs esa mls ,d oqQvk¡ fn[kkbZ fn;kA ogk¡ efgyk,¡ jLLkh ls
ikuh fudky jgh FkhaA og ogha cSB x;kA rc mlus ns[kk fd jLlh osQ vkus&tkus
osQ dkj.k iRFkj ij fu'kku iM+ x, gSaA ojnjkt us lkspk fd tc bruk dBksj
iRFkj] dksey jLlh osQ ckj&ckj jxM+us ls f?kl ldrk gS] rks ifjJe djus ls
eq>s fon~;k D;ksa ugha izkIr gks ldrh\
mlus vkRegR;k dk fopkj R;kx fn;k vkSj xq#nso osQ ikl ykSV vk;kA mlus
xq#nso ls oqQN fnu vkSj j[kdj f'k{kk nsus dh izkFkZuk dhA ljy ân; ls xq#nso
jkth gks x,A vc ojnjkt us eu yxkdj vè;;u djuk vkjaHk fd;kA mlesa
Kku izkIr djus dh bPNk bruh izcy gks xbZ Fkh fd mls u vius [kkus&ihus dk
è;ku jgrk vkSj u gh le; dkA
;gh ojnjkt vkxs pydj laLo`Qr osQ egku fon~oku cusaA yksxksa dks laLo`Qr
vklkuh ls le> esa vk, bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdj mUgksaus ^y?kq fln~/kar
28  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
dkSeqnh* dh jpuk dh] tks laLo`Qr dk egku xzaFk gSA ;g xzaFk ikf.kuh osQ
O;kdj.k dk laf{kIr lkj gSA ojnjkt dh dgkuh ls fuEufyf[kr yksdksfDr
izpfyr gks xbZ tks dgkuh dh f'k{kk dks pfjrkFkZ djrh gSµ
djr&djr vH;kl osQ tM+efr gkssr lqtkuA
jljh vkor&tkr rs] fly ij ijr fulkuAA
f'k{kkµ vH;kl liQyrk dk ewYkea=k gSA
([k) 'kh"kZdµ tSls dks rSlk
y?kq dFkkµ
,d xk¡o esa th.kZ/u uked xjhc yM+dk jgrk FkkA /u dekus dh n`f"V
ls mlus ijns'k tkus dk fopkj fd;kA mlosQ ikl dksbZ /u&nkSyr rks Fkh ugha]
osQoy ,d cgqr Hkkjh yksgs dh rjktw FkhA ml rjktw dks xk¡o osQ egktu osQ
ikl /jksgj osQ :i easa j[kdj og ijns'k pyk x;kA ijns'k ls vkus osQ ckn
mlus egktu ls viuh /jksgj okil ek¡xhA egktu us dgk] ¶ml rjktw dks
rks pwgs [kk x,A¸
yM+dk le> x;k fd egktu mldh rjktw nsuk ugha pkgrk] ysfdu og oqQN
dj Hkh rks ugha ldrk FkkA mlus egktu ls dgk] ¶dksbZ ckr ugha blesa vkidh
dksbZ xyrh ugha gSA lc pwgksa dk nks"k gSA¸ ;g dgdj og fcuk oqQN dgs vius
?kj pyk x;kA vxys fnu og egktu osQ ikl tkdj cksyk] ¶lsB th! eSa unh
ij Luku djus osQ fy, tk jgk gw¡A vki vius iq=k dks esjs lkFk Hkstuk pkgsa rks
Hkst ldrs gSaA og Hkh unh esa Luku dj ysxkA¸ egktu yM+osQ dh lTTkurk ls
cgqr izHkkfor Fkk] blfy, mlus vius iq=k dks mlosQ lkFk Luku osQ fy, Hkst
fn;kA th.kZ/u us egktu osQ iq=k dks ogk¡ ls oqQN nwj ys tkdj ,d xqiQk esa
Nqik fn;k vkSj fiQj egktu osQ ikl igq¡pkA egktu us iwNkµ¶esjk csVk Hkh rks
rqEgkjs lkFk LUkku osQ fy, x;k Fkk] og dgk¡ gS\¸
th.kZ/u us dgk] ¶mls rks phy mBk ys xbZA¸
egktuµ¶;g oSQls gks ldrk gS\ dHkh phy Hkh brus cM+s cPPks dks
mBkdj ys tk ldrh gS\¸
th.kZ/uµ¶;fn pwgs yksgs dh rjktw dks [kk ldrs gSa rks phy Hkh cPPks dks
mBkdj ys tk ldrh gSA¸ egktu dks viuh Hkwy dk vglkl gks pqdk Fkk]
mlus th.kZ/u ls ekiQh ek¡xrs gq, rjktw okil dj nhA rjktw fey tkus ij mlus
egktu osQ csVs dks Hkh xqiQk ls ykdj ykSVk fn;kA
f'k{kkµ tks tSlk djrk gS mlosQ lkFk oSlk gh djuk pkfg,A (iapra=k ls)
3- f'k{kk osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/
(d) f'k{kkµ osQoy cqn~f/eku dks lh[k nks] ew<+ dks ugha
iwjd&iqfLrdk 29
y?kq dFkkµ
,d taxy osQ ,d ?kus o`{k ij xkSjS;k dk ,d tksM+k jgrk FkkA mUgksaus viuk
?kksalyk ml o`{k dh ?kuh Mkyh ij cuk j[kk FkkA os nksuksa vius ?kksalys esa cM+s
lq[k ls jgrs FksA
lfnZ;ksa dk ekSle 'kq: gks x;k FkkA ,d fnu lqcg BaMh gok py jgh Fkh
vkSj lkFk esa cw¡nk&ck¡nh Hkh 'kq: gks xbZ FkhA ml le; ,d canj fBBqjrk gqvk
ml o`{k dh 'kk[kk ij vk cSBkA BaM dh o”kg ls mldk lkjk 'kjhj dk¡i jgk
Fkk vkSj mlosQ nk¡r dVdVk jgs FksA mls ns[kdj xkSjS;k us dgk] ¶vjs! rqe dkSu
gks\ ns[kus esa rks rqEgkjk psgjk vknfe;ksa tSlk yxrk gSA rqEgkjs rks gkFk&iSj Hkh
gSaA fiQj Hkh rqe ;gk¡ cSBs gks] viuk ?kj cukdj D;ksa ugha jgrs\¸
;g lqudj canj xqLlss esa cksyk] ¶rw pwi jg vkSj viuk dke djA esjk
migkl D;ksa dj jgh gS\¸
xkSjS;k us dgk] ¶vxj rqeus Hkh viuk ?kj cuk;k gksrk rks vkt bl rjg
ekjs&ekjs u fiQj jgs gksrsA ns[kks] rqEgkjk iwjk 'kjhj xhyk gks pqdk gS vkSj lkjk
cnu Hkh BaM ls dk¡i jgk gSA¸ bl rjg ls xkSjS;k canj dks rkus nsrs gq,
oqQN&u&oqQN dgrh jghA
xkSjS;k dh ckrksa ls canj cqjh rjg >YYkk x;kA Øks/ esa vkdj cksyk] ¶rw
dkSu gksrh gS eq>s mins'k vkSj lh[k nsus okyhA rw vius ftl ?kj dks ysdj
brjk jgh gS eSa mls gh u"V dj nsrk g¡wA¸ ;g dgdj canj us cspkjh xkSjS;k osQ
?kksalys dks rksM+&iQksM+ fn;kA 
blhfy, dgk x;k gS fd cqn~f/eku~ dks nh xbZ f'k{kk gh iQynk;d gksrh gS]
ew[kZ dks nh gqbZ f'k{kk dk ifj.kke dbZ ckj foijhr Hkh gks ldrk gSA
 (iapra=k ls)
'kh"kZdµ xkSjS;k vkSj canj
([k) f'k{kkµ fcuk fopkjs tks djs lks ikNs iNrk;A
y?kq dFkkµ
nsooekZ uked ,d czkg~e.k FkkA mlosQ ?kj ftl fnu iq=k dk tUe gqvk]
mlh fnu mlosQ ?kj esa jgus okyh uoqQyh us Hkh ,d usoys dks tUe fn;kA
nsooekZ dh iRuh cgqr n;kyq LoHkko dh L=kh FkhA mlus ml uotkr usoys dks
Hkh vius iq=k osQ leku gh iky&iksldj cM+k fd;kA
og usoyk lnk mlosQ iq=k osQ lkFk [ksyrk FkkA nksuksa esa cM++k izse FkkA nsooekZ
dh iRuh Hkh nksuksa osQ isze dks ns[kdj izlUUk jgrh FkhA ¯drq] dHkh&dHkh mlosQ
eu esa ;g 'kadk Hkh mBrh jgrh Fkh fd dHkh ;g usoyk mlosQ iq=k dks dkV
u [kk, D;ksafd usoyk ,d i'kq gh rks FkkA
30  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
 ,d fnu nsooekZ dh iRuh vius iq=k dks lqykdj ikl osQ rkykc ls ikuh
Hkjus xbZA tkrs le; mlus vius ifr ls dgk fd og cPPks dk è;ku j[ksA dgha
,slk u gks fd usoyk mls dkV [kk,A iRuh osQ tkus osQ ckn nsooekZ FkksM+h nsj
rd rks cPPks osQ ikl cSBk jgk] ij FkksM+h nsj ckn fHk{kk osQ fy, ckgj fudy
x;kA mlosQ tkus osQ ckn ogk¡ ,d dkyk ukx dgha ls vk x;kA usoys us mls
ns[k fy;kA mls yxk fd dgha ;g ukx mlosQ fe=k dks u Ml ys] blfy, og
ml ukx ij VwV iM+k vkSj Lo;a cgqr {kr&fo{kr gksrs gq, Hkh mlus ukx osQ
VqdM+s&VqdM+s dj fn,A ukx dks ekjus osQ ckn og mlh fn'kk esa py iM+k] ft/j
nsooekZ dh iRuh xbZ FkhA mlus lkspk fd og mldh bl cgknqjh dh iz'kalk
djsxh] ¯drq gqvk blosQ foijhrA
usoys osQ eq¡g ij yxs [kwu dks ns[kdj nsooekZ dh iRuh dks yxk fd bl
usoys us mlosQ iq=k dks ekj fn;k gSA ;g fopkj vkrs gh og Øks/ ls Hkj xbZ
vkSj vius flj ij j[ks ?kM+s dks usoys ij isaQd fn;kA NksVk&lk usoyk ty ls
Hkjs ?kM+s dh pksV ls ogha ej x;kA czkg~e.k&iRuh tc ?kj igq¡ph rks mlus ns[kk
fd mldk iq=k cM+s vkjke ls lks jgk gS vkSj mlls oqQN nwjh ij ,d dkys ukx
dk 'kjhj VqdM+s&VqdM+s gqvk iM+k gSA rc mls viuh xyrh- dk vglkl gqvkA
ftl usoys us ukx ls mlosQ iq=k dh tku cpkbZ Fkh] mlus mlh cspkjs dh tku
ys yhA tc mldk ifr ?kj okil vk;k rks mlus mldks jksrs&jksrs lkjh ?kVuk
crkbZA usoys dh e`R;q ls mldk eu cgqr vkgr FkkA nsooekZ us mlls ;gh dgk
fd fcuk fopkjs tks dke fd;k tkrk gS mldk ,slk gh ifj.kke gksrk gSA vr%
gj dke lksp&le>dj gh djuk pkfg,A  (iapra=k ls)
'kh"kZdµ czkg~e.kh vkSj usoyk
3- 'kh"kZd vkSj f'k{kk osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk&ys[ku fof/
(d) 'kh"kZdµ cxqyk Hkxr vkSj osQdM+k
f'k{kkµ fcuk lksps&le>s fdlh ij vk¡[k can djosQ fo'okl ugha
djuk pkfg,A
y?kq dFkkµ
,d taxy esa ,d cgqr cM+k rkykc FkkA blesa ukuk izdkj osQ tho] i{kh]
eNfy;k¡] dNq, vkSj osQoQM+s vkfn jgrs FksA ogha ,d cxqyk Hkh jgrk Fkk] ftls
ifjJe djuk fcYkoqQy vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA ges'kk ;gh mik; lksprk jgrk
Fkk fd oSQls fcuk gkFk&iSj fgyk, jkst Hkkstu fey tk;k djsA ,d fnu mls
,d mik; lw> gh x;kA og rkykc osQ fdukjs [kM+s gksdj udyh vk¡lw cgkus
iwjd&iqfLrdk 31
yxkA ,d osQdM+s us mls vk¡lw cgkrs ns[kk rks dkj.k iwNkA cxqyk cksyk] ¶csVs]
cgqr dj fy;k eNfy;ksa dk f'kdkjA vc eSa ;g iki&deZ vkSj ugha djuk
pkgrkA esjh vkRek tkx mBh gSA osQdM+k cksyk] ¶ekek] f'kdkj ugha djksxs]
oqQN [kkvksxs ugha rks ¯”knk oSQls jgksxs\¸ cxqys us yach lk¡l yh vkSj cksyk]
¶oSls Hkh ge lcdks tYnh ejuk gh gSA eq>s irk pyk gS fd 'kh?kz gh ;gk¡
ckjg o"kZ dk yack lw[kk iM+sxk vkSj mlesa dksbZ ugha cpsxkA ;g ckr eq>s
,d f=kdkyn'khZ egkRek us crkbZ gSA egkRekvksa dh Hkfo";ok.kh dHkh x- yr
ugha gksrhA¸ osQdM+s us tkdj lcdks crk;k fd oSQls cxqys us v¯glk dk ekxZ
viuk fy;k gS vkSj lw[kk iM+us okyk gSA ;g lqurs gh ml rkykc osQ lkjs tho
nkSM+s&nkSM+s cxqys osQ ikl vk, vkSj cksysµ¶Hkxr ekek] vc rqEgha gesa cpko
oQk dksbZ jkLrk crkvksA¸
cxqyk cksyk] ¶;gk¡ ls FkksM+h nwj ij ,d tyk'k; gS] ftlesa igkM+h >juk
cgdj fxjrk gSA og dHkh ugha lw[krkA ;fn rqe lc yksx ogk¡ pys tkvks rks
cpko gks ldrk gSA¸ ¶ij ge yksx ogk¡ tk,¡xs oSQls\¸ lHkh thoksa us iwNkA rc
cxqyk cksyk] ¶rqe yksx ¯prk er djksA eSa rqEgsa ,d&,d djosQ viuh ihB ij
fCkBkdj ogk¡ rd ys tkÅ¡xk D;ksafd eSa rks viuk 'ks"k thou nwljksa dh lsok esa
fcrkuk pkgrk gw¡A¸ lHkh tho [kq'k gks x, vkSj cxqyk Hkxr dh t;&t;dkj
djus yxsA vc cxqyk jks”k ,d tho dks viuh ihB ij fcBkdj ys tkrk vkSj
oqQN nwj ys tkdj ,d pV~Vku osQ ikl tkdj mls ekjdj [kk tkrkA /hjs&/hjs
pV~Vku osQ ikl ejs gq, thoksa dh gM~fM;ksa dk <sj c<+us yxk vkSj cxqys dh
lsgr cuus yxhA og [kk&[kkdj [kwc eksVk gks x;kA cgqr fnuksa rd ,slk gh
pyrk jgkA ,d fnu osQdM+s us cxqys ls dgkµ¶ekek] rqeus brus lkjs tkuoj
ml rkykc rd igq¡pk fn,] ysfdu esjh ckjh vHkh rd ugha vkbZA¸
cxqysµ¶csVk] vkt rsjh gh ckjh gS] vk tk esjh ihB ij cSB tkA¸
osQdM+k [kq'k gksdj cxqys dh ihB ij cSB x;kA tc og pV~Vku osQ fudV
igq¡pk rks Åij ls gM~fM;ksa dk <sj ns[kdj osQdM+s dk ekFkk BudkA mls lkjh
ckr le>rs nsj u yxhA og flgj mBk ijarq mlus fgEEkr ugha gkjh vkSj rqjar
vius uqdhys iatksa ls nq"V cxqys dh xnZu nck nh vkSj rc rd nck, j[kh]
tc rd mlosQ izk.k u fudy x,A fiQj osQdM+k cxqys dk dVk flj ysdj
rkykc ij ykSVk vkSj lkjs thoksa dks lPPkkbZ crkbZ fd oSQls nq"V cxqyk mUgsa
/ks[kk nsrk jgk FkkA
32  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
 bl rjg bl y?kq dFkk ls ;gh f'k{kk feyrh gS fd fcuk lksps&le>s fdlh
ij vk¡[ksa can djosQ fo'okl ugha djuk pkfg,A  (iapra=k ls)
([k) 'kh"kZdµ ew[kZ ckrwuh dNqvk
f'k{kkµ tks viuh okpkyrk ij fu;a=k.k ugha j[k ikrk gS] mldk
ifj.kke cqjk gksrk gSA
y?kq dFkkµ
fdlh rkykc esa oaqQcqxzho uked ,d dNqvk jgrk FkkA mlh rkykc osQ
fdukjs ladV vkSj fodV uked nks gal Hkh jgrs FksA bu nksuksa ls dNq, dh
xgjh nksLrh FkhA DQNqvk cgqr ckrwuh FkkA mls ckrsa djus esa cgqr e”kk vkrk FkkA
og gj jks”k ikuh ls fudydj rkykc osQ fdukjs vk tkrk Fkk vkSj nksuksa galksa
osQ lkFk ckrsa djrk FkkA ,d o"kZ ml izns'k esa lw[kk iM+kA ”kjk Hkh ckfj'k ugha
gqbZ] ftlosQ dkj.k /hjs&/hjs og rkykc Hkh lw[kus yxkA galksa dks viuh ¯prk
u FkhA os rks mM++dj dgha vkSj Hkh tk ldrs Fks] ij os vius nksLr dNq, dks
ysdj ¯pfrr FksA tc mUgksaus viuh ¯prk osQ ckjs esa dNq, dks crk;k rks og
cksyk] ¶HkkbZ] ¯prk djus ls D;k gksxkA rqe yksx mM+dj fdlh ,sls rkykc dh
[kkst djks tks ikuh ls yckyc Hkjk gksA¸ dNq, dh ckr lqudj ladV uked
gal us dgk] ¶rkykc fey Hkh x;k rks rqe ogk¡ oSQls tkvksxs\¸ dNqvk cksyk]
¶rqe yksx eq>s fdlh ydM+h osQ VqdM+s ls yVdkdj ys pyukA¸ dNq, dh ckr
nksuksa dks Hkh mfpr yxhA
galksa us ogk¡ ls FkksM+h nwj ij rkykc dh [kkst dj yhA mUgksaus dNq, ls
dgk] ¶mM++ku osQ nkSjku rqEgsa viuk eq¡g can j[kuk gksxkA¸ dNq, us mUgsa Hkjkslk
fnyk;k fd og fdlh Hkh gkyr esa viuk eq¡g ugha [kksysxkA
dNq, us ydM+h osQ VqdMs+ dks vius nk¡rksa ls dldj idM+ fy;k vkSj fiQj
nksukas gal mls ysdj mM+ pysA jkLrs esa uxj osQ yksxksa us tc ns[kk fd ,d
dNqvk vkdk'k esa mM+k tk jgk gS rks os vk'p;Z ls fpYYkkus yxsA yksxksa dks
fpYYkkrs gq, ns[kdj dNq, ls jgk ugha x;kA og viuk oknk Hkwy x;kA mlus
oqQN dgus osQ fy, tSls gh viuk eq¡g [kksyk fd vkdk'k ls lh/k ”kehu ij
vkdj fxjk vkSj pksV vf/d yxus osQ dkj.k mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
y?kq dFkk bl f'k{kk dks pfjrkFkZ djrh gS fd O;fDr dks viuh okpkyrk ij
fu;a=k.k j[kuk pkfg,A tks ,slk ugha djrk rks mldk cqjk gksrk gSA (iapra=k ls)

iwjd&iqfLrdk 33
 vH;kl&dk;Z
1- fn, x, laosQr&¯cnqvksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk fyf[k, vkSj mldk
mfpr 'kh"kZd rFkk mlls feyus okyh f'k{kk Hkh fyf[k,A
(d) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• fdlh xk¡o osQ eafnj eas ,d lk/q • xk¡o osQ yksxksa ls mls nku esa rjg&
rjg osQ oL=k] migkj] [kkn~;&lkexzh vkSj iSls feyuk • mudks cspdj dkiQh
/u tek dj ysuk • lk/q dk fdlh ij fo'okl u gksuk • vius /u dks
,d iksVyh esa j[kuk • iksVyh lnk vius lkFk j[kuk • mlh xk¡o esa ,d Bx
dk vkuk • mldh u”kj lk/q osQ /u ij gksuk • f'k"; osQ os'k esa Bx dk
lk/q osQ ikl vkuk • f'k"; cukus dh izkFkZuk djuk • lk/q dk eku tkuk
• Bx dk Hkh lk/q osQ lkFk jguk • eafnj dh lk-iQ&l-iQkbZ vkfn lHkh dk;Z
djuk • lk/q dk fo'oklik=k cu tkuk • ,d fnu lk/q osQ lkFk ikl osQ
xk¡o osQ eqf[k;k osQ ?kj ij tkuk • jkLrs esa unh ij lk/q dk Luku djus tkuk
• Bx dk xBjh ysdj pair gks tkukA
([k) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• ,d fnu ,d fl;kj dk fdlh xk¡o ls xq”kjuk • xk¡o osQ ck”kkj osQ
ikl yksxksa dks ns[kuk • ogk¡ nks rxM+s cdjksa dh vkil esa yM+kbZ gksuk • lHkh
yksxksa dk ”kksj&”kksj ls fpYYkkuk vkSj rkfy;k¡ ctkuk • nksuksa cdjkas dk cqjh rjg
ls ygwyqgku gksuk vkSj lM+d ij [kwu cgkuk • bruk lkjk rk”kk [kwu ns[kdj
vius&vki dks u jksd ikuk • [kwu dk Lokn ysus osQ fy, cdjkssa ij VwV iM+uk
• fl;kj dks ns[kdj cdjksa osQ n~okjk viuh 'k=kqrk Hkwy tkuk • feydj fl;kj
ij geyk cksy nsuk • fl;kj dks ogha ekj nsukA
(x) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• fgeky; dh ,d oaQnjk esa ,d cfy"B 'ksj dk jguk • ,d fnu ,d
HkSals dk f'kdkj dj viuh xqi- Qk esa ykSVuk • jkLrs esa ,d efj;y&lk fl;kj
dk feyuk • fl;kj n~okjk 'ksj dks naMor iz.kke djuk • 'ksj n~okjk ,slk djus
dk dkj.k iwNuk • 'ksj ls viuh 'kj.k esa ysus dh izkFkZuk djuk • 'ksj dh lsok
djus dk vk'oklu nsuk • 'ksj dk mldh ckr eku ysuk • oqQN gh fnuksa esa
'ksj n~okjk NksM+s f'kdkj dks [kk&[kkdj cgqr eksVk gks tkuk • ,d fnu 'ksj ls
34  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)
vius 'kfDr'kkyh gksus dk naHk Hkjuk • gkFkh dk f'kdkj djus dh ckr dguk
• 'ksj n~okjk le>kuk • ?keaM osQ dkj.k u ekuuk • igkM+ dh pksVh ls gkfFk;ksa
osQ >aqM dks ns[kuk • 'ksj dh rjg xtZuk djrs gq, ,d cM+s gkFkh osQ Åij
owQn iM+uk ¯drq gkFkh osQ flj osQ Åij fxjrs gq, mlosQ iSjksa ij tk fxjuk
• gkFkh dk viuh eLrkuh pky ls pyrs gq, mlosQ flj ij iSj j[kdj c<+ tkuk
• fl;kj dk flj pdukpwj gks tkuk • izk.k i[ks: mM++ tkukA
(?k) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• taxy osQ ,d cM+s oV&o`{k dh [kksy esa cgqr ls cxqyksa dk jguk • mlh
o`{k dh tM+ esa ,d lk¡i dk jguk • pqipki cxqyksa osQ cPPkksa dks [kk tkuk
• ,d cxqys dk cgqr nq[kh gksdj unh fdukjs tkdj cSBuk • vk¡[kksa osQ
vk¡lw ns[kdj ,d osQdM+s n~okjk jksus dk dkj.k iwNuk • iwjh ?kVuk crkuk
vkSj mik; iwNuk • osQdM+s dk ,slk mik; crkuk] ftlls lk¡i osQ lkFk&lkFk
cxqyksa dk Hkh uk'k gks tkuk D;ksafd cxqys mlosQ tUetkr 'k=kq • usoys osQ
fcy ls 'kq: djosQ lk¡i osQ fcy rd ekal osQ VqdM+s fc[kjus dh lykg nsuk
• cxqys dk ,slk gh djuk • usoys n~okjk lk¡i osQ lkFk&lkFk ml o`{k ij jgus
okys lHkh cxqyksa dks Hkh [kk tkuk • cxqys n~okjk mik; osQ ckjs esa lkspuk ij
nq"ifj.kke osQ ckjs esa u lkspuk • viuh ew[kZrk dk iQy ikukA
(Ä) laosQr&¯cnqµ
• ,d taxy esa fo'kky o`{k osQ rus osQ [kksy esa d¯itu uked rhrj dk
jguk • ,d fnu vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk nwj /ku osQ [ksr esa ubZ&ubZ dksaiysa [kkus
pys tkuk • jkr dks ml o`{k dh [kksy esa ,d [kjxks'k dk vkdj jgus yxuk
• oqQN fnu ckn rhrj dk ykSVuk • [kjxks'k dks viuh txg [kkyh djus dks dguk
• [kjxks'k n~okjk u fudyuk • [kjxks'k osQ n~okjk roZQ nsuk fd ?kj esa jgus okys dk
?kj ij vf/dkj gksuk • >xM+k c<+ tkuk • rhrj dk fdlh vU; ls iSQlyk
djokus dh ckr dguk • ,d fcYYkh dk ;g lc lquuk • nksuksa dks [kk tkus
osQ bjkns ls iap cuus dh ckr lkspuk • gkFk esa ekyk ysdj lw;Z dh vksj eq[k
djosQ unh osQ fdukjs oqQ'kklu fcNkdj vk¡[ksa can dj cSB tkuk vkSj /eZ dk mins'k
nsuk • nksuksa dk ik[kaMh fcYyh ls le>kSrk djkus dh ckr dguk • ftldk i{k
/eZ&fo#n~/ gks mls [kk ysus dh ckr fcYYkh n~okjk dguk • nksuksa osQ n~okjk
fcYYkh dk izLrko Lohdkj dj ysuk • ikl vkdkj leL;k crkus dh ckr nksuksa
ls dguk • >iV~Vk ekjdj nksuksa dks ,d lkFk gh iatksa esa ncksp ysukA
iwjd&iqfLrdk 35
 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk vkSj mlls feyus
okyh f'k{kk dks fyf[k,A
(d) 'kh"kZdµ ,drk esa cy
([k) 'kh"kZdµ ykyp cqjh cyk gS
3- 'kh"kZoQ nsrs gq, ,slh y?kq dFkk,¡ fyf[k,] ftuls fuEufyf[kr
f'k{kk,¡ feyrh gksaA
(d) f'k{kkµ ?kksj ladV dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh gesa lw>&cw> vkSj prqjkbZ
ls dke ysuk pkfg, vkSj vkf[kjh ne rd iz;kl djrs jguk
pkfg,A
([k) f'k{kkµ HkkX; Hkh mUgha dk lkFk nsrk gS tks deZ esa fo'okl j[krs
gSa tcfd HkkX; osQ Hkjksls gkFk&ij&gkFk cSBs jgus okys dk
fouk'k gksrk gSA
(x) f'k{kkµ ew[kZ fe=k dh vis{kk fon~oku 'k=kq T;knk vPNk gksrk gSA
(?k) f'k{kkµ fdlh >wB dks ckj&ckj cksyus ls og lp dh rjg yxus
yxrk gSA vr% fnekx ls dke ysa vkSj vius&vki ij
fo'okl djsaA
4- fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa ,oa f'k{kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij y?kq dFkk,¡
fyf[k,A
(d) 'kh"kZdµ oqQekxZ
f'k{kkµ vius fgr osQ fy, xyr deks± dk ekxZ ugha viukuk
pkfg,A
([k) 'kh"kZdµ ys Mwcrh gS vkil dh 'k=kqrk
f'k{kkµ viuksa ls cnyk ysus osQ fy, tks 'k=kq dk lkFk ysrk gS]
mldk var fuf'pr gSA
qqq

36  O;kdj.k ifjp;&10 (dkslZ ^ch*)