Chapter 2

Differentiation

Derivative of a Let f be a real valued function continuous in the interval ( x, x1 )  D f (the

Function domain of f ), then difference quotient
f ( x1 )  f ( x )
-------------(1)
x1  x
represents average rate of change.
If x1 approaches to x, then
f ( x1 )  f ( x)
Lim provided the limit exists, is called the instantaneous rate of
x1  x x1  x
change of f with respect to x and is written as f ( x ).
If x1  x   x i.e., x1  x   x , then (1) becomes
f ( x   x)  f ( x)
x
and
f ( x   x)  f ( x)
Lim
 x 0 x
is defined the derivative of f (or differential coefficient of f ) with respect to x
and is denoted by f ( x ) (read as f – prime of x ). The domain of f  consists of
all x in the domain of f for which the limit exists.
Finding f ( x ) from y  f ( x)
Definition of y   y  f ( x   x)
Derivative / First  y  f ( x   x)  y
Principles / ab-initio
 y  f ( x   x)  f ( x) y  f ( x)
Method
Dividing both sides by  x
 y f ( x   x)  f ( x)

x x
Taking limit  x  0 on both sides
y f ( x   x)  f ( x)
Lim  Lim
 x 0  x  x 0 x
dy f ( x   x)  f ( x)
 Lim
dx  x  0 x
Theorems on Differentiation
d
1.  c   0 i.e., the derivative of a constant function is zero.
dx
d
2.  x  1
dx
d d
3. cf  x    c  f  x  
dx dx
4.
d n
dx
 x   nx n 1. ( x)  nx n 1 power formula (or rule) when n is any rational number.
d
dx
Derivative of a Sum or d d d
 f  x   g  x     f  x     g  x  
a Difference of a dx dx dx 
functions Note: Sum or difference formula can be extended to find derivative of more than
two functions.
 Derivative of a d d  d 
 f  x  g  x    f  x    g  x     g  x    f  x   
Product dx  dx   dx 
(The Product Rule)
Derivative of a d  d 
g  x    f  x     f  x    g  x   
Quotient d  f  x   dx   dx  , g x 0
   
(The Quotient Rule) dx  g  x    g  x  
2

Reciprocal Rule d
    g  x  
d 1
 
dx , g  x  0
dx  g  x    g  x  
2

Chain Rule If y  f (u ) and x  f (u ) , then

dy dy du
 .
dx du dx
Derivative of
Composition of
 fog  ( x)  f   g ( x).g ( x)
Functions
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
d d
1  sin x   cos x . ( x)  cos x
dx dx
d d
 2  cos x    sin x . ( x)   sin x
dx dx
d d
 3  tan x   sec2 x . ( x)  sec2 x
dx dx
d d
 4  cot x    cos ec 2 x . ( x)   cos ec 2 x
dx dx
d d
 5  sec x   sec x tan x . ( x)  sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
 6  cos ec x    cos ecx cot x . ( x)   cos ecx cot x
dx dx
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
d 1 d 1
(1) sin 1 x   . ( x)  , x   1,1 or 1  x  1
dx 1 x 2 dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1
(2) cos 1 x    . ( x)   , x   1,1 or 1  x  1
dx 1  x 2 dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1
(3)  tan 1 x   . ( x)  , xR
dx 1  x dx
2
1  x2
d 1 d 1
(4) cot 1 x    . ( x)   , xR
dx 1 x 2
dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1 x  1,1  1,1   , 1   ,1
(5)  s ec 1 x   . ( x)  ,
dx x x 2  1 dx x x2 1
d 1 d
(6) cos ec 1 x    . ( x)
dx x x  1 dx
2

x   1,1  1,1   , 1   ,1

1
 ,
x x2 1
 Derivatives of Exponential Functions
(1)
d x
dx
 e   ex .
d
dx
( x)  e x

(2)
d x
dx
 a   a x  ln a  .
d
dx
( x)  a x  ln a 

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

d 1 d 1
(1)  ln x   . ( x) 
dx x dx x
d 1 d 1
(2)  log a x   . ( x) 
dx x lna dx x lna
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
d d
(1)  sin h x   cos h x . ( x)  cos h x
dx dx
d d
(2) cos h x   sin h x . ( x)  sin h x
dx dx
d d
(3)  tan hx   sec h2 x . ( x)  sec h2 x
dx dx
d d
(4)  cot h x    cos ech2 x . ( x)   cos ech2 x
dx dx
d d
(5)  sec h x    sec hx tan h x . ( x)   sec h x tan h x
dx dx
d d
(6)  cos ech x    cos ech x cot h x . ( x)   cot h x cos ech x
dx dx
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
(1)
d
 sinh 1 x  
1
.
d
( x) 
1
, xR
dx 1  x 2 dx 1  x2
d 1 d 1
(2) cosh 1 x   . ( x)  , x  (1, )
dx x  1 dx
2
x2 1
d 1 d 1
(3)  tanh 1 x   . ( x)  , 1  x  1 or x  1
dx 1 x 2
dx 1  x2
(4)
d
dx
 coth 1 x  
1
1  x dx
2
.
d
( x) 
1 x
1
2
or  2 ,
1
x 1
x 1

(5)
d
 sech 1 x   
1
.
d
( x)  
1
, 0  x 1
dx x 1 x 2 dx x 1  x2
(6)
d
 cos ec h 1 x   
1
.
d
( x)  
1
, x0
dx x 1  x 2 dx x 1  x2
or
d
 cos ec h 1 x   
1
, x  R  0
dx x 1  x2
Power Series A series of the form a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3  a4 x 4  ......  an x n  ...... is called
Expansion
a power series expansion of a function f  x  , where a0 , a1 , a2 ,..., an ,... are
constants and x is a variable.
Maclaurin Series If f ( x) is defined at x  0 and its all derivatives exists at x  0 , then the
Expansion Maclaurin series expansion is
x2 x3 xn n
f ( x)  f (0)  xf (0)  f (0)  f (0)   f (0) 
2 3 n
 Taylor Series If f ( x) is defined at x  a and its all derivatives exists at x  a , then the Taylor
Expansion series expansion is
( x  a)2 ( x  a )3

f ( x)  f (a )  ( x  a ) f (a )  
f (a )  f (a)  
2 3
( x  a)n n
f (a) 
n

Note:
(i) If a  0 in Taylor series. Then the Taylor series expansion becomes
Maclaurin series expansion.
(ii) Replacing x by x  h and a by x in Taylor series, then
h2 h3 hn n
f ( x  h)  f ( x)  hf ( x)  f ( x)  f ( x)   f ( x) 
2 3 n
This expansion is called Taylor’s theorem.
Increasing and Let f be a differentiable function on the open interval (a, b) . Then
Decreasing Functions (i) f is increasing on (a, b) if f ( x )  0 for each x  (a, b)
(ii) f is decreasing on (a, b) if f ( x )  0 for each x  (a, b)
Stationary Points Any point where f is neither increasing nor decreasing is called a stationary
point, provided that f ( x )  0 at that point.

Increasing function
dy
0
dx
Decreasing
dy
function 0
dx
Stationary point
dy
0
dx

Turning Point A stationary point is called a turning point if it is either a maximum point or a
minimum point.
Critical Point If c  D f and f (c)  0 or f (c ) does not exist, then the number c is called a
critical value for f while the point  c, f (c)  on the graph of f is named as a
critical point.

 The points x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , and x5 above are critical points.

 Of these, x1 , x2 , and x5 are stationary points.