Spring 2023-2024

Transform Calculus
(MA 20202)

Solutions-1
1
1. (a) Let the Laplace transform of f (t) = √
t
be F (s). Then,
 ∞  ∞
−st 1
F (s) = e √ dt = e−st t−1/2 dt
0 t 0

Let st = u. So, sdt = du. Therefore,

  u −1/2 du
∞
F (s) = e−u
0 s s
 ∞
1
= s−1/2 e−u u 2 −1 du
0
= s−1/2 Γ(12)

π
= 
s

(b) Sucient condition for the existence of Laplace transform:-

If f (t) is dened and piecewise continuous on every nite interval on the semi-axis t ≥ 0 and satises

|f (t)| ≤ M ekt

for some constant M and k(> 0) and for all t ≥ 0, then the Laplace transform of f exists for all
s > k.
The function √1t is not piecewise continuous on [0, ∞) as limt→0 √1t = ∞, ie is not nite. By i), we
have seen that the Laplace transform of √1t exists.
∞ ∞
2. (a) Here F (s) = 0 e−st f (t)dt. Let the Laplace transform of f (ct) be G(s). Then G(s) = 0 e−st f (ct)dt.
Let ct = u. So cdt = du. Therefore
 ∞
u f (u)
G(s) = e−s c c du
0

1 ∞ −( sc )u
= e f (u)du
c 0
1 s
= F 
c c
s
(b) The Laplace transform of cos t is s2 +1 . So, the Laplace transform of cos ωt is
s
1 ω s
 s 2 = 2 .
ω +1 s + ω2
ω

3. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

(a) We have  
2 1
f (t) = cos πt
2
1
= (1 + cos πt)
2
Then
1 1
L(f ) = L(1) + L(cos πt) (by linearity)
2 2
11 1 s
= +
2 s 2 s2 + π 2
1 s2 + s2 + π 2
=
2 s (s2 + π 2 )
1 2s2 + π 2
= .
2 s (s2 + π 2 )

1
 Spring 2023-2024

 
(b) L t3 e−3t = F (s + 3), (by First Shifting Theorem) where F (s) is the Laplace transform of t3 . We
know that F (s) = s3!4 .
  6
So L t3 e−3t = F (s + 3) = (s+3) 4.
 t   
(c) L e− 2 u(t − 2) = F s + 12 , where F (s) is the Laplace transform of u(t − 2) (by First Shifting
Theorem).

 t   
e−2(s+ 2 )
1
e−2s 1 e−2s−1
F (s) = . So L e− 2 u(t − 2) = F s+ = 1 = 
s 2 s+ 2 s + 12
n!
(d) L ((t − a)n ) u(t − a)) = e−as F (s) (by Second Shifting Theorem), where F (s) = L (tn ) = sn+1 .
−as
∴ L ((t − a)n u(t − a)) = n!e
sn+1 .

4. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be F (s).

 ∞
F (s) = e−st f (t)dt
0
 p  2p  np
= e−st f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt + · · · + e−st f (t)dt + · · ·
0 p (n−1)p
   p 
= 1 + e−ps + · · · + e−(n−1)ps + · · · e−st f (t)dt
0
 p
1 −st
= e f (t)dt
1 − e−ps 0

5. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

(a) Here f (t) = t cos ωt,
∴ f ′ (t) = cos ωt − ωt sin ωt
∴ f ′′ (t) = −2ω sin ωt − ω 2 t cos ωt.
By the result of Laplace transform of derivative, we know that L (f ′′ ) = s2 L(f ) − sf (0) − f ′ (0).
 
∴ L −2ω sin ωt − ω 2 t cos ωt = s2 L(t cos ωt) − s0 − 1
∴ −2ωL(sin ωt) − ω 2 L(t cos ωt) = s2 L(t cos ωt) − 1
 
∴ s2 + ω 2 L(t cos ωt) = 1 − 2ωL(sin ωt)
  2
∴ s2 + ω 2 L(t cos ωt) = 1 − s22ω +ω 2
s2 −ω 2
∴ L(t cos ωt) = (s2 +ω 2 )2
.
(b) Here f (t) = t sinh ωt
∴ f ′ (t) = sinh ωt + tω cosh ωt
∴ f ′′ (t) = 2ω cosh ωt + ω 2 t sinh ωt.
By the result of Laplace transform of derivative, we have
L (f ′′ ) = s2 L(f ) − sf (0) − f ′ (0)
 
∴ L 2ω cosh ωt + ω 2 t sinh ωt = s2 L(t sinh ωt) − s0 − 0
∴ 2ωL(cosh ωt) + ω 2 L(t sinh ωt) = s2 L(t sinh ωt)
 
∴ s2 − ω 2 L(t sinh ωt) = 2 s2ωs −ω 2
∴ L(t sinh ωt) = 2ωs
(s2 −ω 2 )2
.

6. Let L(f ) denote the Laplace transform of f (t).

 ∞
L (f ′ ) = e−st f ′ (t)dt
0 a  ∞
= e−st f ′ (t)dt + e−st f ′ (t)dt
0
 aa  ∞
 −st a  ∞
= e f (t) 0 + s e−st f (t)dt + e−st f (t) a + s e−st f (t)dt
0 a
 a  ∞
−sa −st −sa
= e f (a − 0) − f (0) + s e f (t)dt − e f (a + 0) + s e−st f (t)dt
0 a
= sL(f ) − f (0) − e−sa [f (a + 0) − f (a − 0)]

2
 Spring 2023-2024

7. Let the inverse Laplace function of F (s) be L−1 (F ).

 
A1 A2 Am B1 Bn
L−1 (F ) = L−1 + + · · · + + + · · · +
(s − a)m (s − a)m−1 s − a s − b1 s − bn
         
A 1 A 2 A m B1 Bn
= L−1 + L −1
+ · · · + L −1
+ L −1
+ · · · + L −1
(s − a)m (s − a)m−1 s−a s − b1 s − bn
 m−1 m−2

t t
= eat A1 + A2 + · · · + A m + B 1 e b1 t + · · · + B n e bn t
(m − 1)! (m − 2)!

8. (a)
f (t) = t2 (1 − u(t − 2)) + 4tu(t − 2)

(b)
f (t) = sin t(1 − u(t − π)) + sin 2t(u(t − π) − u(t − 2π)) + sin 3tu(t − 2π)

9. Let L(f ) be the Laplace transform of f (t).

(a) f (t) = 5(1 − u(t − 7)).

−7s
L(f ) = L(5(1 − u(t − 7))) = L(5) − 5L(u(t − 7)) (by linearty) = 5s − 5 e s .
   
(b) f (t) = sin t u t − π2 − u(t − π) .
    
L(f ) = L sin t u t − π2 − u(t − π)
  
= L sin tu t − π2 − L(sin tu(t − π))
    
= L sin t − π2 + π2 u t − π2 − L(sin(t − π + π)u(tπ))
       
= L sin t − π2 cos π2 + cos t − π2 sin π2 u t − π2 − L((sin(t − π) cos π
= + cos(t − π) sin π)u(t − π))
    
= L cos t − π2 u t − π2 + L(sin(t − π)u(t − π))
π
= e− 2 s L(cos t) + e−πs L(sin t)
π
= e− 2 s s2s+1 + e−πs s21+1

10. Let L(f ) be the Laplace transform of f (t).

(a) We have
3
L(sin 3t) = s2 +9
 
∴ L(t sin 3t) = − ds
d 3
s2 +9 by dierentiation of Laplace transform
∴ L(t sin 3t) = 6s
(s2 +9)2
   
∴ L t2 sin 3t = − ds
d
2
6s
(s +9) 2 by dierentiation of Laplace transform
2  18s2 −54
∴ L t sin 3t = (s2 +9)3 .
(b) Let f (t) = sin t.
  ∞
f (t)
By integration of Laplace transform, we have L t = s
F (s̃)ds̃.
a
Here F (s) = L(sin at) = s2 +a2 . So,
   ∞
sin t a
L = ds̃
t s s̃2
+ a2
 ∞
ds′
=
s
a
s′2 + 1
 −1 ′ ∞
= tan s s
a
π s
= − tan−1
2   a
−1 a
= tan 
s

3
 Spring 2023-2024

(c) We have  
L 4t ∗ e−2t
 
=L(4t) · L e−2t by Convolution Theorem
 
=4L(t) · L e−2t
4 1
= 2
s s+2
4
= 2
s (s + 2)

11. (a) We prove this by induction. From the result on the dierentiation of the Laplace transform we know
that
L(tf (t)) = −F ′ (s), where L(f ) is the Laplace transform of f .
 
Let’s assume that L tn−1 f (t) = (−1)n−1 F (n−1) (s). Then
 
L (tn f (t)) = L ttn−1 f (t)
 ′
= − (−1)n−1 F (n−1) (s)
= (−1)n F (n) (s)

(b) We have
    (n)
L tn ekt = (−1)n L ekt
 (n)
n 1
= (−1)
s−k
n!
= (−1)2n
(s − k)(n+1)
n!
= 
(s − k)n−1

——end——