International Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Technology (IJLRET)

ISSN: 2454-5031
www.ijlret.comǁ Volume 2 Issue 3ǁ March 2016 ǁ PP 01-13

Some more q -Methods and their applications

Prashant Singh1, Pramod Kumar Mishra2
1
(Department of Computer Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, India)
2
(Department of Computer Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, India)

Abstract : This paper is a collection of q analogue of various problems. It also aims at focusing on work
performed by various researchers and describes q analogues of various functions. We have also proposed q
analogue of some integral transforms (viz. Wavelet Transforms, Gabor Transform etc.)
Keywords -q analogue, basic analogue, q method, classical method, basic hyper-geometric function

I. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE SURVEY

C.F.Gauss [1, 11] started the theory of q hyper-geometric series in 1812 and worked on it for more than five
decades and he presented the series
𝑎𝑏 𝑎 𝑎+1 𝑏(𝑏+1) 2
1+ 𝑐
𝑧+ 1.2.𝑐(𝑐+1)
𝑧 +⋯ (1.1)

, where a, b, c and z are complex numbers and c = 0, −1, −2, ...,at the Royal Society of Sciences, Gottingen.
Thirty three years later E. Heine [1,11] converted a simple observation

1−𝑞 𝑎
lim𝑞→1 =𝑎 (1.2)
1−𝑞
into a systematic theory of basic hyper-geometric series (q-hyper-geometric series or q-series)

(1−𝑞 𝑎 ) (1−𝑞 𝑏 )
1+ (1−𝑞) (1−𝑞 𝑐 )
𝑧 + (1.3)
In fact, the theory was started in 1748, when Euler [1, 11] considered the infinite product
∞
𝑛=1(1 − 𝑞 𝑛 )−1 (1.4)

as a generating function for p(n), the number of partitions of a positive integer n, partition of a positive integer n
is being a finite non-increasing sequence of positive integers whose sum is n. During 1860−1890, some more
contributions to the theory of basic hyper-geometric series were made by J. Thomae and L. J. Rogers. In the
beginning of twentieth century F. H. Jackson [1,11,17,18,19,60] started the program of developing the theory of
basic hyper-geometric series in a systematic manner, studying q-differentiation, q-integration and deriving q-
analogues of the hyper-geometric summation and transformation formulae that were discovered by A. C. Dixon,
J. Dougall [1],L. Saalsch¨utz, F. J. W. Whipple[1] and others. During the same time Srinivasa Ramanujan has
also made significant contributions to the theory of hyper-geometric and basic hyper-geometric series by
recording many identities involving hyper-geometric and basic hyper-geometric series in his notebooks, which
were later brought before the mathematical world by G. H. Hardy. During 1930’s and 1940’s many important
results on hyper-geometric and basic hyper-geometric series were derived by W. N. Bailey[1]. Of these Bailey’s
transform is considered as Bailey’s greatest work. The main contributors to the theory during 1950’s are D. B.
Sears, L. Carlitz, W. Hahn [1,11] and L. J. Slater [1,11]. In fact, Sears [1,11]derived several transformation
formulae for 3φ2-series, balanced 4φ3-series and very-well-poised r+1φ r-series. After 1950, the theory of hyper-
geometric and basic hyper-geometric series becomes an active field of research, kudos to R.P.Agrawal
[53,54,55,56,57], G. E. Andrews [1,11,51,52] and R. Askey[11].

F.H.Jackson [1,11,17,18,19] proposed q-differentiation and q-integration and worked on transformation of q-

series and generalized function of Legendre and Bessel. G.E.Andrews [11,51,52] contributed a lot on q theory
and worked on q-mock theta function, problems and prospects on basic hyper-geometric series, q-analogue of
Kummer’s Theorem.

G.E.Andrew [11,51,52] with R.Askey [1] worked on q extension of Beta Function. J.Dougall [1] worked on
Vondermonde’s Theorem. H.Exton [1] worked a lot on basic hyper-geometric function and its applications.
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 Some more q -Methods and their applications
T.M.MocRobert worked on integrals involving E Functions, Confluent Hyper-geometric Function, Gamma E
Function,Fourier Series for E Function and basic multiplication formula. M.Rahman [11] with Nassarallah
worked on q-Appells Function, q-Wilson polynomial, q-Projection Formulas. He also worked on reproducing
Kample and bilinear sums for q-Racatanad and q-Wilson polynomial. I Gessel with D.Stanton worked on family
of q-Lagrange inversion formulas. T.M. MacRobert worked on integrals involving E.Functions and confluent
hyper-geometricseries. D.Stanton [1] worked on partition of q series. Studies in the nineteenth century included
those of Ernst Kummer, and the fundamental characterization by Bernhard Riemann of the F-function by means
of the differential equation it satisfies. Riemann showed that the second-order differential equation for F,
examined in the complex plane, could be characterized by its three regular singularities: that effectively the
entire algorithmic side of the theory was a result of vital facts and the use of Möbius transformations as a
symmetry group.

Subsequently the hyper-geometric series [1, 11] were generalized to numerous variables, for example by Paul
Emile Appell, but a comparable general theory took long to emerge. Many identities were found, some quite
remarkable. A generalization, the q-series analogues, called the basic hyper-geometric series, was given by
Eduard Heine [1, 11] in the late nineteenth century. Here, the ratio of successive terms, instead of being a
rational function of n, is considered to be a rational function of qn. Another generalization, the elliptic hyper-
geometric series, are those series where the ratio of terms is an elliptic function of n.
During the twentieth [68] century this was a prolific area of combinatorial mathematics, with many connections
to other fields. q series can be developed on Riemannian symmetric spaces and semi-simple Lie groups. Their
significance and role can be understood through a special case: the hyper-geometric series 2F1 is directly related
to the Legendre Polynomial and when used in the form of spherical harmonics, it expresses, in a certain sense,
the symmetry properties of the two-sphere or equivalently the rotations given by the Lie group SO(3) Concrete
representations are analogous to the Clebsch-Gordan.

Among Indian researchers R.P.Agrawal [53,54 ,55,56,57] gave a lot to q function .He worked on fractional q
derivative, q-integral,mock theta function, combinatorial analysis, extension of Meijer’s G Function, Pade
approximants, continued fractions and generalized basic hyper-geometric function with unconnected bases.
W.A.Al-Salam [2,3] and A.Verma [2,3] worked on quadratic transformations of basic series. N.A.Bhagirathi
worked on generalized q hyper-geometric function and continued fractions.V.K.Jain and M.Verma worked on
transformations of non terminating basic hyper-geometricseries, their contour integrals and applications to
Rogers ramanujan’s identities. H.M.Srivastava with Karlsson worked on multiple Gaussians Hyper-geometric
series, polynomial expansion for functions of several variables. S Ramanujan in his last working days worked
on basic hyper-geometric series. G.E.Andrews [11,51,52] published an article on “The Lost Note Book of
Ramanujan”.H.S.Shukla worked on certain transformation in the field of basic hyper-geometric function.
A.Verma and V.K.Jain worked on summation formulas of q-hyper-geometric series, summation formulae for
non terminating basic hyper-geometric series, q analogue of a transformation of Whipple and transformations
between basic hyper-geometric series on different bases and identities of Rogers-Ramanujan Type. B.D.Sears
worked on transformation theory of basic hyper-geometric functions. P.Rastogi worked on identities of Rogers
Ramanujan type. A.Verma and M.Upadhyay worked on transformations of product of basic bilateral series and
its transformations. Generally speaking, in particular in the areas of combitorics and special functions, a q-
analogue of a theorem, identity or expression is a simplification involving a new parameter q that returns the
novel theorem, identity or expression in the limit as q → 1 (this limit is often formal, as q is often discrete-
valued). Typically, mathematicians are [68] interested in q-analogues that occur naturally, rather than in
randomly contriving q-analogues of recognized results. The primary q-analogue studied in detail is the basic
hyper-geometric series, which was introduced in the nineteenth century.

q-analogues [11,61] find applications in a number of areas, including the study of fractals and multi-fractal
measures, and expressions for the entropy of chaotic dynamical systems. The relationship [1,11,64] to fractals
and dynamical systems results from the fact that many fractal patterns have the symmetries of Fuchsian groups
in general and the modular group in particular. The connection passes through hyperbolic geometry and ergodic
theory, where the elliptic integrals and modular forms play a prominent role; the q-series themselves are closely
related to elliptic integrals.

q-analogues [68] also come into sight in the study of quantum groups and in q-deformed super algebras. The
connection here is alike, in that much of string theory is set in the language of Riemann surfaces, ensuing in
connections to elliptic curves, which in turn relate to q-series.

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 Some more q -Methods and their applications
2. PREVIOUS WORK
2.1 q-Exponential Function

q-exponential is a q-analogue [1,11,68] of the exponential function, namely the eigen function of a q-
derivative. There are many q-derivatives, for example, the classical q-derivative, the Askey-Wilson [11,49 ]
operator, etc. Therefore, unlike the classical exponentials, q-exponentials are not unique. Three variants [11] of
exponential functions are given below. Third one is generalized formula.
𝒓 𝒓(𝒓−𝟏)/𝟐
∞ 𝒙 𝒒
𝑬𝒒−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒓=𝟎 𝒓;𝒒 !
(2.1)

∞ 𝒙𝒓
𝑬𝒒 𝒙 = 𝒓=𝟎 𝒓;𝒒 ! (2.2)

𝒓𝜶 𝒓−𝟏
𝒓
∞ 𝒙 𝒒 𝟐
𝑬 𝒒, 𝜶; 𝒙 = 𝒓=𝟎 𝒓;𝒒 !
(2.3)

2.2 q-Integration
The inverse operation [11] to basic differentiation has also been discussed at some length by F.H.Jackson [18,
𝑎
19].This is represented by the symbol 𝑠 ∅ 𝑥 𝑑 (𝑞𝑥) and is referred to as q-integration or basic integration.
𝑏
When q tends to unity, the basic integral reduces to the ordinary integral. The operations of basic differentiation
and integration correspond exactly in every way to ordinary differentiation and integration of which they are
generalizations

𝒃 ∞ 𝒓 𝒓 ∞ 𝒓 𝒓
𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒒 {𝒃 𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒 𝒃) −𝒂 𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒 𝒂)} (2.4)

𝒄 ∞ 𝒓 𝒓
𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒒 {𝒄 𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒 𝒄)} (2.5)
∞ 𝒓+𝟏
𝒄𝒒
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒒 {𝒄 ∞
𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒𝒓+𝟏 𝒄)} (2.6)

∞ ∞ 𝒊 𝒊
𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅 𝒒, 𝒙 = (𝟏 − 𝒒) 𝒊=−∞ 𝒒 𝒇( 𝒒 ) (2.7)

2.3 Trigonometric Functions[11]

𝒓 𝟐
−𝒙𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒒 𝒙 = 𝒙 ∞
𝒓=𝟎 𝟐𝒓+𝟏;𝒒 ! = 𝒙𝟎𝑭𝟏(−; 𝟐 ; 𝒒𝟐 ; − ; 𝒒𝟐 𝒙𝟐 ) (2.8)
𝟐
𝒓 𝟐
−𝒙𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝒙 = ∞
𝒓=𝟎 𝟐𝒓;𝒒 ! = 𝟎𝑭𝟏(−; 𝟐 ; 𝒒𝟐 ; − ; 𝒒𝟐 𝒙𝟐 ) (2.9)
𝟐

𝟐𝒓+𝟏
∞ 𝒓 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒒 𝒙 = 𝒓=𝟎(−𝟏) (𝒒;𝟐𝒓+𝟏) (2.10)

𝒓(𝟐𝒓+𝟏) 𝒙𝟐𝒓+𝟏
∞ 𝒓𝒒
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒒 𝒙 = 𝒓=𝟎(−𝟏) (2.11)
(𝒒;𝟐𝒓+𝟏)

𝟐𝒓
∞ 𝒓 𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝒙 = 𝒓=𝟎(−𝟏) (2.12)
(𝒒;𝟐𝒓)

𝒓(𝟐𝒓−𝟏) 𝒙𝟐𝒓
∞ 𝒓𝒒
𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝒙 = 𝒓=𝟎(−𝟏) (2.13)
(𝒒;𝟐𝒓)

2.4 Properties of Trigonometric Functions

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 Some more q -Methods and their applications
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒒 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏/𝒒 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏/𝒒 𝒙 = 𝟏 (2.14)

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟏/𝒒 𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒒 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟏/𝒒 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝟐𝒙 (2.15)

2.5 Basic Differentiation operator

Jackson [18, 19] introduced the operative symbol for basic differentiation defined by the relation

∆{∅ (x)} = {(x)- (qx)}x-1 (1-q)-1, The operation of basic differentiation is defined by the relations

∅ 𝒙 −∅(𝒒𝒙) 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓+𝟏 ∅(𝒙)

∞ (𝒒−𝟏) 𝒙 𝒅
𝑩𝒒,𝒙 ∅ 𝒙 = = 𝒓=𝟎 , (2.16)
𝒙(𝟏−𝒒) 𝒓+𝟏 ! 𝒅𝒙𝒓+𝟏

where x and q may be real or complex. This becomes the same as ordinary differentiation as the base q tends to
unity. In order to avoid the possibility of confusion with the ordinary difference operator, we shall write B q,x
instead of ∆. Furthermore, the subscripts q and x will be omitted provided that there is no chance of ambiguity.
It will be seen [11] that the possibility now arises of the existence of certain types of difference equations based
upon this operator.

𝐟(𝐪𝐱)−𝐟(𝐱)
Dq,xf(x)= (2.17)
𝒙(𝒒−𝟏)

2.6 Basic analogue of Taylor’s Theorem

Jackson [18, 19] introduced q analogue of Taylor’s Theorem

𝒙−𝒂 (𝟏) (𝒙−𝒂)(𝟐) (𝒙−𝒂)(𝒏)
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒂 + 𝑫𝒒 𝒇(𝒂)+ 𝑫𝟐𝒒 𝒇(𝒂)+…+ 𝑫𝒏𝒒 f(a), where
[𝟏:𝒒] 𝟐;𝒒 ! 𝒏;𝒒 !
𝒙−𝒂 𝒏+𝟏
Rn= 𝑫 𝒏+𝟏 f(𝛏), where ξ 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎. (2.18)
𝒏+𝟏;𝒒 !
2.7 Integration

𝒃 ∞ 𝒓 𝒓 ∞ 𝒓 𝒓
𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒒 {𝒃 𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒 𝒃) − 𝒂 𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒 𝒂)} (2.19)
𝒄 ∞ 𝒓 𝒓
𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒒 {𝒄 𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒 𝒄)} (2.20)
∞ 𝒓+𝟏
𝒄𝒒
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒒 {𝒄 ∞
𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒𝒓+𝟏 𝒄)} (2.21)

∞ ∞ 𝒊 𝒊
𝟎
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅 𝒒, 𝒙 = (𝟏 − 𝒒) 𝒊=−∞ 𝒒 𝒇( 𝒒 ) (2.22)
∞ ∞ −𝒊 −𝒊
𝒂
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅 𝒒, 𝒙 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝒒) 𝒊=𝟎 𝒒 𝒇( 𝒒 𝒂) (2.23)

2.8 Addition Theorem

𝒒; 𝒏 = 𝟏 − 𝒒 𝟏 − 𝒒𝟐 … 𝟏 − 𝒒𝒏 = 𝟏 − 𝒒 𝒏
𝒏; 𝒒

𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 < 𝑞 < 1.

𝒒, ∞ = ∞
𝒏=𝟏(𝟏 − 𝒒𝒏 ) (2.24)

2.9 Mellin Transform

∞
𝒇 𝒔 = 𝟎
𝑭 𝒕 𝒕𝒔−𝟏 𝒅(𝒒𝒕) (2.25)

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 Some more q -Methods and their applications
2.10 Hankel Transform

∞
𝒇 𝒔 = 𝟎
𝑭 𝒕 𝒕𝑱𝒏 𝒔𝒕 𝒅(𝒒𝒕) (2.26)

2.11 Variants of Laplace Transform

Hahn [48] defined two analogues of Laplace Transform by the help of the integral equations
𝟏
𝟏
𝑳𝒒,𝒔 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏−𝒒 𝒔
𝟎
𝑬𝒒 𝒒𝒔𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒, 𝒙) (2.27)

𝟏 ∞
𝓛𝒒,𝒔 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏−𝒒 𝒆
𝟎 𝒒
−𝒔𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒, 𝒙) (2.28)

𝐑𝟏(𝐬) ≥ 𝟎
𝟏 𝒋 −𝟏 𝒋
𝟏 (𝒒,∞) ∞ 𝒒 𝒇(𝒔 𝒒 )
𝑳𝒒,𝒔 = 𝟏−𝒒 𝑬 𝒒𝒔𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅 𝒒, 𝒙 =
𝟎 𝒒
𝒔
𝒋=𝟎 (2.29)
𝒔 (𝒒;𝒋)

𝟏 ∞ 𝟏 ∞ 𝒋 𝒋
𝓛𝒒,𝒔 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟏−𝒒 𝟎
𝑬𝒒 −𝒔𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅(𝒒, 𝒙) = ∞ (𝟏+𝒔𝒒𝒏 ) 𝒋=−∞ 𝒒 𝒇(𝒒 )(𝟏 + 𝒔)𝒋 (2.30)
𝒏=𝟎

2.11.1 q-Laplace [48] of some of the elementary functions

𝒒
𝑳𝒒 𝟏 = (2.31)
𝒔

𝒒𝟐
𝑳𝒒 𝒙 = (2.32)
𝒔𝟐

𝒒𝒏+𝟏
𝑳 𝒒 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏; 𝒒 ! (2.33)
𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝒒
𝑳𝒒 𝑬𝒒 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒔−𝒒𝒂 (2.34)

𝒒𝟐 𝒂
𝑳𝒒 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒒 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒒𝟐 𝒂𝟐 (2.35)

𝒒𝒔
𝑳𝒒 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝒂𝒙 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒒𝟐𝒂𝟐 (2.36)

2.11.2 q-Transform of derivatives

𝒔
𝑫𝒒 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒔 − 𝒇(𝟎) (2.37)
𝒒

𝒔𝟐 𝒔
𝑫𝟐𝒒 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒒𝟐 𝑭 𝒔 − 𝒒 𝒇 𝟎 − 𝑫𝒒 𝒇(𝟎) (2.38)

𝒔𝒏 𝒏−𝟏−𝒋
𝒋=𝒏−𝟏 𝒔 𝒋
𝑫𝒏𝒒 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒒𝒏 𝑭 𝒔 − 𝒋=𝟎 𝑫𝒒 𝒇(𝟎) (2.39)
𝒒

2.12 q-Transform of Integrals

𝒙 𝑭(𝒔)
𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒒 𝒙 =𝒒 (2.40)
𝒔

3.13 Heine’s[11] Series

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 Some more q -Methods and their applications
(𝟏−𝒒𝒂 )(𝟏−𝒒𝒃 ) (𝟏−𝒒𝒂 )(𝟏−𝒒𝒂+𝟏 )(𝟏−𝒒𝒃 )(𝟏−𝒒𝒃+𝟏 )
1+ 𝒙+ 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯where 𝒒 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒙 < 1 (2.41)
𝟏−𝒒𝒄 (𝟏−𝒒) 𝟏−𝒒𝒄 𝟏−𝒒𝒄+𝟏 (𝟏−𝒒)(𝟏−𝒒𝟐 )

2.14 Euler’s[11] Identity

𝒏
𝟏+ ∞
𝒏=𝟏(−𝟏) 𝒒𝒏(𝟑𝒏−𝟏)/𝟐 + 𝒒𝒏(𝟑𝒏+𝟏)/𝟐 = ∞
𝒏=𝟏(𝟏 − 𝒒𝒏 ) (2.42)

2.15 The Heine [11] Equation

The Gauss [11] hyper-geometric function 2F1 (a, b; c; x) is a particular solution of the equation

𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒚" + 𝒄 − 𝟏 + 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒙 𝒚′ + 𝒂𝒃𝒚 = 𝟎 (2.43)

which may be written in operational form as

𝒙 𝜹 + 𝒂 𝜹 + 𝒃 𝒚 − 𝜹 𝜹 + 𝒄 − 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝟎. (2.44)

If we replace the symbolic operations by their basic analogues, we obtain the q-differential equation

𝒙 𝜹 + 𝒂; 𝒒 𝜹 + 𝒃; 𝒃𝒒 𝒚 − 𝜹; 𝒒 𝜹 + 𝒄 − 𝟏; 𝒒 𝒚 =
𝟎, (2.45)
which on expansion, takes the form

𝒙 𝒒𝒄 − 𝒒𝒂+𝒃+𝟏 𝒙 𝑩𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒄; 𝒒 − 𝒒𝒂 𝟏 + 𝒃; 𝒒 + 𝒒𝒃 𝒂; 𝒒 𝒙 − 𝒂; 𝒒 𝒃; 𝒒 𝒚 = 𝟎 (2.46)

This is one of an infinite number of possible q-analogues of the hyper-geometric equation.

2.16 q-Gauss [11] summation formula

𝒄𝒄
𝒏=∞ 𝒂,𝒃 𝒏 𝒄 𝒏 ( , )∞
𝒏=𝟎 𝒒,𝒄 (𝒂𝒃) = 𝒂𝒃
𝒄 (2.47)
𝒏 (𝒄, )∞
𝒂𝒃

2.17 q-Plaff-Saalschutz’s [11] summation formula

𝒌=𝒏 𝒒−𝒏 ,𝑨,𝑩 𝒌 𝒌 𝑪 𝑪 𝑪

𝒌=𝟎 𝒒,𝑪,𝑨𝑩𝒒𝟏−𝒏 /𝑪 𝒒 = (𝑨 , 𝑩)𝒏 (𝑪, 𝑨𝑩)𝒏 (2.48)
𝒌

2.18 Some identities of q –shifted factorials [1, 11] are

−𝒒 𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 ( 𝒂)
𝒂 −𝒏 = (𝒂𝒒−𝒏 ) = 𝒒 𝒒 (2.49)
𝒏 ( 𝒂)𝒏 𝟐
𝒂 𝒏+𝒌 = (𝒂)𝒏 𝒂𝒒𝒏 𝒌 (2.50)
𝒌
𝒂 𝒏 −𝒒 −𝒏𝒌
(𝒂)𝒏−𝒌 = 𝒒𝟏−𝒏
( 𝒂 )𝒏 𝒒 𝟐 (2.51)
𝒂 𝒌

3. q-INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS

The impetus [68] behind integral transforms is simple to understand. There are many classes of problems that
are hard to solve or at least quite unwieldy algebraically in their novel representations. An integral transform
maps an equation from its original domain into another domain. Manipulating and solving the equation in the
target domain can be much easier than manipulation and solution in the original domain. The solution is then
mapped back to the original domain with the inverse of the integral transform. As an example of an application
of integral transforms, consider the Laplace transform. This is a method that maps differential or integro-
differential equations in the time domain into polynomial equations in what is termed as complex frequency

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 Some more q -Methods and their applications
domain. (Complex frequency is comparable to real, physical frequency but rather more general. Specifically, the
imaginary component ω of the complex frequency s = -σ + iω corresponds to the usual concept of
frequency, viz., the rate at which a sinusoid cycles, whereas the real component σ of the complex frequency
corresponds to the degree of damping. )
The equation [68] cast in terms of complex frequency is readily solved in the complex frequency domain (roots
of the polynomial equations in the complex frequency domain correspond to Eigen values in the time domain),
leading to a solution formulated in the frequency domain. Employing the inverse transform, i.e., the inverse
procedure of the original Laplace transform, one obtains a time-domain solution. In this example, polynomials
in the complex frequency domain (typically occurring in the denominator) correspond to power series in the
time domain, while axial shifts in the complex frequency domain correspond to damping by decaying
exponentials in the time domain. The Laplace transform finds broad application in physics and chiefly in
electrical engineering, where the characteristic equations that explain the behaviour of an electric circuit in the
complex frequency domain correspond to linear combinations of exponentially damped, scaled, and time-shifted
sinusoids in the time domain. Other integral transforms find out unique applicability within other scientific and
mathematical disciplines.

3.1 q analogue of Morlet Wavelet

It can be defined by
𝐭𝟐
𝚿𝐪 𝐭 = 𝐄𝟏 𝐢𝛚𝟎 𝐭 − 𝟐
(3.1)
𝐪
Fourier Transform of Morlet Wavelet is
∞ 𝐭𝟐 ∞ 𝐭𝟐
𝚿𝐪 𝐭 = −∞
𝐄𝟏 𝐢𝛚𝟎 𝐭 − 𝐄𝐪 (−𝐢 𝛚𝐭) 𝐝 𝐪𝐭 = 𝟐 𝟎
𝐄𝐪 (− )𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐪 𝛚𝟎 − 𝛚 𝐭𝐝 𝐪𝐭 (3.2)
𝐪
𝟐 𝟐
Let t=𝑢1/2
𝟏
𝟏
𝒅 𝒒𝒕 = ; 𝒒 𝒖−𝟐 𝒅(𝒒𝒖) (3.3)
𝟐
Integration will become
∞ 𝐮
2 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝛚𝟎 − 𝛚 𝐮𝐄𝐪 − 𝐝 𝐪𝐮 (3.4)
𝟐
It can be rewritten as a form of series

( 𝝎−𝝎𝟎 )𝟐 ( 𝝎−𝝎𝟎 )𝟒
2𝑳𝒒 [1- u+ 𝒖𝟐 + ⋯ . ]
𝟐;𝒒 ! 𝟒;𝒒 !
𝝎−𝝎𝟎 𝟐 𝝎−𝝎𝟎 𝟒
=2[2q- 𝟏; 𝒒 (𝟐𝒒)𝟐 + (𝟐𝒒)𝟑 𝟐; 𝒒 ! + ⋯ ] (3.5)
𝟐;𝒒 ! 𝟒;𝒒 !
Parameter of Laplace Transform s=1/2.When q tends to one it will be equivalent to classical Fourier
Transform.Fourier Transform of Morlet Wavelet is
𝝎−𝝎𝟎 𝟐
𝟐𝝅𝑬𝒙𝒑[− ] (3.6)
𝟐

Figure 1: q Morlet Wavelet (q=1.0001)

3.2 q-transform of Mexican Hat Wavelet

𝐭𝟐
𝚿𝐪 𝐭 = (𝟏 − 𝐭 𝟐 )𝐄𝟏 − (3.7)
𝐪
𝟐

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 Some more q -Methods and their applications
We can calculate its Fourier Transform as
∞ 𝐭𝟐 ∞ 𝐭𝟐
𝚿𝐪 𝐭 = −∞
(𝟏 − 𝐭 𝟐 )𝐄𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐄𝐪 (−𝐢 𝛚𝐭) 𝐝 𝐪𝐭 = 𝟐 𝟎
𝟏 − 𝐭 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐪 𝛚𝐭 𝐄𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐝(𝐪𝐭)
𝐪 𝐪
(3.8)
𝟏
Let t=𝒖𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝒅 𝒒𝒕 = ; 𝒒 𝒖−𝟐 𝒅(𝒒𝒖) (3.9)
𝟐
𝟏
𝚿𝐪 𝐭 = 𝟐 ;𝒒 𝑨 + 𝑩 (3.10)
𝟐
where A and B are two series
𝟑 𝟓
𝟏 𝟏
𝑨 = − 𝟐 ; 𝒒 (𝟐𝒒)𝟏/𝟐 − (𝝎𝟐 / 𝟐; 𝒒 !)[𝟐 ; 𝒒] 𝟐𝒒 𝟐 + (𝝎𝟒 [𝟑/𝟐; 𝒒]/ 𝟒; 𝒒 !) 𝟐𝒒 𝟐 +
𝟕
(𝝎𝟔 [𝟓/𝟐; 𝒒]/ 𝟔; 𝒒 !) 𝟐𝒒 𝟐 +….. (3.11)
𝟓 𝟕
𝟏 𝟑
B= ; 𝒒 (𝟐𝒒)𝟑/𝟐 − (𝝎𝟐 / 𝟐; 𝒒 !)[𝟐 ; 𝒒] 𝟐𝒒 𝟐 + (𝝎𝟒 [𝟓/𝟐; 𝒒]/ 𝟒; 𝒒 !) 𝟐𝒒 𝟐 + (𝝎𝟔 [𝟕/𝟐; 𝒒]/
𝟐
𝟗
𝟔; 𝒒 !) 𝟐𝒒 𝟐 +…. (3.12)

When we choose q very close to one from right or left we will get Fig 2.

Figure 2:q Mexican Hat Wavelet(at q=0.999)

3.3 q-analogue of Haar Wavelet

𝟏
𝟏, 0 ≤ 𝒕 ≤ 𝟐
𝝍 𝒕 = 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝟏, 𝟏
≤𝒕≤𝟏 (3.13)
𝟐
𝟎 𝒆𝒍𝒔𝒆𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
𝒓=∞ 𝒓 𝒊𝝎𝒒𝒓 𝒓=∞ 𝒓
𝝍 𝒕 = 𝟏−𝒒 𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝑬𝒒−𝟏 − 𝟐 − 𝒓=𝟎 𝒒 𝑬𝒒−𝟏 −𝒊𝝎𝒒𝒓 (3.14)

When q tends to one it will be equivalent to

𝟒𝒊 𝒊𝝎 𝝎
𝝍 𝒕 = 𝑬𝒒 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒒 𝟐 ( 𝟒 ) (3.15)
𝝎 𝟐
When we choose q very close to one from right or left we will get Fig 3.

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 Some more q -Methods and their applications

Figure 3: q Haar Wavelet (q=0.997)

3.4 q-Gabor Transform

The continuous Gabor Transform of a function 𝑓𝜖𝐿2 𝑅 with respect to a window function 𝑔𝜖𝐿2 (𝑅)
∞
is denoted by 𝑮 𝒇 𝒕, 𝝎 = 𝒇𝒈 𝒕, 𝝎 = −∞ 𝒇 𝝉 𝒈 𝒕 − 𝝉 𝑬𝟏 −𝒊𝝎𝝉 𝒅 𝒒𝝉 where
𝒒

𝒈𝒕,𝝎 𝝉 = 𝒈 (𝝉 − 𝒕)𝑬𝟏 −𝒊𝝎𝝉 (3.16)

𝒒

Example:

Gabor transform of 𝒇 𝝉 = 𝑬𝒒 −𝒂𝟐 𝝉𝟐 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒈 𝝉 = 𝟏

∞
𝒇𝒈,𝒒 𝒕, 𝒘 = 𝑬𝒒 −𝒂𝟐 𝝉𝟐 𝑬𝟏 −𝒊𝝎𝝉 𝒈 𝝉 − 𝒕 𝒅 𝒒𝝉
−∞ 𝒒

∞ ∞
= 𝑬
−∞ 𝒒
−𝒂𝟐 𝝉𝟐 𝑬𝟏 (−𝒊𝝎𝝉)d(q𝝉) + 𝑬
−∞ 𝒒
−𝒂𝟐 𝝉𝟐 𝑬𝟏 (−𝒊𝝎𝝉) 𝒅(𝒒𝝉) (3.17)
𝒒 𝒒
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
−𝟏
𝟏/𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝒒𝟐 −𝒖𝟐 𝟏
Putting 𝝉 = 𝒖 𝑤𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡𝒅 𝒒𝝉 = 𝒅(𝒒𝒖)=𝒖 𝟐 ; 𝒒 𝒅(𝒒𝒖) , (3.18)
𝒖 𝒒−𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝒒 𝟐 𝒒 𝝎𝟐 [ ;𝒒] 𝒒 𝟐 𝒊𝝎𝟑 𝒒 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝒒 𝟐
[𝟐 ; 𝒒] − 𝟐 ; 𝒒 + 𝒊𝝎 − 𝟐
− 𝟏; 𝒒 ! + [ ; 𝒒] −𝟐;𝒒 −
𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐;𝒒 ! 𝒂𝟐 𝟑;𝒒 ! 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟐

𝟏 𝟑
𝒒 𝝎𝟐 [ ;𝒒] 𝒒 𝟐 𝒊𝝎𝟑 𝒒 𝟐
𝒊𝝎 − 𝟐
+ 𝟏; 𝒒 !
𝒂𝟐 𝟐;𝒒 ! 𝒂𝟐 𝟑;𝒒 ! 𝒂𝟐

𝟏 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝒒 𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝟏 𝒒 𝟐
=𝟐[ ; 𝒒] −𝟐;𝒒 − ;𝒒 +⋯ (3.19)
𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐;𝒒 ! 𝟐 𝒂𝟐

When we choose q very close to one from right or left we will get Fig 4.with mean zero and standard
deviation 1.

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 Some more q -Methods and their applications

Figure 4:q Gabor Transform(q=0.99)

II. APPLICATIONS OF BASIC HYPER-GEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

It has been used in number theory, combinatorial analysis and problems in Physics, Statistics and Numerical
Analysis and can be used further in many areas. Some areas are as follows:

1. Numerical solutions of q-Differential Equations

2. The Operations Treatment of Difference Equations.

3. Statistical applications of q-Binomial Coefficient

4. q-Quantisations, q-Lommel Polynomials, q-Ultraspherical Polynomials

5. Basic Bessel, Basic Hermite Equation, Basic Legendre Equation

6. Combinatorial Interpretation of an identity of Ramanujan

7. Jacobi’s Triple Product Identity

This is a list of basic analogues in mathematics and related areas

Field of Algebra

 Quantum affine algebra

 Quantum group
 Iwahori–Hecke algebra

Field of Analysis

 q-difference polynomial
 Quantum calculus
 Jackson integral
 q-derivative

Field of Combinatorics

 LLT polynomial
 q-binomial coefficient
 q-Pochhammer symbol
 q-Vandermonde identity

Field of Orthogonal Polynomials

 q-Bessel polynomials
 q-Charlier polynomials
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 Some more q -Methods and their applications
 q-Hahn polynomials
 q-Jacobi polynomials:
 Big q-Jacobi polynomials
 Continuous q-Jacobi polynomials
 Little q-Jacobi polynomials
 q-Krawtchouk polynomials
 q-Laguerre polynomials
 q-Meixner polynomials
 q-Meixner–Pollaczek polynomials
 q-Racah polynomials

Field of Statistics

 Gaussian q-distribution
 q-exponential distribution
 q-Weibull distribution
 Tsallis q-Gaussian

Field of Special Functions

 Basic hyper-geometric series

 Elliptic gamma function

CONCLUSION
q method for solving problems of numerical method is an alternate method which finds applicability in most of
the problems and this method is even better method for some of the problems where error terms are involved. It
is better method for problems involving transcendental functions. q-analogue of a theorem, identity or
expression is a simplification relating a new constraint q that returns the original theorem, identity or expression
in the limit as q → 1.

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