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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views114 pagesOops
Uploaded by
scorpiohalloween29Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 114
©
int main()
Int a=10;
{ 2
Int b=20;
cout<>age>>name>>sal;
+
void Emp: :show()
{
cout< |_istrearm carom
ignore()
Testream
|strear_withassign
al
‘The object "cin" be|
class
jongs to this
‘The object "cout" belongs
to this class ®
CONSTRUCTOR
1. They are special member
functions of a class having the
same name as that of the class
2. They are called implicitly by
the compiler as soon as the
object of a class gets created.
3. They are called in the order
in which objects are created.
CONSTRUCTOR V/s DESTRUCTOR
DESTRUCTOR
1. It is also a special member
function of a class having the
same name as that of the class
but prefixed with a symbol of
tilde.
2. It is also implicitly by the
compiler but just before the
object of a class is to be
destroyed
3. It is called in the reverse
order of creation of the 6
CONSTRUCTOR
4. They can be parametrized
5, Since they can be
parametrized so we can
overload them and thus a class
can have multiple constructor
6. If we do not define any
constructor in our class then
the C++ compiler
automatically provides two
contructors to our class called
as THE DEFAULT
CONSTRUCTOR and THE
DEFAULT COPY CONSTRUCTOR,
DESTRUCTOR
4. A destrcutor never accepts
any argument
5, Since they do not accept
any argument , so we cannot
‘overload them and thus a class.
can have only one destructor
6. If we do not define any
destructor in our class then the
C++ compiler automatically
provides only one destructor to
our class class called as THE
DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR INLINE MEMBER FUNCTION
Explicit
° Implicit
These are those member
functions which are declared
inside the class body but are
defined outside the class body
prefixed with the keyword
inline
‘These are those member
functions which are defined
INSIDE the class body and
even if we do not use the
keyoword inline , still the
compiler will treat these
member functions as inline.
Moreover all the member
functions generated by the
compiler automatically for our
class are always implicit inline Using "inline" Functions
int square(int n)
return na; J
Overheads , the compiler has to face when it solves a function call
Xt
ae 1, Prototype Checking
int a=10,b=20;
int ¢; 2. Argument Passing
« V3. Pushing The Address In Stack
cou c= Sons
cout<<"Sq of "< class Student
Sy
int roll a
char grade; - we
float per Ne
public ‘
void get()
cout<<"Enter roll grade and per
cin>>roll>>grade>>per;
}
Void show();
Yi ae
inlin€ Void Emp: :show()
cout< at: maint)
using namespace std;
Student S,P;
class Student: Aa
: [Sse
int roll; ¥ Fats | Sree)
char grade; & a set \
float per} -
"S.show();,
au Pyke TEROWOANY, 0 ced
ble:
: void get(); : Arron
void show(); N we : O
% 7 qu retumo;
ee 4 }
void Student::get() & be 1
t we
cout<<"enter roll,grade and per:
cin>>roll>>grade>>per;
+
void Student: :show()
{
cout<
using namespace std;
class Student int main()
int roll; © cudent SP;
char grade; S.get();
float per; S.show();
public: P.get();
P.show(
void get(); return 0;
void show(); +
y
baad Student::get()
cout<<"Enter roll,grade and per:";
cin>>roll>>grade>>per;
Vold Student: :show()
cout<<"roll="<roll<<",grade="<
grade<<",per="<per<b=b; return 0;
this->h=h; +
+
Box::Box(Box &P)
void Box::show()
t
cout<| i
KO -
[Eisen
return
+ © suppose we do npt want to allow show() to achange the values of "a" and
declare show() as CONSTANT MEMBER FUNCTION:
{80 in tis case we will have to
‘member_fun>() const
We use const at the end ,
when we wamt ot declare a
member functjon as "const" ®
int main()
int rad=10;
float ar,circ;
const float
cout<<"Area="< ——— ot 8
Ranson oenecs
value of the variable fo which it ot CO oaattt
‘epi
pointing nt
2.A ponte canbe relnaized or OP ou
to anew address, wie int main()
a
int a=10,b=50; p=ab; ~~
const int" foutecac<";"< Qn Do we have any other way of declaring pointer to const ?
‘Ans. We can declare pointer to const in two ways:
1. const * ;
2. const * ;
For example:
wk
cael ieee
Int const *p; Int main()
{
int a=10,0=50; p=8b;
const int * coutc
+p-30, Y
coute
cout<
comparevoi(S)
{
Int x=1*b*h;
y
nt main()
{
Box B1;
Box B2;
Bi.get();
B2.get();
me)
Whenever we require more than 1 object in a member function , then
that member function will be called by obe of the objects , while other
objects will be passed as argument.
In simple words we can say that if a member function works on 'n’
objects then it requir. " objects as argument. ® What are different ways using which we can pass an object as argument ?
Passing Object By Value
Passing Object By Address Passing Object By Reference Rue Vows
SSpassINe OBJECT BY VALUE: Int main()
= = Box B1,82;
#include
Using namespace std; x B1.get();
B2.get();
class Box %
{ % B1.show();
private int I,b,h; else if(x>y) 82 show();
. retumi; | & |S
public ase
yo get() retum-1;( © K ns=B1 comparevol(B2);
cout<<"Enter |,b,h: Ms if(ans==0)
cin>>I>>b>>h; cout<<"Equal Vols";
} else if(ans==1)
Void show() cout<<"Vol of 81 is gr";
£ else
cout< z {
using namespace std; Xx (ge4] * box 81,82;
class Box * >b*P->h; Bi.get();
~ Pe B2.get();
private int I,b,h; ue
we return 0; B1.show();
public : RK else if(x>y) B2.show();
void get() \N return 1}
pi else int ans;
cout<<"Enter |,b,h:"; return -1; ans=B1.comparevol(&B2);
cin>>1>>b>>h; 3
} if(an:
void show() cout<<"Equal Vols";
{ else if(ans==1)
cout< t {
using namespace std; Box 61,82;
class Box B1.get();
B2.get();
private int i,b,h;
B1.show();
public : else if(x>y) B2.show();
void get() return 1;
{ else int ans;
cout<<"enter |,b,h:"; return -1; ans=B1.comparevol(2);
cin>>I>>b>>h; }
if(ans==0)
‘void show() cout<<"Equal Vols";
else If(ans==1)
coute
using namespace std;
<
private int I,b,h;
public:
void get()
<
cout<<"Enter I,b,h:";
cin>>I>>b>>h;
void show()
‘cout<
int comparevol(con:
will make our code
more reliable and will
prevent any accidental
change Friend Functions
Friend functions are those functions which are not declared as member functions of the class , but still they can
access the private data members of the class
Properties Of Friend Functions:
1, To make a function friend of a class , we must declare it within the body
of the class , prefixed with the keyword friend.
class A
ft
public:
void f1();
friend void £2();
y 2. Whenever we define a friend function , neither the name of the class , nor the scope resolution operator appears In
its definition.Moreover the keyword friend also does not appear
void Az:f1()
{
If body
void f2()
/I body 3. Whenever we call a friend function , neither the name of the object nor the dot operaotr appears towards
its left. It may however accept the object as argument whose data it wants to access
int main()
?
A obj;
obj.f1(); // OK
0bj.f2();// ERROR
£20); // OK
return 0;
+ ‘A Program To Demonstrate How To Use A Friend Function ?
a= Tx a
+#include vee show(Student # : ba Ws int main()
t std; 3 Ss, ef
eS cout< show(s);
int roll Sas etch),
char grade; return 0;
float per; ~_ >
public:
void get(); 5
friend void show(Student);
y
cout<<"Enter roll,grade and per:"
cin>>roll>>grade>> per; 3. Whenever we call a friend function , neither the name of the object nor the dot operaotr appears towards
its left. It may however accept the object as argument whose data it wants to access
int main()
{
A obj;
obj.F1(); // OK
0bj.f2();// ERROR
£2(obj); // OK
return 0; pe
+
4. It doesn’t matter in which section of the class , we have declared a friend function as we can always
access it from anywhere in our code Assignment:
Redesign the previous code by making get() as friend function and show() as member function #include
using namespace std;
main()
“Etudent ;
class Student s uw get(S);
; - Sishow();
ECON No] return 0;
char grade;
ricat ee af ne
public: ea a
friend void get(Student); i ee
void show() . a
void Student::show()
cout< int main()
using namespace std;
class Student vS cw get(S);
a 5show();
int roll; ~ | return 0;
char grade; ny
float per;
public: ’
friend void get(Student &);
void show() _
H _ Tea, ae
kp G gost -
void get(Student & p) ee -- oe
{
cout<<"Enter roll,grade and per:"; ~1
I> > P.grade>>P.per;
ae
void Student::show()
cout< operator ();
| |
DEPENDS IT WILL DEPENDS,
ON ALWAYS. ON
THE REMAIN THE
cope SAME CODE What about this main() ?
How the previous code will behave if we write main() as follows ?
int main()
t
Counter €1(10);
Counter C2;
C1.show();
C2.show();
How the code will behave on
ee this call & why ?
c2=++C1;
CL.show();
C2.show();
return 0; +#include
using namespace std; ®
(@id)Counter::operator++() int main()
class Counter t
{ + teount; Counter €1(10);
int count; }
This line Counter €2;
public: wil generate
Counter(int c) error C1.show();
<
count=c; c2.show();
i
a C2xCtoperator++(); ¢__‘eesqaciy
count= c1.show();
ACTUAL OUTPUT:
Void show() Ct.show();
cout< Overloading Post Increment Operator As Member Function
using namespace std;
class Counter @)
Counter Counter: :operator++(int)
int main()
t Counter Temp; {
int count; v Temp.count=count; Counter C1(10);
count+ +; Counter C2;
public: return Temp; Qu
Counter(int ¢) ci.show(); —+ 10
a. wt C2:show();—s
count=¢;
} CeCe
Counter()
{ C1.show();
count=0; c2'show();
void show()
t return 0;
cout<;
Will allocate space for 1
For ex: aan integer i.e. 4 Bytes , in HEAP
new int area, and return its base
address as
oR int *
new char
Will allocate space for 1
integer i.e. 1 Byte , in HEAP
area, and return its base
address as
char * @
2. Allocating memory for an array :
syntax:
new (size]
Par
ye
fy
we oe
& a ~
new int [10]
~ Will allocate space for 10
integer array (i.e 40 Bytes)
continuously and will return its
base address ©
2. Deallocating memory for an array
Syntax:
delete [ ] ;
x:
delete [] p S
Wa? to create a class called MyArray having the following data members:
1. an int*p: For pointing to the dynamic array
2. a variable n: For storing size of the array
3. a variable sum: For storing sum of all the elements of the dynamic array
Also provide following member functions:
1. A constructor to create dynamic array of integers of size n , where n should be taken from the user.
2. A member function called get() , for accepting values from the user and stroing them in dynamic array.
3. A member function called calculate() for calculating sum of array elements
4. A member function show() , for display the dynamic array as well as it sum
5. An appropriately coded destructor CORRECT VERSION
© class Carton: public Box i fae
class Box <
char mat[20]; Carton ob);
protected:
int |; public: sa
int b; void set() ue
int hi
7 obj.show();
public cout<<"Enter material." .
void get() cin>>mat; obj. display();
} :
cout<<"Enter I,b,h:"; servers:
cin>>1>>b>>h; void display() } 7
{
void show() cout<
{ Tae
Re
ean? ¢ Une
coe a
{
he ©
class Box
c
int
Int by
int hy
public:
void get()
“%
cout<<"Enter |,b,|
cin>>I>>b>>h;
+
VW Void show()
{
EXAMPLE OF SINGLE INHERITANCE IN PUBLIC MODE
A
A rial foot
75 lh
ay |b
+4 |i
Re
cout<>mat;
}
void display()
{
cout<>|>>b>>h;
vold show()
cout<>mat;
}
void display()
{
cout<>I>>b>>h;
3
Vorr SHOWTT
Pigs
cout<Derv obj caller Function
ae EARLY BINDING
Box::show()
Box “Derv obj
EARLY BINDING Lady Bibs
\
fet = te Pt class Box
{
Int i;
int b;
int hj
public:
void get()
q
cout<<"Enter I,,h:";
cin>>I>>b>>h;
=D
cout< + a-- > Fupetionn >} .
queen class Box wm
{
Int;
int b;
int h;
public:
void get()
{
cout<.
cin>>|>>b>>h;
>
void show()
{
+
cout<
Da
vl a
cout cma
)
he
‘<
{
class : protected
q Rules:
1. All the public members of the base class will become PROTECTED members of the derived class .
That Is they can be accessed from the member functions of the derived class but not directly from
the objecte of the dervied class from outside the derived class.
2. All the protected members of the base class also become protected members of the dervied class
That is , they also can only be accessed from the member functions of the derived class but not
directly from the object of the derived class from outsdie the dervoed class.
3.All the private members of the "base" class remain private to thelr own class and thus they can
neither be accessed by the MEMBER FUNCTIONS nor directly by the object of the derived class. ®
class Box
protected:
int |,b,h;
public:
(< get()
{
cout<<"enter |,b,h:";
cin>>1>>b>>h;
cout<
public:
{
Tod csplay()
{
protected
Box int main()
Carton obj;
cout<<"Enter mat:
cin>>mat;
7 Cbivoumety
cout<>|>>b>>h;
void show()
cout<>mat bj. display();
a 0bj.volume();
void dispfay()
t :
show(); , oa
cout<>I>>b>>h;
void show()
cout<>mat;
+
void display()
{
show();
cout<>a>>b;
Void show()
coute>a>>b;
void show()
{
cout<
void add() Void aliff()
+b;
+
Void display()
&
show();
cout<<"Sum="<
Using namespace st;
F @
protect
i dina
pute
void get()
i
conte dnensons ofthe Shave
>
Jae stow
‘
eutcimi ce"
