Transport Phenomena in Metallurgical

Processes (MMC 401)

Dr. Manas Kumar Mondal

Associate Professor,
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
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The study materials/presentations are solely meant for academic purposes and they can
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with proper acknowledgements.

Lecture 3
Introduction
Heat Transfer
References:
 D.R. Poirier and G.H. Geiger, “Transport Phenomena in Materials Processing”, (Springer International Publishers. Switzerland,2016 ).
 Julian Szekely and N.J. Thermelis, “Rate Phenomena in Process Metallurgy” ,(John Wiley & Sons Inc (1 November 1971).
 R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, and Edwin N. Lightfoot, “TRANSPORT PHEOMENA”, (OHN WILEY & SONS, Inc., 2002).
 D. R. Gaskell, “An Introduction to Transport Phenomena in Materials Engineering”, (MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW JERSEY,
2013).
 S. P. Sukhatme, “A Textbook on Heat Transfer”, Fourth Edition (University Press India Ltd., 2005).

 J. P. Holman, “Heat Transfer”, (The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., )

4. Fourier’s law of heat conduction

It states that in a material in which temperature difference exit, the heat flux due to conduction (heat flow per unit time per
unit area) in any direction is proportional to the gradient of temperature in that direction.

The concept of property relating the two quantities is called thermal conductivity. It is
property of the material and is a measure of ability of material to conduct heat.
The negative sign is introduced become heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature and serves to make the heat
flux positive in the positive direction. In rectangular coordinates Fourier’s law can be written as

Thermal conductivity for solid is function of temperature, and liquid

Thermal conductivity function both temperature and pressure for gases.
 Representative values of thermal conductivity of some material
Thermal conductivity State
(W/m.K)
Solids: Metal Pure copper 384 20C
Brass 110 20C
Steel (0.5%C) 54 20C
Stainless steel (18%Cr, 8%Ni) 16 20C
Non-metals Asbestos 0.23 20C
Plastics 0.58 20C
Wood 0.17 20C
Liquids Water 0.60 20C
Light oil 0.14 20C
Gases and vapours Dry air 0.026 1 bar, 20C
Steam 0.025 1 bar, 100C

 For most metals, the thermal conductivity lies in the range of 10 to 100, higher values are found only with vary pure metals.
 Non-metals and liquids generally have values ranging from 0.1 to 1.
 While gases and vapours have values which are an order of magnitude lower.
5. Newton’s law for connective heat flow between a solid surface and a fluid is
analogous to Fourier’s law for heat conduction.

If states that when a fluid at a temperature Tf is in contact with a solid surface at a

different temperature Tw , the heat flux from the surface to the fluid is proportional to
the temperature difference between the surface and fluid.

The constant of proportionality is called the heat transfer coefficient.

The fluid flow may be classified as being internal or external.

Internal Flows are flows through pipe or ducts.
External flows are flows essentially initiate in extent over the surface of the body i.e. flow over an aerofoil or a flat plate or
flow across the outside pipe.
Figure 1 illustrates the situation for an external forced convection flow
over a flat plate. The temperature profile of the fluid near the surface, as
well as the velocity profile for the flowing fluid shown.
The velocity is seen to be zero at the wall and to merge into the free
steam value Vf, while the temperature of fluid is equal to the temperature
Tw at the wall and merge into the free steam value Tf away from the wall.

Figure 1: Temperature and velocity profile in fluid

near the surface in an external, forced convection
flow over a flat plate (Tw  Tf)

 h is not a property of fluid but it depends upon on the property of the fluid, such as thermal conductivity K , viscosity  ,
density  and specific heat CP. These properties shall be referred to as heat transport property.

 It is clear that the higher value of thermal conductivity will be the high value h.

 Higher value of heat capacity CP the less will be the temperature rise of the fluid with heat gain, greater will be
temperature difference available for heat transfer and hence heat transfer and h will be greater.

 A low value of viscosity will result in faster moment fluid hence better heat transfer and h is high.
 An addition to this properties, h also depends on the flow condition involving velocity and geometry of flow.

Table 2. Approximate values for heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2K)

Still gases (natural convection) 5 to 25

Still liquid (natural convection) 50 to 300
Flowing gases (forced convection) 15 to 250
Flowing liquids (forced correction) 100 to 5000
Boiling liquids 2000 to 50000
Condensing vapours 2000 to 50000
6. Laws of thermal Radiation
A number of laws are needed for the study of thermal radiation of these, the most commonly used law is the Stefan-Boltzmann
law which states that the thermal radiation heat flux (W/m2) emitted from black surface is proportional to the fourth power of
absolute temperature of the surface is given by

A black surface is a surface which absorbs all the incident on it.

The constant of proportionality  is called Stefan-Boltzmann constant which is 5.57  108 Wm2K4.

Other radiation laws

 Planck’s law
 Wien’s law
 Kirchhoff’s law.
Heat conduction in solids
 Heat conduction in solid so there is no macroscopic motion is involved inside a solid, the two fundamental laws namely,
the law of conservation of mass and Newton’s second law are trivially satisfied.

 The only the fundamental law which needs to be satisfied is the first law of thermodynamics as applied to a system.

 Of the subsidiary laws, Fourier’s low and Newton's law of cooling will generally be required.

 For closed system, according to the first law of thermodynamics the rate of increase of energy of a closed system is equal
to the difference of the rate at which heat enters the system and the rate at which the system does work on the
surrounding.

 But in the solid there no work done, so it can written

 One-dimensional steady state situations

Infinite Slab

To find the steady state temperature distribution and the heat flux through a slab of width
b and which extends to infinity in the other two directions. The faces of the slab are
maintained at temperature T1 and T2. The material of slab has thermal conductivity K.

Since slab is infinite in y and z direction, the heat flows only in the x-directions and T = f(x).

[use only ordinary derivative, not partial because T = f(x) ]

 Substitute equation (2) in equation(1),

Infinitely long hollow cylinder

An infinitely long hollow cylinder having inner and outer radiation of ri and ro
respectively. Then temperature at the two radii are maintained at Ti and T0.

We want to find out steady state temperature distribution and radial heat flow rate?
Since the cylinder is infinite in length and there is axial symmetry. The heat flow only in the radial direction only and T = f(r).
From Fourier’s law

Here q = constant
PROBLEM:
Calculate the heat flow rate per unit length through a long thick tube of inner diameter 2 cm and outer diameter 4 cm.
Given:
(i) The thermal conductivity of the material tube is 0.58 W/m.K.
(ii) The inner wall of tube is at 70C and outer wall is at 100C .

Solution: