Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems

Vol. 10, No. 4, August, 2023, pp. 1157-1168

Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/mmep

Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Ferro-Nanofluid with Magnetic Field in Tube Having
Inserted Twisted Tube
Salim Al Zerkani* , Yaser Alaiwi

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Altinbas University, Istanbul 34217, Turkey

Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.100408 ABSTRACT

Received: 1 February 2023 This study investigates heat transfer enhancement through the application of ferro-
Revised: 28 April 2023 nanofluid in conjunction with twisted tape inserts, with particular emphasis on the effect
Accepted: 21 May 2023 of escalating ferro-nanofluid concentration. The influence of a magnetic field on the
Available online: 30 August 2023 ferro-nanofluid and its subsequent impact on heat transfer rates is also simulated. To
gain a deeper understanding of the stream field, computational fluid dynamics studies
are undertaken, with the Cartesian direction being the focal point of mathematical
Keywords: methodologies. The numerical model and mesh are constructed using ANSYS. The
ferro-nanofluid, magnetic field, twisted tube, numerical results elucidate the heat transfer improvement process utilizing twisted tape
heat transfer and ferro-nanofluid under various conditions: rotational cycles, magnetic field intensity,
and ferro-nanofluid concentration. Moreover, the influence of these conditions on
pressure, temperature, and fluid velocity is assessed when deploying ferro-nanofluid in
conjunction with a magnetic field for heat transfer enhancement. The findings reveal
that, irrespective of the operating conditions, fluid pressure tends to decrease while the
fluid temperature and velocity increase with the intensification of the magnetic field,
the concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and the rotational cycles.

1. INTRODUCTION Passive methods, which involve adding fluid additives (such

as nanofluids) or turbulence promoters (such as twisted tape
Several research initiatives will investigate the application and coil inserts); and (iii) compound methods, which involve
of nanofluid more fully in order to enhance its combining active and passive methods. The first method is by
commercialisation. Over the Past ten years, the usage of adding motors or obstacles that increase the transfer of thermal
magnetic nanofluid for enhancing heat transfer has gradually energy. The second method is represented by the introduction
grown because of its superior thermal conductivity compared of active means such as a magnetic field that works to change
to other nanofluids. The importance of the research lies in the the movement of the liquid that contains magnetic materials
study of the effect of the magnetic field and the use of an that improve heat transfer. In the third case, the first and
obstructive flow, and this research originality in the simulation second methods are combined [2]. Twisted tapes, dimples,
process is of little use in previous research. Nanoparticles have wire coils, fins, ribs, and micro fins have all been used to
a significant impact on the thermal properties of base fluids, change the flow Pattern. A flow channel can be modified by
such as thermal conductivity and viscosity. When nanofluids changing the thermal characteristics of the working fluid or the
are used, the double-tube heat exchanger's ability to transmit fluid flow with the aid of inserts. The working fluid, also
heat is considerably enhanced. Other experiments showed that known as nanofluid, can be made more efficient by adding
when the concentration of nanofluids was reduced, the heat nanoparticles with increased thermal conductivity [3]. Super
transfer coefficient increased even more. The using of Paramagnetic nanoparticles floating in a nonmagnetic carrier
contemporary electronic devices and anything relevant to the fluid make up magnetic nanofluids, one type of nanofluid. Due
growth that took place in the recent time has recently attracted to their distinctive properties and behaviour as intelligent or
a lot of curiosity throughout the world. We observe the functional fluids, these fluids represent a contemporary
fascination with heat transfer as a crucial component in several collection of nanofluids. Under the effect of an exterior
scientific implementations and as having a significant affect magnetic field, their conductivity and viscosity can alter, and
many facets of life, such as (optical devices, refrigeration their rheological Parameters can be precisely regulated [4]. A
devices, electronics, X-rays, etc.). The miniaturization, data technique for constructing heat transfer devices is to have a
storage, and increased working speed of these electronic larger surface area to volume ratio. For instance, pipes with
gadgets and technologies, together with their massive and micro fins have gained popularity due to their capacity to
quick expansion, created major issues with their heat increase the surface of heat transfer and create turbulence in
management [1]. Over the Past few decades, different fluid flow. This method might enhance the efficiency of heat
approaches to improve heat transfer have been advanced. transfer [5]. In order to improve the commercialization of
These methods are divided into three groups: I active methods, nanofluid, several research projects will look into its
which involve introducing an external power resource into the application more thoroughly. Because magnetic nanofluid has
fluid (such as electrostatic and mechanical aids domains); (ii) a better thermal conductivity than other nanofluids, its use for

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improving heat transfer has gradually increased over the Past heat transmission [17]. Transfer of heat in a circular tube is
decade [6]. Base fluids' thermal characteristics, such as improved via utilizing a conical ring and twisted tape
thermal conductivity and viscosity, are greatly impacted by combination in both reverse flow and swirl flow. If 1) the
nanoparticles. The performance of heat transmission is greatly conical ring is used in conjunction with the twisted tape and 2)
improved in the double-tube heat exchanger when nanofluids the twisted tape ratio is low (Y=3.75) to create a larger swirl
are utilized. According to other studies, the heat transfer flow, heat transfer is significantly increased [18]. The Nusselt
coefficient rose even more when the concentration of number or heat transfer enhancement significantly rises
nanofluids decreased. Additionally, the flow Pattern was because of the improved flow mixing, raising the overall HT
connected to how well nanofluids transferred heat. coefficient. The existence of the rib increased the rate of HT,
Consequently, additional research was required for the use of according to studies on the thermal efficiency for a square
nanofluids in plate heat exchangers [7]. A colloidal dispersion channel with high blocked ribs. The impact of a V-shaped rib
of magnetic nanoparticles with a diameter of 3 to 15 nm is on thermofluidic properties for a solar air heater also supported
called ferrofluid [8]. There are numerous types of Particles the idea that the design had an impact on how well the device
with ferromagnetic characteristics, including Fe3O4, CoFeO4, worked. This experiment found that the HT rate greatly
and FePt. This fluid has the property of responding with a improved, resulting in a 2.35-fold increase in hydrothermal
magnetic field because of the magnetism of the Particles. The performance [19]. The matrix of thermal conductivity and
fluid possesses kinetic energy and takes on a Particular shape effective flow thermal capacity are both enhanced by the
when a magnetic field is utilized [9]. In other words, there are presence of porous media in the flow channel, as is the matrix
benefits in that control is achievable with a very basic of porous solids, which enhances radiation heat transfer,
arrangement and that a flow can only be produced via a especially in two-phase flow (gas-water) systems. According
magnetic force devoid of direct contact with the fluid. to study, the inclusion of porous media in the flow channel
Additionally, it has been demonstrated that because of the enhances the flow's thermal conductivity matrix and effective
characteristics of the Particles, nanofluids perform better heat capacity. In a porous solid-state environment, especially
thermally than regular fluids [10, 11]. Thermal characteristics in systems with moving gas, the rate of heat transfer is also
of the colloidal suspension are basically different from those accelerated [20]. It is common knowledge that turbulent flow
of the base fluid. For instance, compared to water or oil, has a higher rate of heat exchange and pumping power than
microfluid can have a much better thermal conductivity. The laminar flow, the former of which is desired and the latter
interaction of suspended Particles in multi-component systems undesirable. So, the researchers had the notion to introduce
like colloidal suspensions has a significant impact on them equipment into the laminar flow and induce local turbulence.
[12]. The ferrofluid's magnetic property contributes to a well- The concept was a huge hit and is still heavily utilized in the
regulated current, which affects other current physical market. This apparatus is known as a tabulator, and up to now,
properties like heat transmission. The colloidal suspension is numerous tabulator kinds have been introduced and their
stabilized by the nanoparticles’ stimulation of repulsion performance has been experimentally and quantitatively
(esterification/ionization) when they are briefly subjected to investigated. Nanostructures have also been used to improve
magnetic fields. By using this technique, van der Waals forces the effectiveness of engineering systems [21]. There are
and bipolar contractions that would otherwise cause several improvements that can be made to improve the transfer
nanoparticle accumulation and deposition are avoided [13]. of thermal energy by using magnetic materials because they
New uses for ferrofluid and cutting-edge technologies built are materials that do not need energy to be used, but rather use
around magnetic nanoparticles have arisen over the Past ten their potential energy.
years. Examples contain the sensing, energy collecting, and
activation of fluid micro magnets, chip-based lab equipment,
and specialized medical applications like magnetic 2. COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS USING ANSYS
hyperthermia, magnetic drug targeting, biomolecule sorting, PACKAGE
and magnetic resonance image contrast enhancement.
Techniques to improve heat transfer are frequently used in a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) studies are
variety of thermal systems to lower costs, reduce size and performed to grow a more profound knowledge into the field
weight, and most significantly, improve performance. By of the stream. To explain the impact of the disturbance model,
disturbing the thermal boundary layer close to the walls and (k-ε) model is utilized. Accordingly, the methods of the
increasing fluid mixing, a swirl flow device can be inserted to mathematical arrangement will address these Cartesian
improve heat transfer. This will improve convective heat direction frameworks (x, y, and z). ANSYS will be utilized to
transfer. Nevertheless, the presence of twisted tape inside the make and network the framework math and afterward to
tube may result in a greater pressure drop since there is a reproduce one case.
greater surface area of contact between the fluid and the insert.
As a result, scientists have experimented with various twisted 2.1 Assumptions
tape Patterns and configurations to reduce pressure drops [14,
15]. The velocity profile at the sidewall is changed by the swirl In the current study, water and Fe3O4 is considered as the
flow created by the twisted tape tube. According to earlier running nanofluid and the characteristics of flow are assumed
studies, utilizing ribs, fins, baffles, and winglets would provide (Steady flow, three dimensional, Newtonian, Incompressible,
better thermal performance than using twisted-tape or wire Turbulent).
coils [16]. In comparison to stationary twisted tape, self-
rotating twisted tape has better thermal presentation. With an 2.2 Governing equations (magnetic induction method)
increasing in cut length ratio, the Nusselt number increased or
heat transfer enhanced. The rectangular cut twisted tape In the principal approach, the attractive acceptance
creates a swirl flow that increases fluid mixing and speeds up condition is gotten from Ohm regulation and Maxwell

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condition. The condition gives the coupling between the In these cases, Gk addresses the age of choppiness active
stream field and the attractive field. By and large, Ohm energy due to mean speed slopes, as shown in modeling
regulation that characterizes this thickness is given by: turbulent production in the k-ε Models. Gb is the age of the
disturbance dynamic energy due to lightness, as shown in
𝑗⃗ = 𝜎𝐸⃗⃗ (1) Effects of Buoyancy on Turbulence in the k-ε Models. YM is
concerned with the commitment of the fluctuating dilatation in
where, σ is the electrical conductivity of the media. compressible disturbance to the overall scattering rate, as
For liquid speed field 𝑈 ⃗⃗ in an attractive field ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 , Ohm depicted in Effects of Compressibility on Turbulence in the kε
regulation takes the structure: and are the violent Prandtl numbers for k and, respectively. 𝑆𝑘
and Sε are client-defined source words. Displaying the
𝑗⃗ = 𝜎(𝐸⃗⃗ + 𝑈
⃗⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ ) (2) Turbulent Viscosity, the violent (or whirlpool) consistency μt
is figured by joining k and ε as follows:
From Ohm regulation and Maxwell condition, the
𝑘2
enlistment condition can be inferred as: 𝜇𝑡 = 𝜌𝐶𝜇 (8)
𝜀
⃗⃗
𝜕𝐵 1 2
⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝛻)𝐵
+ (𝑈 ⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗ + (𝐵
𝛻 𝐵 ⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝛻)𝑈
⃗⃗ (3) where, Cμ is a constant.
𝜕𝑡 𝜇𝜎 Model Constants The model constants C1ε, C2ε, Cμ, σk, and
σε have the following default values:
⃗⃗, the present thickness 𝑗⃗
From the tackled attractive field 𝐵
can be determined involving Ampere's connection as: 𝐶1𝜀 = 1.44, 𝐶2𝜀 = 1.92, 𝐶𝜇 = 0.09, 𝜎𝑘 = 1.0, 𝜎𝜀 = 1.3

1 They have been found to function admirably for a wide

𝑗⃗ = ⃗⃗
𝛻×𝐵 (4)
𝜇 scope of divider limited and free shear streams. Albeit the
default upsides of the model constants are the standard ones
By and large, the attractive field 𝐵 ⃗⃗ in a MHD issue can be generally broadly acknowledged, you can transform them (if
deteriorated into the remotely forced field ( 𝐵 ⃗⃗0 ) and the necessary) in the Viscous Model Dialog Box.
prompted field 𝑏⃗⃗ because of smooth movement. Just the
2.4 The energy equation
actuated field 𝑏⃗⃗ should be addressed. From Maxwell situations,
the forced field 𝐵 ⃗⃗0 fulfills the accompanying condition: Ansys Fluent solves the energy equation in the following
form:
𝜕𝐵⃗⃗0
⃗⃗0 − 𝜇𝜎 ′
𝛻2𝐵 =0 (5)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕 𝑣2 𝑣2
(𝜌 (𝑒 + )) + 𝛻 ⋅ (𝜌𝑣 (ℎ + ))
𝜕𝑡 2 2
where, 𝜎 ′ is the electrical conductivity of the media wherein
=𝛻
⃗⃗0 is produced. Two cases should be thought of.
field 𝐵 (9)
⋅ (𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝛻𝑇 − ∑ ℎ𝑗 𝐽⃗𝑗 + 𝜏˙𝑒𝑓𝑓 ⋅ 𝑣⃗)
2.3 Standard k- 𝜺 model 𝑗
+ 𝑆ℎ
The standard "k-ε" model (for turbulent kinetic energy and
its dissipation rate) is based on model transport equations. The where, keff is the forceful conductivity (where kt is the turbulent
exact equation is used to create the model transport equation heat conductivity, as defined by the choppiness model used),
for k, while the model transport equation for ε was created
and 𝐽⃗𝑗 is the species j dispersion transition. The first three
through physical reasoning and is not very similar to its
mathematically precise cousin. The flow is assumed to be terms on the right-hand side address energy movement as a
entirely turbulent and the effects of molecular viscosity are result of conduction, species dispersion, and sloppy scattering,
insignificant when the k-ε model is derived. Therefore, only in that order. Sh combines the volumetric hotness sources you
totally turbulent flows are suitable for the typical k-ε model. have identified as well as the hotness aging rate from synthetic
The following transport equations are used to calculate the replies. Nonetheless, this response source has no effect on the
kinetic energy of the turbulence, k, and its rate of dissipation, total enthalpy condition (see Energy Sources Due to Reaction
ε: for subtleties). The enthalpy h is characterized for ideal gases
as:
𝜕 𝜕
(𝜌𝑘) + (𝜌𝑘𝑢𝑖 )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑖 ℎ = ∑ 𝑌𝑗 ℎ𝑗 (10)
𝜕 𝜇𝑡 𝜕𝑘 (6) 𝑗
= [(𝜇 + ) ] + 𝐺𝑘 + 𝐺𝑏 − 𝜌𝜀
𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜎𝑘 𝜕𝑥𝑗
− 𝑌𝑀 + 𝑆𝑘 And for incompressible materials includes the contribution
form pressure work.
And
𝑝
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜇𝑡 𝜕𝜀 𝜀 ℎ = ∑ 𝑌𝑗 ℎ𝑗 + (11)
(𝜌𝜀) + (𝜌𝜀𝑢𝑖 ) = [(𝜇 + ) ] + 𝐶1𝜀 (𝐺𝑘 + 𝐶3𝜀 𝐺𝑏 ) 𝜌
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝜎𝜀 𝜕𝑥𝑗 𝑘 𝑗
(7)
𝜀2
− 𝐶2𝜀 𝜌 + 𝑆𝜀
𝑘 Yj is the mass fraction of species j and the sensible heat of

1159
species hj is the Part of enthalpy that includes only changes in 2
𝜏‾ = 𝜇 [(𝛻𝑣⃗ + 𝛻𝑣⃗ 𝑇 ) − 𝛻 ⋅ 𝑣⃗𝐼] (18)
the enthalpy due to specific heat. 3
𝑇 where the subatomic thickness is small and the influence of
ℎ𝑗 = ∫ 𝑐𝑝,𝑗 𝑑𝑇 (12) volume widening is the second component on the right-hand
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓
side. The pivotal and spiral force protection criteria for 2D
axisymmetric computations are given by:
The value used for T ref in the reasonable enthalpy
computation is determined by the solver and models employed. 𝜕 1 𝜕 1𝜕
T ref is 298.15 K for the tension-based solver, except for PDF (𝜌𝑣𝑥 ) + (𝑟𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 ) + (𝑟𝜌𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑥 )
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
models, where Tref is a client input for the species. Tref is 0 for 𝜕𝑝
the thickness-based solver, unless when illustrating species = −
𝜕𝑥 (19)
movement with responses, in which case T ref is a client input 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑥 2
+ [𝑟𝜇 (2 − (𝛻 ⋅ 𝑣⃗))]
for the species. The internal energy e is uniformly defined for 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 3
compressible and incompressible materials as: 1𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑟
+ [𝑟𝜇 ( + )] + 𝐹𝑥
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥
𝑝𝑜𝑝 + 𝑝
𝑒=ℎ− (13) And
𝜌
𝜕 1 𝜕 1𝜕
In the above equations, p and pop are check and working (𝜌𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑟𝜌𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑟𝜌𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟 )
𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
strain individually. Such definitions of enthalpy and inward 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑥
energy oblige an incompressible ideal gas in like manner = − + [𝑟𝜇 ( + )]
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 (20)
formulation. 1𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑟 2
+ [𝑟𝜇 (2 − (𝛻 ⋅ 𝑣⃗))]
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 3
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠 𝑝 𝑝 𝑣𝑟 2 𝜇 𝑣𝑧2
ℎ = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇 + = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇 + 𝑅𝑔 𝑇 + = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 + (14) − 2𝜇 2 + (𝛻 ⋅ 𝑣⃗) + 𝜌 + 𝐹𝑟
𝜌 𝜌 𝜌 𝑟 3𝑟 𝑟

2.5 The mass conservation equation where,

The mass conservation equation, often known as the 𝜕𝑣𝑥 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟

⋅ 𝑣⃗ = + + (21)
continuity equation, is written as follows: 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑟

𝜕𝜌 And vz is the swirl velocity.

+ 𝛻 ⋅ (𝜌𝑣⃗) = 𝑆𝑚 (15)
𝜕𝑡
2.7 Turbulence model
This is the most general sort of mass protection condition,
and it applies to both incompressible and compressible streams. The average (k-ε) model is efficient with consistent
The mass contributed to the persistent stage from the scattered exactness for wide violent streams reach and it is by and large
second stage (for example, due to evaporation of fluid droplets) utilized in the reproduction of hotness move. In the (k-ε)
and any client-defined sources is called Sm. For 2D model, two extra transport equations for the tempestuous
axisymmetric calculations, the progression condition is given motor energy (k) and violent dispersal rate (ε) are addressed
by: and the whirlpool consistency (μt) is figured as an element of
k and ε.
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕 𝜌𝑣𝑟 The (k-ε) model is a turbulence model commonly used in
+ (𝜌𝑣𝑥 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝑟 ) + = 𝑆𝑚 (16) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to predict
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑟
turbulent flows. It provides a closure model for the Reynolds-
where, x is the axial coordinate, r is the radial coordinate, vX is averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations by introducing two
the axial velocity, and vr is the radial velocity. additional transport equations for the turbulent kinetic energy
(k) and the turbulent dissipation rate (ε). The purpose of the
2.6 Momentum conservation equations (k-ε) model is to provide closure to the RANS equations by
modeling the effects of turbulence on the mean flow. By
In an inertial (non-accelerating) reference frame, solving the transport equations for k and ε, the model allows
momentum is conserved. for the prediction of turbulence quantities, which in turn affect
the flow behavior, such as velocity fluctuations, turbulence
𝜕 intensity, and eddy viscosity. It's important to note that the
(𝜌𝑣⃗) + 𝛻 ⋅ (𝜌𝑣⃗𝑣⃗) = −𝛻𝑝 + 𝛻 ⋅ (𝜏‾) + 𝜌𝑔⃗ + 𝐹⃗ (17) specific coefficients and model constants used in the (k-ε)
𝜕𝑡
model may vary depending on the implementation or specific
where, p denotes the static strain, tensor denotes the pressure version of the model being used. The equations provided here
tensor (shown below), and g and F denote the gravitational and represent the general form of the (k-ε) model.
outer body powers, respectively (for example, those arising
from interaction with the scattering stage). Other model- 2.8 ANSYS package
subordinate source terminology, such as permeable media and
client described sources, are also included in F. The pressure The stream conditions are addressed by utilizing two
tensor 𝜏‾ is given by: modules:
1- The essential module is pre-processor module; a program

1160
 structure that makes the calculation and matrix as in the was applied to the surfaces of Heat A constant temperature of
accompanying: 40 C was shed, where three cases of the magnet were taken
a) Modelling of calculation. when the magnet have length 30, 50, 70 mm, then the twisted
b) Mesh age. tape have 2 turns ,4 turns and 6 turns. Three forces of magnetic
c) Boundary condition. flux were taken (2, 4 and 6) tesla.
2- The second module is the Solution module, for settling
Navier-Stokes conditions (which incorporates progression,
force and energy conditions), as well as the violent stream
model.

2.9 System geometry

The system engineering system is shown in Figure 1. Where

the model was designed with an internal diameter of 25.4 mm
for flow and a total length of the tube 500 mm and contains
within it a twisted bar with a thickness of 2 mm and a length
of 20 mm. Where three values of the torsion rotation are taken
once two, four and six turns, and it will also be shed Magnetic
field with different tolerances, where the length of the
magnetic field was taken once 30 mm, 50 mm and 70 mm. To
obtain a model that can be applied in reality and is feasible to
facilitate the work of researchers in the future.

Figure 2. Mesh generated by ANSYS

Figure 1. Geometry shape

2.10 Mesh generation

Generally, because unstructured grids work well for

complicated geometries, the unstructured tetrahedron grids
were chosen in the current investigation. ANSYS support solid
geometry mesh generation and three-dimensional models with
minimum input from a single phase from the user. The number Figure 3. Boundary of conditions
of cells taken, in this study was (2223270), see Figure 2.
In order to obtain accurate and reliable results, a Mesh 2.12 Problem solution
independency must be made to see the clear change when
changing the number of the element and the output results, as A volume of the control depended technique that comprises
it stops when the stability of the output results is reached, of the accompanying advances, which can be utilized for
where the element size is used 0.001m as shown in Table 1. arrangement:
• A mesh is created on the field.
2.11 Conditions of the boundary • Sets of conditions like velocity, pressure, and preserved
scalars, mathematical are built by the combination on each
Figure 3 shows the limits that were used, where three control volume of the administering conditions.
variable entry velocities were taken at the entry area (0.1, 0.3, •The Discretized Equations are linearized and tackled
and 0.5) m/s representing the entry of the nanomaterial at a iteratively.
temperature of 25℃. In the exit area, an exit pressure of 0 Pa

Table 1. Mesh independency

Case Node Element Max. Temperature (K) Outlet Temperature (K) Pressure Difference (Pa)
1 252360 1253477 335.812 305.363 47.42
2 326252 1532207 331.493 302.976 49.21
3 483412 1744345 329.081 302.881 49.47
4 597355 2223270 329.074 302.879 49.48

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 ANSYS is the arrangement calculation utilized by FLUENT problem. 3- Numerical Methods: The choice of numerical
and is embraced in the current work. The overseeing methods for solving the governing equations can impact
conditions are settled consecutively (i.e., isolated from each computational efficiency. Different methods like finite
other). Since the administering conditions are non-straight difference, finite volume, or finite element methods have
(and coupled), numerous cycles might be done before a joined varying levels of complexity and accuracy. The optimal
arrangement is gotten as shown in Figure 4. solution should identify the most suitable numerical method
that balances accuracy and computational cost. 4- Parallel
Computing: Taking advantage of parallel computing
techniques, such as utilizing multiple processors or distributed
computing, can significantly reduce the computational time
for solving complex problems. The optimal solution should
explore parallel computing strategies to improve the
computational efficiency, especially for large-scale
simulations. 5- Model Calibration and Validation: The
accuracy of the turbulence model heavily relies on appropriate
calibration and validation against experimental or high-fidelity
simulation data. The optimal solution should include a
thorough calibration and validation process to ensure the
model's accuracy within an acceptable range, minimizing the
need for excessive computational resources. In summary, the
optimal solution for analyzing the solution complexity of the
problem and achieving accurate results with the (k-ε) model
involves carefully selecting appropriate grid resolution,
turbulence model, numerical methods, and parallel computing
techniques. It should also involve model calibration and
validation to ensure the model's accuracy while minimizing
computational resources.

2.14 Convergence criteria

The CFD method requires emphasizing the arrangement of

the liquid stream conditions till it is met. The emphases are
halted when the arrangement continues as before inside the
Figure 4. Flow chart of CFD exactness of the chose intermingling models. The most
generally utilized strategy to check arrangement combination
2.13 Solution parameters is the mistake residuals, which is the contrast between the
upsides of a variable in two continuous emphases standardized
The solution parameters include the following: by the biggest outright leftover for the initial five cycles. The
A. Precision Solver Type arrangement is supposed to be united when the residuals are
Ordinarily, accuracy solvers are found by single and under a resilience breaking point of 10-6 for all the liquid
twofold as it were. A PC with limitless accuracy, residuals stream conditions introduced previously.
would go to zero as the arrangement combines. A genuine PC,
the residuals rot to some little worth ("adjust") and afterward
end changing ("level out"). 3. FACTORS EFFECT ON THE ENHANCEMENT
B. Iterations Number HEAT TRANSFER RATE
This is the highest digit of iterations done before the solver
terminates. 3.1 Effect of cycles of rotation
Analyzing the solution complexity of a problem involves
assessing the computational resources required to solve the Cycles of rotation is one of the influential factors in
problem accurately and efficiently. The optimal solution, in enhancement in heat transfer, which play an important role.
this case, would aim to strike a balance between accuracy and Figures 5 and 6 explain the effect of cycles of rotation on the
computational efficiency. Here are a few factors to consider: enhance heat transfer rate. From these figures it has been
1- Grid Resolution: Increasing the grid resolution leads to noticed that when cycle of rotation is 2 cycles, intensity of
more accurate results but also increases computational cost. magnetic field is 6 Tesla, and concentration 0.5 wt.%. The
The optimal solution should determine an appropriate grid effect of cycles on the pressure of fluid decreased from
resolution that captures the essential features of the flow 351.782 to -13.5 Pa at 30 mm width of magnetic field. In
without excessive refinement. 2- Turbulence Model Selection: addition, at 50 mm width of magnetic field, the pressure still
The (k-ε) model is a relatively simple turbulence model, but decreased from 414.584 to -11.627 Pa.
more advanced models like Reynolds Stress Models (RSM) or The effect of cycles on the temperature of fluid have been
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) can provide better accuracy at displayed in Figures 7 and 8, it can be concluded that the
the expense of increased computational complexity. The temperature increased from 25.0 to 39.4℃ at 2 cycles, 6 Tesla
optimal solution should consider the trade-off between intensity of magnetic field, and 0.5 wt.% concentration of
accuracy and computational cost and select an appropriate ferro-nanofluid with 30 mm width of magnetic field. At 50 mm
turbulence model based on the specific requirements of the width of magnetic field, the temperature of fluid raised from

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25.0 to 39.4℃ at 2, 6, and 0.5 of cycles of rotation, intensity benefits: I higher local velocities due to the reduced flow area,
of magnetic field, and concentration of ferro-nanofluid which is accompanied by secondary flow recirculation; (ii)
respectively. improved mixing and turbulence by the helically twisted fluid
flow; and (iii) improved heat transfer in the flow because the
inserts act as fins. The heat transfer rate rises as a result of
these interrelated factors. The implants' only real drawback is
the little increase in pumping force needed to compensate for
the pressure decrease they create. Additionally, it can be seen
that the magnetic field has very little influence on the pressure
drop. When an external force is present, pressure drops rise.
The fundamental reason viscosity increases in the presence of
an external magnetic field is pressure decrease. Additionally,
the development of vortices that serve as barriers in the flow
field may also be a factor in the second explanation for the rise
in pressure drop. When a magnetic dipole source is used to
Figure 5. Effect of cycles of rotation on pressure of fluid at 2 create the magnetic field, this is what happens. The recent
cycles, 0.5 wt. % concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and 6 findings, however, were based on the supposition that
Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 30 mm width of viscosity is solely a product of temperature and concentration.
magnetic field Additionally, the heated ferrofluid tends to be removed off the
surface by the upward magnetic force without the
development of a vortex. Therefore, there has not been a
significant change in the pressure decrease because of the
magnetic field.

Figure 6. Effect of cycles of rotation on pressure of fluid at 2

cycles, 0.5 wt.% concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and 6
Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 50 mm width of
magnetic field

Figure 8. Effect of cycles of rotation on temperature of fluid

at 2 cycles, 0.5 wt.% concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and 6
Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 50 mm width of
magnetic field

Figure 7. Effect of cycles of rotation on temperature of fluid

at 2 cycles, 0.5 wt. % concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and 6
Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 30 mm width of
magnetic field

Figures 9 and 10 show the effect of cycles of rotation on the

velocity of fluid. The velocity of fluid tends to grow from 0.0
to 0.725 m/s at condition of 2 cycles, intensity of magnetic
Figure 9. Effect of cycles of rotation on velocity of fluid at 2
field 6 Tesla, and concentration of ferro-nanofluid is 0.5 wt.%
cycles, 0.5 wt. % concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and 6
with 30 mm width of magnetic field. The similar outcomes of
Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 30 mm width of
velocity of fluid appeared at the same conditions with 50 mm
magnetic field
width of magnetic field whereas velocity increased from 0.0 to
0.723 m/s.
The pressure drop increases when velocity of fluid rises
The twisted tape inserts act as Passive turbulence promoters
from 0.1 to 0.5 m/s. At thickness of magnetic 30 mm, 2 cycles
in an effort to increase heat transfer rates. The inclusion of
of rotation, and intensity of magnetic 2 Tesla, the pressure
these inserts causes the flow to experience the following
drop reach to 35 Pa with 0.1 m/s. While at 0.3 and 0.5 m/s,

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pressure drop record 154.8 Pa, and 339.2 respectively with the effect of concentration on the pressure of a fluid. As mentioned
same other operating conditions as shown in Figure 11. in the previous sections, pressure of fluid decrease from
38.276 to -0.629 Pa, and 36.647 to -0.645 Pa for 30 mm, and
50 mm of magnetic field respectively with 4 cycles of rotation,
4 Tesla intensity of magnetic field, and 0.1 wt.% concentration
of ferro-nanofluid.
Temperature of fluid rise at the similar level from 25 to 39.
4℃ with 30 mm, and 50 mm width of magnetic field at 0.1
wt.% concentration of ferro-nanofluid, 4 cycles of rotation,
and 4 Tesla intensity of magnetic field as shown in Figures 14
and 15.

Figure 10. Effect of cycles of rotation on velocity of fluid at

2 cycles, 0.5 wt. % concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and 6
Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 50 mm width of
magnetic field

Figure 13. Effect of concentration of ferro-nanofluid on

pressure of fluid at 4 cycles, 0.1 wt. % concentration of ferro-
nanofluid, and 4 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 50
mm width of magnetic field

Figure 11. Effect of cycles of rotation and intensity of

magnetic field on pressure drop at velocity 0.1 m/s and
thickness of magnetic 30 mm

Figure 14. Effect of concentration of ferro-nanofluid on

temperature of fluid at 4 cycles, 0.1 wt. % concentration of
ferro-nanofluid, and 4 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with
30 mm width of magnetic field

Figure 12. Effect of concentration of ferro-nanofluid on

pressure of fluid at 4 cycles, 0.1 wt. % concentration of ferro-
nanofluid, and 4 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 30
mm width of magnetic field

3.2 Effect of concentration of ferro-nanofluid

Figure 15. Effect of concentration of ferro-nanofluid on
Concentration of ferro-nanofluid is one of the most temperature of fluid at 4 cycles, 0.1 wt. % concentration of
important Parameter, which has effect on the pressure, ferro-nanofluid, and 4 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with
temperature, and velocity of fluid. Figures 12 and 13 show the 50 mm width of magnetic field

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 While the velocity of fluid increase from 0.009 to 0.146 m/s, number, the isotherms downstream of recirculation become
and from 0.01 to 0.155 m/s at 30 mm, and 50 mm width of narrower. This is because the heated wall was affected by the
magnetic field respectively, with 0.1 wt.% concentration of downward main flow distortion following recirculation. Due
ferro-nanofluid, 4 cycles of rotation, and 4 Tesla intensity of to this fact, the local heat transfer rate and temperature gradient
magnetic field, see Figures 16 and 17. both rise. It is challenging to establish the changes in velocity
together with the changes in nanoparticle concentration since
the density and viscosity rise with increasing nanoparticle
concentration. Numbers are used to study the connection
between velocity and nanoparticle concentration. Maxwell's
theory states that as the Reynolds number (or flow rate) and
nanoparticle concentration increase, the pressure drop in the
tube rises, increasing energy consumption and decreasing
experiment efficiency. Studying how the resistance coefficient
varies with flow rate and nanoparticle mass percentage is
essential. In fluid mechanics, the resistance coefficient is a
dimensionless quantity. It is used to show that the shape of the
tube (twisted tape) and the properties of the nanofluids mostly
influence the resistance of nanofluids in a tube.
The pressure drop reach to 37.5, 36.6, and 37.8 Pa at
Figure 16. Effect of concentration of ferro-nanofluid on intensity of magnetic field 2, 4, and 6 Tesla, and 4 cycles of
velocity of fluid at 4 cycles, 0.1 wt. % concentration of ferro- rotation respectively, with 50 mm thickness of magnetic, and
nanofluid, and 4 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 30 0.1 m/s. Figure 18 shows the behavior of pressure drop.
mm width of magnetic field

Figure 17. Effect of concentration of ferro-nanofluid on

velocity of fluid at 4 cycles, 0.1 wt. % concentration of ferro- Figure 18. Effect of cycles of rotation and intensity of
nanofluid, and 4 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 50 magnetic field on pressure drop at velocity 0.1 m/s and
mm width of magnetic field thickness of magnetic 50 mm

The magnetic dipoles of the ferromagnetic particles are

aligned with the magnetic field's lines and are magnetized
particles. Due to the strong Kelvin force present, ferrofluid
particles that are rotating close to the magnetic source deviate
as a result. The magnetization of nanoparticle, which
decreases at the bottom wall at high temperatures, can be used
to explain this rotating action. Due to the thermomigration
phenomena, the warm ferrofluid near the bottom wall travels
to the colder areas where its magnetization rises. Therefore,
the creation of the recirculation zone is caused by the non-
uniformity of the magnetization of nanoparticles. This
behaviour becomes more noticeable and the recirculation zone
gets hotter as the magnetic field strength rises. The related Figure 19. Effect of intensity of magnetic field on pressure
temperature fields show the presence of a thermal boundary of fluid at 2 cycles of rotation, 0.1 wt. % concentration of
layer close to the heated wall, where parallel isotherms show ferro-nanofluid, and 2 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with
that conduction heat transfer is the dominant mechanism of 30 mm width of magnetic field
heat transfer. Applying and enhancing the magnetic field
disturbs this property of the thermal layer. In fact, due to the 3.3 Effect of intensity of magnetic field
movement of ferrofluid under the influence of the
thermodiffusion phenomena, the isotherms become distorted The factor of intensity of magnetic field has been
in the recirculation zone and demonstrate the dominance of the investigated to explain the effect of magnetic field on pressure,
convective heat transfer mode. By raising the magnetic temperature, and velocity of fluid. The pressure going to drop

1165
at 2 Tesla intensity of magnetic field, 2 cycles of rotation, and from 0.009 to 0.148 m/s with 30 mm width of magnetic field,
0.1 wt.% concentration of ferro-nanofluid. Figures 19 and 20 and continues to increase with 50 mm width of magnetic field
shows the pressure decrease from 35.044 to -0.094 Pa, and at 2 cycles of rotation, 2 Tesla intensity of magnetic field, and
from 31.977 to -0.038 at 30 mm, and 50 mm width of magnetic 0.1 wt. % concentration of ferro-nanofluid.
field respectively.
The same rising of temperature has been obtained for all
widths of magnetic field with 2 cycles of rotation, 2 Tesla
intensity of magnetic field, and 0.1 wt. % concentration of
ferro-nanofluid, see Figures 21 to 22.

Figure 23. Effect of intensity of magnetic field on velocity of

fluid at 2 cycles of rotation, 0.1 wt. % concentration of ferro-
nanofluid, and 2 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 30
mm width of magnetic field

Figure 20. Effect of intensity of magnetic field on pressure

of fluid at 2 cycles of rotation, 0.1 wt. % concentration of
ferro-nanofluid, and 2 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with
50 mm width of magnetic field

Figure 24. Effect of intensity of magnetic field on velocity of

fluid at 2 cycles of rotation, 0.1 wt. % concentration of ferro-
nanofluid, and 2 Tesla intensity of magnetic field with 50
mm width of magnetic field
Figure 21. Effect of intensity of magnetic field on It can be seen that the heat transfer rate, exhibits similar
temperature of fluid at 2 cycles of rotation, 0.1 wt. % patterns and rises with increasing magnetic field strength at
concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and 2 Tesla intensity of each constant centration. Additionally, a significant increase
magnetic field with 30 mm width of magnetic field in the heat transfer is shown in the presence of a magnetic field
compared to both the absence of a magnetic field and water as
the base fluid, respectively. This could be because of the
chain-like structures that were created in the magnetic fields
that were applied, which enhanced the convective heat transfer
coefficient. Magnetic moments tended to line up with the
applied magnetic field when there was an applied magnetic
field present. When magnetic nanoparticle was mostly
influenced by magnetic force as opposed to thermal motion.
The nanoparticles produced chains that were orientated in the
same direction as the applied field and stuck together. As a
result, the chains connecting the flow of nanofluids and the
pipe wall function as thermal tunnels, improving heat transfer.
With the use of a steady magnetic field without any pumping
Figure 22. Effect of intensity of magnetic field on power, the enhancement of heat transfer improves. This is due
temperature of fluid at 2 cycles of rotation, 0.1 wt. % to the fact that when a steady magnetic field is supplied, the
concentration of ferro-nanofluid, and 2 Tesla intensity of ferrofluid's dipoles align in the same direction as the magnetic
magnetic field with 50 mm width of magnetic field field's applied externally, leading to a higher rate of heat
transfer than would otherwise occur in the absence of a
Figures 23 and 24 present the effect of intensity of magnetic magnetic field.
field on velocity of fluid. It is clear that the velocity grows The behavior of pressure drop still the same as mentioned

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above, ΔP increase to 44.9, 44.8, and 44.9 Pa at 2, 4, and 6 Hammoodi, K.A., Al-Tajer, A.M., Omer, I., Flayyih,
Tesla intensity of magnetic field respectively. Figure 25 M.A. (2022). Improvement of heat transfer by using
display the growing of pressure drop at 2, 4, and 6 cycles of porous media, nanofluid, and fins: A review.
rotation respectively, with 70 mm thickness of magnetic. International Journal of Heat and Technology, 40(2):
497-521. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400218
[2] Mashayekhi, R., Arasteh, H., Talebizadehsardari, P.,
Kumar, A., Hangi, M., Rahbari, A. (2021). Heat transfer
enhancement of nanofluid flow in a tube equipped with
rotating twisted tape inserts: A two-phase approach. Heat
Transfer Engineering, 43(7): 608-622.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2021.1896835
[3] Ahmad, S., Abdullah, S., Sopian, K. (2020). A review on
the thermal performance of nanofluid inside circular tube
with twisted tape inserts. Advances in Mechanical
Engineering, 12: 1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814020924893
[4] Ghadiri, M., Haghani, O., Emam-jomeh, E., Barati, E.
(2021). Experimental investigation on laminar
convective heat transfer of ferro-nanofluids under
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Mechanical Engineering, 5(3): 477-494.
Figure 25. Effect of cycles of rotation and intensity of https://doi.org/10.22060/ajme.2020.18628.5908
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4. CONCLUSIONS investigation. Energies, 12(16): 3041.
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significantly with Reynolds number or flow rate, and the E3S Web of Conferences, 321: 04012.
base fluid's heat transport was partially improved by the https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132104012
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