Chapter 8:

Multidimensional
Arrays

Textbooks: Y. Daniel Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, 3rd Edition

© Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

1
 Outline

• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to
Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice
Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
2
 Introduction
Data in a table or a matrix can be
represented using a two-dimensional
array.

3
 Outline

• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to
Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice
Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
4
 Declaring Two-
Dimensional Arrays
elementType arrayName[ROW_SIZE]
[COLUMN_SIZE];

• Example
int distances[7][7];

• An element in a two-dimensional
array is accessed through a row and
column index.
int bostonToDalas = distances[1][5]; 5
Two-Dimensional Array Illustration

6
 Outline

• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to
Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice
Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
7
 Initializing Arrays with
Random Values
• Nested for loops are often used to process a two-
dimensional array.
• The following loop initializes the array with
random values between 0 and 99:

for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)

{
for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)
{
matrix[row][column] = rand() % 100;
}
}

8
 Printing Arrays
• To print a two-dimensional array, you have to
print each element in the array using a loop like
the following:

for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)

{
for (int column = 0; column < columnSize; column++)
{
cout << matrix[row][column] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}

9
 Summing All Elements
• To sum all elements of a two-dimensional
array:

int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < ROW_SIZE; row++)
{
for (int column = 0; column < COLUMN_SIZE;
column++)
{
total += matrix[row][column];
}
}

10
 Summing Elements by Column
• For each column, use a variable named total
to store its sum. Add each element in the
column to total using a loop like this:

for (int column = 0; column < columnSize;

column++)
{
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)
total += matrix[row][column];
cout << "Sum for column " << column << " is “
<< total << endl;
}
11
Which row has the largest sum?
• Use variables maxRow and indexOfMaxRow to track the largest
sum and index of the row. For each row, compute its sum and
update maxRow and indexOfMaxRow if the new sum is greater.
int maxRow = 0;
int indexOfMaxRow = 0; // row 0
// Get sum of the first row in maxRow
for (int column = 0; column < COLUMN_SIZE; column++)
maxRow += matrix[0][column];

for (int row = 1; row < ROW_SIZE; row++) {

int totalOfThisRow = 0;
for (int column = 0; column < COLUMN_SIZE; column++)
totalOfThisRow += matrix[row][column];
if (totalOfThisRow > maxRow) {

maxRow = totalOfThisRow;
indexOfMaxRow = row;
}
}
cout << "Row " << indexOfMaxRow
<< " has the maximum sum of " << maxRow << endl; 12
 Outline

• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to
Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice
Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
13
Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays
to Functions

• You can pass a two-dimensional array to a

function.
• The column size to be specified in the
function declaration.
• A program that for a function that returns
the sum of all the elements in a matrix.

PassTwoDimensionalArray Run

14
PassTwoDimensionalArray.
cpp 1/2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const int COLUMN_SIZE = 4;

int sum(const int a[][COLUMN_SIZE], int rowSize)

{
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < rowSize; row++)
{
for (int column = 0; column < COLUMN_SIZE; column+
+)
{
total += a[row][column];
}
}

return total;
}
15
PassTwoDimensionalArray.
cpp 2/2
int main()
{
const int ROW_SIZE = 3;
int m[ROW_SIZE][COLUMN_SIZE];

cout << "Enter " << ROW_SIZE << " rows and "
<< COLUMN_SIZE << " columns: " << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < ROW_SIZE; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < COLUMN_SIZE; j++)
cin >> m[i][j];

cout << "\nSum of all elements is " << sum(m,

ROW_SIZE)
<< endl;

return 0;
}

16
 Outline

• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to
Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice
Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
17
Problem: Grading Multiple-
Choice Test

GradeExam Run

18
 GradeExam.cpp 1/2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
const int NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS = 8;
const int NUMBER_OF_QUESTIONS = 10;

// Students' answers to the questions

char answers[NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS][NUMBER_OF_QUESTIONS]
=
{
{'A', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'D', 'B', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'E', 'D', 'D', 'A', 'C', 'B', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'C', 'B', 'A', 'E', 'D', 'C', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'A', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'B', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'B', 'B', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'},
{'E', 'B', 'E', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'E', 'A', 'D'} 19
};
 GradeExam.cpp 2/2
// Key to the questions
char keys[] = { 'D', 'B', 'D', 'C', 'C', 'D', 'A', 'E', 'A',
'D' };

// Grade all answers

for (int i = 0; i < NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS; i++)
{
// Grade one student
int correctCount = 0;
for (int j = 0; j < NUMBER_OF_QUESTIONS; j++)
{
if (answers[i][j] == keys[j])
correctCount++;
}

cout << "Student " << i << "'s correct count is " <<
correctCount << endl;
}

return 0; 20
}
 Outline

• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to
Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice
Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
21
 Multidimensional Arrays
• A 1D array is simply one
row of sequential data.
• A 2D array is a group of
rows on top of one another
forming a table of rows and
columns.
• A 3D array is a group of
tables.

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

 Multidimensional Arrays
You can create n-dimensional
arrays for any integer n.

For example, you may use a three-dimensional array

to store exam scores for a class of 6 students with 5
exams and each exam has 2 parts (multiple-choice
and essay).
double scores[6][5][2];

row column table

23
 Multidimensional Arrays
You can create n-dimensional arrays for any integer n.

double scores[6][5][2];

Essay
Multiple Choice

With initialization:
double scores[6][5][2] = {
{{7.5, 20.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 33.5}, {13, 21.5}, {15, 2.5}},
{{4.5, 21.5}, {9.0, 22.5}, {15, 34.5}, {12, 20.5}, {14, 9.5}},
{{6.5, 30.5}, {9.4, 10.5}, {11, 33.5}, {11, 23.5}, {10, 2.5}},
{{6.5, 23.5}, {9.4, 32.5}, {13, 34.5}, {11, 20.5}, {16, 7.5}},
{{8.5, 26.5}, {9.4, 52.5}, {13, 36.5}, {13, 24.5}, {16, 2.5}},
{{9.5, 20.5}, {9.4, 42.5}, {13, 31.5}, {12, 20.5}, {16, 6.5}} }; 24
 Outline

• Introduction
• Declaring Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays to
Functions
• Problem: Grading a Multiple-Choice
Test
• Multidimensional Arrays
28